纤维胃镜在小儿上消化道出血中的应用

目的:探讨小儿上消化道出血的病因.方法:对80例上消化道出血患儿进行纤维胃镜检查,所有患儿进行快速尿素酶试验检测胃黏膜幽门螺杆菌(HP),并分析其结果.结果:80例患儿中,消化性溃疡41例,以十二指肠球部溃疡为主,重度浅表性胃炎21例,急性胃黏膜病变9例;HP检测47例阳性中均发生溃疡或者浅表性胃炎,所有患儿均采取无痛性胃镜检查及治疗.结论:小儿上消化道出血好发于学龄期儿童,以十二指肠球部溃疡所致出血最多见,且与HP感染密切相关.早期无痛性胃镜检查小儿上消化道出血能早期明确病因并指导治疗,简单易行,是一种安全、可靠的检查方法.     

200例儿童胃镜检查与临床病理分析

目的通过电子胃镜检查及℃呼气试验（,3C—UBT）检测,以了解儿童幽门螺杆菌感染情况及相应的胃镜表现,为幽门螺杆菌感染引起胃肠道病变提供确切的临床诊断依据。方法对200例有腹痛症状的患儿进行℃呼气试验（℃—UBT）检测幽门螺杆菌感染情况,有临床症状者132例为有症状组,无临床症状者68例为无症状组．并行电子胃镜检查,观察胃镜下胃肠黏胪病变情况,对幽门螺杆菌感染与胃肠黏膜病变的关系进行分析。结果幽门螺杆菌感染的总阳性率为72．8％;有症状组阳性率高于无症状组。幽门螺杆菌感染引起胃肠黏膜病变以十二指肠球部溃疡占比最高,其次为结节性胃炎。结论胃镜检查应用可为幽门螺杆菌感染引起胃肠道黏膜病变诊断提供确切的依据。     

腹型过敏性紫癜临床特征及内镜特点

目的:探讨腹型过敏性紫癜临床特征、胃镜下胃肠黏膜病变特点及过敏性紫癜与幽门螺杆菌的关系,为疾病早期诊断及早期干预治疗提供依据.方法:回顾性分析30例腹型过敏性紫癜患儿的临床特点、胃镜检查结果及幽门螺杆菌检验结果.结果:患儿均有腹部绞痛,腹痛部位不固定,症状重而腹部体征较轻,腹痛发生1～15 d后下肢皮肤出现紫癜.胃镜检查见胃肠黏膜充血、水肿、出血点、糜烂、溃疡,以十二指肠黏膜改变最严重,食管黏膜正常.黏膜尿素酶试验幽门螺杆菌阳性2例.结论:腹型过敏性紫癜临床表现无特异性,腹痛剧烈但部位多变、腹部体征较轻是其临床特征.胃镜下可见胃肠黏膜有广泛、散在、大小不一出血点和深浅不等的溃疡.治疗首选糖皮质激素,同时可加用抑酸药物及黏膜保护剂,以促进溃疡愈合.过敏性紫癜与幽门螺杆菌感染的关系有待进一步研究.     

无痛苦胃镜检查的护理

胃镜检查是一项先进的腔内诊断技术，为介入性检查，存在一定的并发症，对食管、胃、十二指肠的病变及消化性溃疡有确诊价值，并常规采取黏膜活检以区别良性、恶性溃疡和检查幽门螺杆菌，对临床治疗有指导意义。胃镜检查快速准确，对上消化道疾病的诊断治疗有重要的作用。胃镜检查须严格掌握禁忌证和并发症，有严重心肺功能不全，     

上消化道穿孔中西医结合治疗后电子胃镜观察

目的：上消化道穿孔中西医结合治疗后，通过电子胃镜观察以确定穿孔的病因、部位、性质及溃疡愈合情况。方法：选择上消化道穿孔患者85例，采用中西医结合治疗后，病情稳定，症状消失，行电子胃镜检查。结果：80例患者于保守治疗2周，胃镜下见穿孔闭合，溃疡面大小在3～5mm之间，溃疡变浅，白苔少，周围黏膜发生皱褶，黏膜充血水肿消失，溃疡处于红色愈合期。有2例患者于保守治疗10d，行胃镜检查，见穿孔闭合，但做胃镜后再次出现急性穿孔临床表现。穿孔部位，十二指肠球部前壁76例，胃窦幽门前区小弯侧8例，球后穿孔l例。良性穿孔82例，癌性穿孔3例，均经病理证实。结论：对于上消化道穿孔症状较轻，无弥漫性腹膜炎及空腹穿孔的患者，采用中西医结合治疗临床疗效满意，镜下见溃疡处于红色愈合期。幽门螺杆菌阳性率占18．8％，说明中药有抗幽门螺杆菌作用。     

如何配合胃镜检查

胃镜检查可直接观察上消化道腔内的各种病变,甚至色泽上的改变.并可取活组织作病理学检查和胃幽门螺杆菌(HP)检测等,较先进的电子胃镜还可将病灶摄影、录像,留存作分析、对比用.胃镜可检查出食管、胃、十二指肠的肿瘤,溃疡,炎症和血管瘤等.经内镜导入超声探头,即可超声内镜检查,可了解黏膜下病变的深度、性质、大小及周围情况.胃镜结合黏膜活检是目前最可靠的诊断胃癌手段,有经验的内镜医生对胃癌的确诊率可达95%以上.……     

上消化道异位胰腺的内镜及超声诊断与治疗

目的:探讨上消化道异位胰腺内镜及内镜超声检查(EUS)所见及治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析在我院行胃镜检查并经术后病理证实的上消化道异位胰腺35例(其中26例同时行Eus)的临床资料.结果:胃镜显示病变位于胃窦29例,胃体1例,十二指肠球部3例,十二指肠降部2例.外形呈单纯黏膜隆起21例,隆起伴脐样开口12例,隆起伴表面溃疡2例.EUS表现为高回声2例,混杂回声13例,低回声11例,其中4例内部出现特征性管状结构样回声;24例边界清晰,2例边界不清;位于黏膜层1例,黏膜下层23例,固有肌层2例.内镜下高频电凝电切治疗29例,均无出血、穿孔等并发症.结论:异位胰腺的镜下表现缺乏特异性,EUS对异位胰腺有重要的诊断价值,内镜下高频电凝电切是安全有效的治疗手段.     

无痛苦胃镜检查的护理

胃镜检查是一项先进的腔内诊断技术,为介入性检查,存在一定的并发症,对食管、胃、十二指肠的病变及消化性溃疡有确诊价值,并常规采取黏膜活检以区别良性、恶性溃疡和检查幽门螺杆菌,对I临床治疗有指导意义.     

492例有上消化道症状儿童的胃镜及幽门螺杆菌检测

目的：探讨有上消化道症状儿童幽门螺杆菌感染的特点及Ｈ写各种上消化道病变的关系。方法：测定４９２例患儿血清ＨＰ－免疫球蛋白Ｇ抗体，进行电子胃镜检查并取胃窦部活检组织作细菌培养和组织病理学检查。结果：慢性胃炎的发生率为１００％。单纯慢性胃炎１７２例，伴十二指肠球炎９５例，伴十二指肠溃疡１０８例，伴滤泡样改变１１７例，４９２例中ＨＰ呈阳性２９２例。ＨＰ阳性率随年龄增长而上升，ＨＰ阳性组中，７７．１％Ｈｐ     

儿童胃镜738例临床分析

目的 总结儿童胃镜对小儿上消化道疾病的检出率及儿童胃病的幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染率.方法 对临床疑似上消化道疾病738例小儿进行胃镜检查,同时取胃黏膜做HP感染检测.结果 浅表性胃炎372例,占50.4%;浅表性胃窦炎285例,占38.6%,其中伴局部糜烂117例,局部萎缩42例,伴胆汁反流50例;糜烂性胃炎67例,占9.1%;反流性食管炎105例,占14.2%;十二指肠球炎151例,占20.5%;十二指肠球部溃疡91例,占12.3%;球后溃疡4例;幽门管口溃疡3例;胃溃疡5例.结论 儿童胃病中浅表性胃炎检出率最高,HP感染是小儿慢性胃炎及消化性溃疡的主要病因之一.儿童胃镜检查是一种安全、可靠的检查方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.