共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems 总被引:72,自引:0,他引:72
MacDonald DD Ingersoll CG Berger TA 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,39(1):20-31
Numerical sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for freshwater ecosystems have previously been developed using a variety of approaches.
Each approach has certain advantages and limitations which influence their application in the sediment quality assessment
process. In an effort to focus on the agreement among these various published SQGs, consensus-based SQGs were developed for
28 chemicals of concern in freshwater sediments (i.e., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides). For each contaminant of concern,
two SQGs were developed from the published SQGs, including a threshold effect concentration (TEC) and a probable effect concentration
(PEC). The resultant SQGs for each chemical were evaluated for reliability using matching sediment chemistry and toxicity
data from field studies conducted throughout the United States. The results of this evaluation indicated that most of the
TECs (i.e., 21 of 28) provide an accurate basis for predicting the absence of sediment toxicity. Similarly, most of the PECs (i.e., 16 of 28) provide an accurate basis for predicting sediment toxicity. Mean PEC quotients were calculated to evaluate the
combined effects of multiple contaminants in sediment. Results of the evaluation indicate that the incidence of toxicity is
highly correlated to the mean PEC quotient (R2= 0.98 for 347 samples). It was concluded that the consensus-based SQGs provide a reliable basis for assessing sediment quality
conditions in freshwater ecosystems.
Received: 23 August 1999/Accepted: 13 January 2000 相似文献
2.
J. L. Van Geest D. G. Poirier K. R. Solomon P. K. Sibley 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,60(4):626-635
Laboratory methods for measuring bioaccumulation of organic contaminants from sediment into aquatic organisms continue to
improve, but some aspects are still in need of standardization. From a review of published methods, we noted that the loading
density of organisms was determined inconsistently and was primarily based on either sediment volume or total organic carbon
(TOC). The rationale mainly expressed for standardizing to TOC was to minimize the depletion of sediment contaminants. However,
even when density was standardized to TOC, the relative amount of TOC provided (i.e., ratio of TOC to organism dry weight
[dw]) was highly variable. In this study, we examined the effect of organism density (standardized to sediment TOC or volume)
on bioaccumulation in three freshwater organisms. The oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, mayfly nymph Hexagenia spp., and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas were exposed for 28 days to two field-contaminated sediments that varied in concentration of PCBs and TOC. Densities tested
were 50:1 and 27:1 ratios of TOC to organism dw and 140 ml sediment/g wet weight (ww) biomass, yielding low to high organism
densities. Bioaccumulation in Hexagenia spp. was significantly higher at the lowest organism density compared with the highest organism density when exposed to site
2 sediment (1.1% TOC) but only with tissue concentrations expressed on a ww basis. Otherwise, there was no significant effect
of density on bioaccumulation in organisms exposed to sediments from site 1 (12% TOC) or site 2. Survival of Hexagenia spp. was adversely affected at the highest organism density when the relative amount of TOC was low. The results of this
study support the recommendation of standardizing organism density relative to a particular amount of TOC for invertebrate
species. A 27:1 ratio of TOC:organism dw was selected as a standard organism density for a new bioaccumulation method because
survival, growth, and bioaccumulation were not impacted relative to a 50:1 ratio, and less sediment was required. This density
is recommended as an appropriate ratio for sediment bioaccumulation assessments in general. 相似文献
3.
Besser JM Brumbaugh WG May TW Ingersoll CG 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2003,22(4):805-815
We evaluated the partitioning and toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) spiked into formulated sediments containing two types of organic matter (OM), i.e., cellulose and humus. Amendments of cellulose up to 12.5% total organic carbon (TOC) did not affect partitioning of Cd or Cu between sediment and pore water and did not significantly affect the toxicity of spiked sediments in acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca. In contrast, amendments of natural humus shifted the partitioning of hoth Cd and Cu toward greater concentrations in sediment and lesser concentrations in pore water and significantly reduced toxic effects of both metals. Thresholds for toxicity, based on measured metal concentrations in whole sediment, were greater for both Cd and Cu in sediments amended with a low level of humus (2.9% TOC) than in sediments without added OM. Amendments with a high level of humus (8.9% TOC) eliminated toxicity at the highest spike concentrations of both metals (sediment concentrations of 12.4 microg Cd/g and 493 microg Cu/g). Concentrations of Cd in pore water associated with acute toxicity were similar between sediments with and without humus amendments, suggesting that toxicity of Cd was reduced primarily by sorption to sediment OM. However, toxic effects of Cu in humus treatments were associated with greater pore-water concentrations than in controls, suggesting that toxicity of Cu was reduced both by sorption and by complexation with soluble ligands. Both sorption and complexation by OM tend to make proposed sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) based on total metal concentrations more protective for high-OM sediments. Our results suggest that the predictive ability of SQGs could be improved by models of metal interactions with natural OM in sediment and pore water. 相似文献
4.
C. K. King M. C. Dowse S. L. Simpson 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,58(3):657-665
The Australian benthic bivalve Tellina deltoidalis tolerates a wide range of sediment and water conditions, is easy to handle in the laboratory, and is a useful species for
undertaking whole-sediment toxicity tests. The sensitivity of T. deltoidalis to metals was investigated in 10-day metal-spiked sediment exposures for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and in water-only exposures
for Cu and Zn. The survival of T. deltoidalis in 10-day exposures to metal-spiked sediments was 88–100% for Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 75, 420, 1,000, and 4,000 mg/kg,
respectively. The 4-day LC50s for dissolved Cu and Zn were 0.18 and 13 mg/L, respectively. The 8-day LC50 for Cu was 31 (24–34) μg/L. Cu and Zn concentrations in the tissues of T. deltoidalis increase linearly with increasing dissolved exposure concentration. In the Cu-spiked sediment and water exposures, the survival
was negatively correlated with the Cu concentration in both the overlying water and in the tissues of T. deltoidalis. In contrast, particulate Cu concentrations were found to be a poor predictor of Cu bioaccumulation and toxicity for Cu-spiked
sediments. 相似文献
5.
P. V. Winger P. J. Lasier D. H. White J. T. Seginak 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,38(1):128-136
Contaminants entering aquatic systems from agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities are generally sequestered
in bottom sediments. The environmental significance of contaminants associated with sediments dredged from Savannah Harbor,
Georgia, USA, are unknown. To evaluate potential effects of contaminants in river sediments and sediments dredged and stored
in upland disposal areas on fish and wildlife species, solid-phase sediment and sediment pore water from Front River, Back
River, an unnamed Tidal Creek on Back River, and Middle River of the distributary system of the lower Savannah River were
tested for toxicity using the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. In addition, bioaccumulation of metals from sediments collected from two dredge-disposal areas was determined using the freshwater
oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Livers from green-winged teals (Anas crecca) and lesser yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) foraging in the dredge-spoil areas and raccoons (Procyon lotor) from the dredge-disposal/river area and an upland site were collected for metal analyses. Survival of H. azteca was not reduced in solid-phase sediment exposures, but was reduced in pore water from several locations receiving drainage
from dredge-disposal areas. Basic water chemistry (ammonia, alkalinity, salinity) was responsible for the reduced survival
at several sites, but PAHs, metals, and other unidentified factors were responsible at other sites. Metal residues in sediments
from the Tidal Creek and Middle River reflected drainage or seepage from adjacent dredge-disposal areas, which could potentially
reduce habitat quality in these areas. Trace metals increased in L. variegatus exposed in the laboratory to dredge-disposal sediments; As, Cu, Hg, Se, and Zn bioaccumulated to concentrations higher than
those in the sediments. Certain metals (Cd, Hg, Mo, Se) were higher in livers of birds and raccoons than those in dredge-spoil
sediments suggesting bioavailability. Cadmium, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se in livers from raccoons collected near the river and dredge-disposal
areas were significantly higher than those of raccoons from the upland control site. Evidence of bioaccumulation from laboratory
and field evaluations and concentrations in sediments from dredge-disposal areas and river channels demonstrated that some
metals in the dredge-disposal areas are mobile and biologically available. Drainage from dredge-disposal areas may be impacting
habitat quality in the river, and fish and wildlife that feed and nest in the disposal areas on the lower Savannah River may
be at risk from metal contamination.
Received: 21 October 1998/Accepted: 9 February 1999 相似文献
6.
M. Odin F. Ribeyre A. Boudou 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》1996,31(3):339-349
An experimental approach, based on a complete experimental design, was set up in order to carry out a comparative analysis of cadmium (Cd) and methylmercury (MeHg) bioaccumulation in the burrowing mayfly nymphs of Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeridae) after 15 days' exposure to water column or sediment compartment as initial contamination sources. Combinations of two modalities of temperature—15 and 25°C— and pH—5.0 and 7.5—enabled us to quantify the actions of these two abiotic factors and also their interactions on the metal bioaccumulation. Whatever the initial contamination source, a high level of metal bioaccumulation was observed after exposure to MeHg; Cd transfers, on the other hand, were very low. For similar theoretical exposure conditions, differences between the bioaccumulation capacities of the two metals were between 20 and 30, in favor of MeHg. Multiple regression did not reveal significant interactions between MeHg and Cd towards their bioaccumulation in the nymphs. When the microcosms were contaminated via the sediment source, increasing the temperature from 15 to 25°C led to an increase in MeHg bioaccumulation and a decrease of Cd bioaccumulation. After exposure from the water source, no significant amounts of Cd were measured in the nymphs at 25°C even though significant metal concentrations were observed at 15°C. pH had no significant effect on the bioaccumulation processes when the two metals were initially added to the sediment compartment; acidification of the overlying water, however, gave rise to a decrease in MeHg and Cd concentrations in the nymphs, with marked interactions with temperature. The results are discussed from the data available on metal partitioning in the biotopes and their bioavailability, uptake routes and also the structural and functional properties of the biological barriers involved (gills, gut wall). 相似文献
7.
Sorensen MT Conder JM Fuchsman PC Martello LB Wenning RJ 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2007,53(1):36-49
A Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) study consisting of chemical characterization in sediment, sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation
testing, and benthic community assessments was performed in the Lower Hackensack River, New Jersey. Chemistry data in sediment
and porewater were evaluated based on the equilibrium partitioning approach and other published information to investigate
the potential for chemical effects on benthic organisms and communities. Relationships were supported by laboratory toxicity
and bioaccumulation experiments to characterize chemical effects and bioavailability. Benthic community results were evaluated
using a regional, multimetric benthic index of biotic integrity and four heterogeneity indices. Evidence of slight benthic
community impairment was observed in five of nine sediment sample stations. Severe lethal toxicity to amphipods (Leptocheirus plumulosus) occurred in four of these five stations. Although elevated total chromium concentrations in sediment (as high as 1900 mg/kg)
were the rationale for conducting the investigation, toxicity was strongly associated with concentrations of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) rather than total chromium. PAH toxic units (ΣPAH TU) in sediment and ΣPAH concentrations in laboratory
organisms from the bioaccumulation experiment showed a clear dose–response relationship with toxicity, with 0% survival observed
in sediments in which ΣPAH TU > 1–2 and ΣPAH concentrations in Macoma nasuta were >2 μmol/g, lipid weight. Metals detected in sediment and porewater, with the possible exception of copper, did not correlate
with either toxicity or levels in tissue, likely because acid-volatile sulfide levels exceeded concentrations of simultaneous
extracted metals at all sample locations. The study reinforces the value of using multiple lines of evidence approaches such
as the SQT and the importance of augmenting chemical and biological analyses with modeling and/or other approaches to evaluate
chemical bioavailability and toxicity of sediments. 相似文献
8.
Benthic animals can take up trace metals both from the sediment compartment in which they burrow and from the water column compartment above their burrows (we define both compartments as containing water and particles). If criteria for the protection of benthic animals are based on metal concentrations in one of these two compartments, then it should first be demonstrated that the majority of the metal taken up by these animals comes from the given compartment. To determine whether benthic animals take up the majority of their cadmium (Cd) from the sediment compartment, we created a Cd gradient in lake sediment and compared Cd accumulation by the invertebrates colonizing these sediments with Cd concentrations in the sediment compartment. On the basis of this relationship and using a bioaccumulation model, we estimate that indigenous benthic invertebrates take up the majority of their Cd from the water column compartment. The results of our experiment are similar to those from a previous study conducted on a different benthic community in a larger lake. Taxa common to both lakes obtained similar proportions of their Cd from the water column compartment, suggesting that Cd accumulation by the same species will be constant across lakes of differing size and chemistry. Our results strengthen the argument that the protection of benthic communities from metal pollution should consider metal in both the water column and sediment compartments. In this regard, the AVS model, which considers only sedimentary metals, was more effective in predicting Cd concentrations in pore waters than those in most animal taxa. We suggest that measurements of vertical chemical heterogeneity in sediments and of animal behavior would aid in predicting the bioaccumulation and effects of sedimentary pollutants. 相似文献
9.
We investigated the concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb and As in samples of irrigation water, sediment, soil and groundwater from
a field in Tianjin that was irrigated with wastewater. The results showed that the concentrations (Hg, 0.82 μg/L; Cd, 0.18 μg/L;
Pb, 1.5 μg/L; As, 8.02 μg/L) in the irrigation water did not exceed the China Surface Water Quality Standard or the maximum
concentrations in irrigation water recommended by the FAO. The concentrations of metals in the groundwater of wells (Hg, 0.016 μg/L;
Cd, 0.128 μg/L; Pb, 0.25 μg/L; As, 4.65 μg/L) were lower than China Groundwater Quality Standard and the WHO guideline values
for drinking water. The groundwater had not yet been contaminated through vertical infiltration-induced leaching. However,
a substantial buildup of Hg and Cd in river sediments (I
geo for Hg and Cd; 5.24 and 3.04, respectively) and wastewater-irrigated soils (I
geo for Hg and Cd; 2.50 and 3.09, respectively) was observed. Taken together, these results indicated that irrigation with wastewater
damaged the soil quality over the long term and that metals more easily accumulated in vegetable fields than rice fields. 相似文献
10.
J. P. Meador N. G. Adams E. Casillas J. L. Bolton 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》1997,33(4):388-400
Bioaccumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) from field-contaminated sediments by two infaunal invertebrates, Rhepoxynius abronius (a non–deposit feeding amphipod) and Armandia brevis (a nonselective, deposit-feeding polychaete), was examined and species responses were compared. Sediments were selected over
a large geographical area of the Hudson-Raritan estuary to assess the potential for bioaccumulation from a typical urban estuary.
Unlike polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from these sediments, concentrations of CHs in interstitial water (IW) indicated
that partition coefficients (Koc) were generally as expected, especially when based on predicted, nonsorbed, interstitial water CH concentrations (IWfree). Correlations between amphipod and polychaete tissue residues revealed that these species were responding similarly to a
gradient of CH concentrations in sediment. While tissue residues and BAFloc (lipid/organic carbon normalized bioaccumulation factor) values for the trichlorobiphenyls were similar for both species,
accumulation in the polychaete was three to 10 times higher for the more hydrophobic PCBs, which was attributed to differences
in the route of exposure. A negative correlation between the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and total organic carbon (TOC) was
found for both species, which was expected according to equilibrium partitioning theory. Because it was assumed that the amphipod
was not feeding in these tests and the polychaete was ingesting sediment, comparison of their tissue residues and bioaccumulation
factors was useful for highlighting the importance of sediment ingestion, especially for short-term, nonequilibrium exposures.
These results may also help elucidate the limitations associated with assessing bioaccumulation and the resultant toxic response
in standard 10-day toxicity tests with similar invertebrates.
Received: 1 February 1997/Accepted: 30 June 1997 相似文献
11.
Doyle CJ Pablo F Lim RP Hyne RV 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2003,44(3):0343-0350
Recent investigations into the level of heavy metal enrichment in the sediments of Lake Macquarie have indicated that significant
contamination has occurred over the past 100 years, with elevated levels of lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and selenium being
observed in most parts of the lake. Pore water extracted from sediments showing the greatest contamination by these metals
exhibited toxicity to the larval development of the sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata. However, an analysis of pore water metal concentrations revealed that the concentrations of these metals were too low to
cause toxicity. Rather, pore water toxicity was highly correlated with manganese for the majority of sites sampled; subsequent
spiking experiments confirmed manganese as a cause of toxicity. Current levels of manganese in the sediments of Lake Macquarie
have arisen from natural sources and are not the result of anthropogenic activities. These results reiterate the importance
of identifying the causes of toxicity in assessments of sediment contamination, particularly when testing sediment pore waters
using sensitive early life stages.
Received: 31 January 2002/Accepted: 5 September 2002 相似文献
12.
Geffard A Geffard O Amiard JC His E Amiard-Triquet C 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2007,53(1):57-65
The bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb from two metal-contaminated sediments (Bidassoa and Dunkerque) was studied using
Crassostrea gigas larvae exposed to sediment elutriates. The metal contents within the sediments, the larvae and larval growth, the condition
index, and the induction of metallothionein in the larvae were measured. The larval growth and condition index were only affected
after exposure to the highest elutriates concentration (5 to 25%) from the most contaminated sediment (Dunkerque). Bioaccumulation
of all metals was observed in larvae exposed to Dunkerque elutriatre; only Cu bioaccumulation was observed in the Bidassoa
elutriate. The results from larvae exposed to both sediment elutriates show a strong correlation between bioaccumulated metal
considered individually or in combination and the metallothionein level in larvae presenting no detrimental effect. On the
other hand, in the case of larvae exposed to the highest Dunkerque elutriate concentration and showing the highest metal body
burden, we observed a drop in the metallothionein level. These results indicate that metallothionein is a more sensitive indicator
of heavy metal pollution than physiological endpoints taken into account in bioassays and could be proposed as an early biomarker
of metal exposure in larvae. However, care must be taken with “fault control” due to the toxicological effect on larvae metabolism
in the case of substantial contaminant exposure. 相似文献
13.
Biological and Chemical Characterization of Metal Bioavailability in Sediments from Lake Roosevelt,Columbia River,Washington, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Besser JM Brumbaugh WG Ivey CD Ingersoll CG Moran PW 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,54(4):557-570
We studied the bioavailability and toxicity of copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and lead in sediments from Lake Roosevelt (LR),
a reservoir on the Columbia River in Washington, USA that receives inputs of metals from an upstream smelter facility. We
characterized chronic sediment toxicity, metal bioaccumulation, and metal concentrations in sediment and pore water from eight
study sites: one site upstream in the Columbia River, six sites in the reservoir, and a reference site in an uncontaminated
tributary. Total recoverable metal concentrations in LR sediments generally decreased from upstream to downstream in the study
area, but sediments from two sites in the reservoir had metal concentrations much lower than adjacent reservoir sites and
similar to the reference site, apparently due to erosion of uncontaminated bank soils. Concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide
in LR sediments were too low to provide strong controls on metal bioavailability, and selective sediment extractions indicated
that metals in most LR sediments were primarily associated with iron and manganese oxides. Oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) accumulated greatest concentrations of copper from the river sediment, and greatest concentrations of arsenic, cadmium,
and lead from reservoir sediments. Chronic toxic effects on amphipods (Hyalella azteca; reduced survival) and midge larvae (Chironomus dilutus; reduced growth) in whole-sediment exposures were generally consistent with predictions of metal toxicity based on empirical
and equilibrium partitioning-based sediment quality guidelines. Elevated metal concentrations in pore waters of some LR sediments
suggested that metals released from iron and manganese oxides under anoxic conditions contributed to metal bioaccumulation
and toxicity. Results of both chemical and biological assays indicate that metals in sediments from both riverine and reservoir
habitats of Lake Roosevelt are available to benthic invertebrates. These findings will be used as part of an ongoing ecological
risk assessment to determine remedial actions for contaminated sediments in Lake Roosevelt. 相似文献
14.
The effects of dynamic changes in pH and salinity on metal speciation and release are investigated with sediments posed in a simulated estuarine environment. The release of Zn, Cd, Mn, and Fe was studied using sediment from the Anacostia River (Washington, DC, USA) spiked with freshly precipitated amorphous cadmium sulfide to increase Cd content. The sediment was exposed to salt water (high pH, ionic strength) and freshwater (neutral pH, minimal ionic strength) continuously and alternately (to mimic tidal changes) in small microcosms over 100 d. At the conclusion of the experiments, the vertical profiles of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as well as porewater metals and anion concentrations were characterized. Acid volatile sulfide oxidation at the sediment surface led to a commensurate increase in dissolved metal species and metal release that was strongly dependent on the changes in the overlying water characteristics. Total Cd release was substantially higher during exposure to salt water, although, as a result of complexation, predicted dissolved Cd(2+) concentration in the overlying water was higher during exposure to freshwater. Total Zn release was little changed during exposure to salt water and freshwater, although the predicted dissolved Zn(2+) concentration was much higher during freshwater exposures. No significant iron was released because of the rapid oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) in aerobic surficial sediments and overlying water. The present study suggests that cyclic changes in pH and salinity in the overlying water can dramatically influence metal release from estuarine sediments. 相似文献
15.
Vivian Silva Lira Cláudia Hitomi Watanabe Marcela Merides Carvalho André Henrique Rosa Renata Fracácio 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2018,100(6):778-785
The sediment compartment stands out because it functions as both a temporary sink of pollutants and a potential source of these elements that may become available to the water column.This study aimed to correlate the concentrations of total metals in the crude sediment and in the interstitial water with the ecotoxicity in the water column using an a modified sediment ecotoxicity test with Ceriodaphnia dubia. The results indicate that the sediment may contribute to the toxicity in the water column and that such toxicity is possibly not related to the metals present. Based on the chemical analysis of the metals, the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) would frame the sediment as non-toxic to benthic organisms, but the SQGs have no reference standards for possible effects on nektonic organisms. Due to the complexity of this compartment, it is fundamental to evaluate the interactions of the different pollutants in the system and possible effects on the nektonic organisms. 相似文献
16.
Silva SJ Carman KR Fleeger JW Marshall T Marlborough SJ 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,56(3):434-441
The effects of sediments contaminated with sublethal concentrations of phenanthrene (PAH) and metals (Cd, Hg, Pb) were evaluated
in relation to their influence on the feeding activity of a harpacticoid copepod, Schizopera knabeni. A metal mixture (at the ratio of 5Pb:3Cd:2Hg) and Cd alone reduced grazing rates of S. knabeni feeding on 14C-labeled microalgae. Cadmium alone and Cd combined with phenanthrene significantly decreased grazing rates of S. knabeni at Cd concentrations above 49 mg kg−1 dry sediment. No grazing was observed in 98, 106, or 157 mg kg−1 dry sediment Cd alone or in sediment contaminated with phenanthrene (98 mg kg−1 dry sediment) combined with Cd at these concentrations. Phenanthrene alone also caused a significant decrease (55%) in S. knabeni grazing rates. Feeding ceased above 344 mg kg−1 dry sediment of the metal mixture alone and combined with phenanthrene. Results were consistent with an independent effect
on feeding when Cd and phenanthrene were combined. When other metals were added (Pb and Hg) to the mixture, results were consistent
with an additive influence on feeding rate. Because the underlying mechanisms of toxicity for metals and PAH are probably
different, our observations suggest that reductions in grazing probably did not directly contribute to the lethal effects
of phenanthrene or metals. The absence of interactive effects on feeding suggests that metal-PAH interactive effects on lethality
have a different underlying mechanism and that reductions in grazing probably did not directly contribute to the lethality
effects of phenanthrene or metals in S. knabeni. 相似文献
17.
Day DD Beyer WN Hoffman DJ Morton A Sileo L Audet DJ Ottinger MA 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2003,44(4):0510-0522
Most ecotoxicological risk assessments of wildlife emphasize contaminant exposure through ingestion of food and water. However,
the role of incidental ingestion of sediment-bound contaminants has not been adequately appreciated in these assessments.
This study evaluates the toxicological consequences of contamination of sediments with metals from hard-rock mining and smelting
activities. Lead-contaminated sediments collected from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin in Idaho were combined with either a
commercial avian maintenance diet or ground rice and fed to captive mute swans (Cygnus olor) for 6 weeks. Experimental treatments consisted of maintenance or rice diets containing 0, 12 (no rice group), or 24% highly
contaminated (3,950 μg/g lead) sediment or 24% reference (9.7 μg/g lead) sediment. Although none of the swans died, the group
fed a rice diet containing 24% lead-contaminated sediment were the most severely affected, experiencing a 24% decrease in
mean body weight, including three birds that became emaciated. All birds in this treatment group had nephrosis; abnormally
dark, viscous bile; and significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations compared to their pretreatment
levels. This group also had the greatest mean concentrations of lead in blood (3.2 μg/g), brain (2.2 μg/g), and liver (8.5
μg/g). These birds had significant (α = 0.05) increases in mean plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, cholesterol, and
uric acid concentrations and decreased plasma triglyceride concentrations compared to all other treatment groups. After 14
days of exposure, mean protoporphyrin concentrations increased substantially, and mean δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity
decreased by more than 95% in all groups fed diets containing highly contaminated sediments. All swans fed diets that contained
24% lead-contaminated sediment had renal acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies, which are diagnostic of lead poisoning in
waterfowl. Body weight and hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations in swans on control (no sediment) and reference (uncontaminated)
sediment diets remained unchanged. These data provide evidence that mute swans consuming environmentally relevant concentrations
of Coeur d'Alene River Basin sediment developed severe sublethal lead poisoning. Furthermore, toxic effects were more pronounced
when the birds were fed lead-contaminated sediment combined with rice, which closely resembles the diet of swans in the wild.
Received: 12 July 2001/Accepted: 11 October 2002 相似文献
18.
Could reduced eutrophication be a potential environmental threat because of increased mobility and bioavailability of trace metals? This question was addressed by oxygenating intact sediment cores, varying in redox potential and salinity, in a test system containing the amphipod Monoporeia affinis. Results show a low mobility of metals during oxygenation, and despite high concentrations of metals in sediments, only Pb showed a notable degree of bioaccumulation. Cadmium was bioaccumulated particularly in freshwater sediment, and body burden of Cd was related to salinity, porewater, and sediment concentrations. Despite high sediment and porewater concentrations of Cu and Zn, no relationship was recorded to body burden. For three of four tested metals, Cd, Pb, and Zn, metals in sediment were more important for body burdens in amphipods as compared to metals in porewater. Food, rather than interstitial water, therefore seems to be the main route of metal contaminants to these amphipods. Furthermore, this observed low release of metals from sediments and low body burden significance of porewater metals indicate that ameliorated oxygen conditions in contaminated sediments may be regarded as a minor environmental threat for one of the most important Baltic benthic organisms. 相似文献
19.
Remobilization and bioavailability of cadmium from historically contaminated sediments: influence of bioturbation by tubificids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of bioturbation by tubificids on cadmium (Cd) remobilization and bioavailability from sediment were studied throughout two experiments. With bioturbation, particulate Cd was transitorily released into the overlying water, in correlation with sediment resuspension (maximum of 6.1+/-0.1 microg L(-1) after 6 days). Cd bioaccumulation by the bivalve Corbicula fluminea was very limited (maximum of 1.73+/-0.34 microg g(-1), dw), and independent of the algae diet. In contrast, without bioturbation, the release of dissolved Cd increased with the duration of the experiments (maximum of 9.9+/-0.8 microg L(-1) after 36 days). Cd bioaccumulation by C. fluminea varied according to their diet: low bioaccumulation when no algae were added (2.18+/-0.29 microg g(-1), dw), higher bioaccumulation when algae were added throughout the experiment (8.52+/-1.61 microg g(-1), dw), and the highest bioaccumulation when algae were added only during the last 10 days of the experiment (19.66+/-4.63 microg g(-1), dw). 相似文献
20.
Crimmins BS Brown PD Kelso DP Foster GD 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2002,42(4):396-404
Water, sediments, and aquatic biota were sampled in a tidal river-marsh on the Potomac River near Washington, DC (USA) to
assess baseline concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and bioaccumulation in finish species. The mean sediment
total-PCB concentration in the wetland was 50 ng/g dry weight, and mean concentrations in biota ranged from 150 ng/g to 450
ng/g wet weight. The highest PCB concentrations were observed in channel catfish. The median biota-sediment accumulation factor
(BSAF) estimated in all finfish species for total-PCBs was 2.9. However, some of the individual and co-eluting PCB congeners
had median BSAFs that were substantially greater (e.g., congener numbers 42, 74, 182/187/128, and 171) or lower (e.g., congener
numbers 18/15, 45, 185, and 208) than the total-PCB average. Apparent bioaccumulation factors (biota/water PCB concentration
ratios) for PCB congeners showed a parabolic relation with n-octanol/water partition coefficients, confirming some previous investigations. There was no clear trend between apparent
bioaccumulation factors and trophic level. Organic-carbon-normalized sediment distribution constants (sediment/water PCB concentration
ratios) were linearly related to the apparent bioaccumulation factors for all the finfish species investigated.
Received: 30 May 2001/Accepted: 26 December 2001 相似文献