嵌顿性输尿管上段结石两种微创术式的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(MPCNL)和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLUL)治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法对144例单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段结石采用MPCNL(90例)或RLUL(54例)治疗,对比两组手术时间、结石清除率和术后高热(>38.5℃)率。结果 144例手术全部成功,手术时间MPCNL组短于RLUL组([43±9)min与(69±17)min,t=-11.564,P=0.000]。术后3 d血红蛋白下降MPCNL组显著高于RLUL组([0.59±0.30)g/L与(0.38±0.21)g/L(t=3.223,P=0.002)]。术后第2天结石清除率两组均为100%。术后高热率MPCNL组6.7%(6/90),与RLUL组5.6%(3/54)比较差异无显著性(χ2=0.000,P=1.000)。术后随访1～24个月,平均8个月,两组均未发现有输尿管狭窄和结石复发。结论 MPCNL和RLUL治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石均是安全、有效的,两者均可以选用。     

3种微创手术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的护理比较

目的比较经尿道输尿管镜取石术(URL)、微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的护理疗效。方法 196例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按治疗方法分为3组:URL组65例,MPCNL组57例,RLU组74例。术前重点进行心理护理、体位训练和术前准备等;术中密切监测生命体征,同时进行体位护理;术后进行常规护理、引流管护理和切口护理,采取积极预防措施预防并发症的发生。比较3组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后下床活动时间、引流管和导尿管拔除时间、术后住院时间、住院费用和并发症情况等方面的差别。结果 RLU和MPCNL的结石清除率明显优于URL(P0.05),RLU稍优于MPCNL(P0.05)。手术时间、术中出血量、术后恢复时间、术后住院时间等方面,URL优于RLU和MPCNL(P0.05),RLU稍优于MPCNL(P0.05)。住院费用由低到高依次为URL、MPCNL、RLU。并发症发生率RLU优于URL和MPCNL(P0.05)。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术、微创经皮肾镜取石术和经尿道输尿管镜取石术均可用于治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石;输尿管镜术后恢复较快,但碎石效率明显低于后腹腔镜和微创经皮肾镜,多需要二次治疗,反而增加了治疗难度和护理负担。推荐优先考虑后腹腔镜和微创经皮肾镜治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石。     

2种微创手术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的比较经皮肾镜碎石取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy,RLUL)治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法将104例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者按手术方式的不同分为2组,PCNL治疗(PCNL组)52例,RLUL治疗(RLUL组)52例。观察2组术中出血量、手术时间和血红蛋白下降值、结石清除率,住院时间、住院费用及术后并发症(出血、发热、漏尿、输尿管黏膜损伤)发生率。结果 RLUL组术中出血量较PCNL组少,血红蛋白下降值和住院费用均明显低于PCNL组,手术时间、住院时间均较PCNL组短(均P<0.01)。2组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 RLUL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石可取得良好的疗效,且不损伤肾脏,出血少,适用于有条件开展RLUL的医院作为首选治疗方式。 更多还原     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术与微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的比较

目的对比后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(LUL)与微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法将76例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按手术治疗方法分为LUL治疗组38例,MPCNL治疗组38例,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及一期结石清除率、术后并发症发生率。结果 2组手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。LUL治疗组一期结石清除率、术后并发症发生率分别为94.7%(36/38)、7.9%(3/38),MPCNL治疗组分别为100.0%(38/38)、10.5%(4/38),2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术与微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石临床疗效无显著差异,手术操作者需掌握手术适应证,根据患者实际情况,选择合理手术方式。     

微创经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的探讨使用微创经皮肾镜取石(MPCNL)以及后腹腔镜取石(RLUL)技术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法回顾分析55例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料,其中应用MPCNL 28例(MPCNL组),应用RLUL 27例(RLUL组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、结石一次清除率和并发症发生情况。结果 MPCNL组手术时间明显少于RLUL组(P<0.05);RLUL组术中出血量明显少于MPCNL组(P<0.05);2组术后并发症、住院时间及结石一次清除率比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 MPCNL和RLUL技术治疗输尿管上段结石均安全、有效,临床医师选择手术方式时应该考虑输尿管上段结石大小、有无肾脏积水、是否合并肾结石、结石的嵌入时间等因素。     

三种微创手术治疗直径2 cm内肾下盏结石的效果比较

目的 比较经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）、微通道经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）和输尿管软镜碎石术（FURL）治疗直径2 cm内肾下盏结石的效果。 方法 选取直径2 cm内肾下盏结石患者150例,随机分成3组,每组50例,分别行PCNL、MPCNL和FURL,比较3种方法手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后下床活动时间、术后第1天疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、术后即时和最终结石清除率和手术并发症发生情况。 结果 MPCNL组手术时间最短,术中出血量和术后下床活动时间均低于PCNL组患者（P<0.05）。FURL组患者术中出血量、住院时间、术后下床活动时间以及术后第1天VAS评分均显著低于PCNL组MPCNL组（P<0.05）。PCNL、MPCNL和FURL组即时和最终结石清除率均较高,3组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。FURL组患者术后并发症总发生率低于PCNL和MPCNL组患者（P<0.05）。 结论 PCNL、MPCNL和FURL均为治疗直径2 cm内肾下盏结石的有效手段,其中FURL较PCNL和MPCNL创伤小,术后康复快,并发症发生率低,值得在临床上推广。       

嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者应用MPCNL联合输尿管软镜治疗的效果

目的观察嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者应用微创经皮肾取石术(MPCNL)联合输尿管软镜治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析接受MPCNL治疗的41例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者(对照组)与同期接受MPCNL联合输尿管软镜治疗的41例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者(观察组)的临床资料。比较两组患者治疗效果(Ⅰ期碎石成功率、术后3d结石排净率)、手术情况(手术时间、术中出血量)与术后并发症(漏尿、术后高热、明显出血、尿脓毒症、栓塞)发生率,检测并比较两组术前、术后24h的血清C反应蛋白(CRP)水平。结果两组患者Ⅰ期碎石成功率与各种术后并发症(漏尿、术后高热、明显出血、尿脓毒症、栓塞)发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后3d结石排净率明显高于对照组,手术时间长于对照组,术中出血量明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后24h血清CRP均较术前明显升高,但观察组低于同期对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者应用MPCNL联合输尿管软镜治疗效果较好,结石清除率优于单纯接受MPCNL治疗。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术和经输尿管镜取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮肾镜取石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)和经输尿管镜取石术(trans-ureteroscope lithotripsy,URL)治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效。方法:将130例输尿管上段嵌顿性结石患者按照手术方式不同分为微创经皮肾镜取石组(MPCNL组)和经输尿管镜取石术组(URL组),每组各65例。观察两组术后3～5d和术后1个月的结石清除率和并发症发生情况。结果:MPCNL组术后3～5d和术后1个月的结石清除率分别为92.31%和96.92%,URL组术后3～5d和术后1个月的结石清除率分别为64.62%和84.62%,MPCNL组术后结石清除率显著高于URL组(P<0.05)。MPCNL组术后并发症发生率为24.67%,URL组术后并发症发生率为10.77%,2组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:MPCNL治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效优于URL,对于较大的输尿管上段嵌顿性结石MPCNL可作为首选的治疗方法。     

微创经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜在治疗输尿管上段结石的临床应用

【目的】比较微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术（RLUL）治疗输尿管上段结石的有效性及安全性。【方法】对105例单侧输尿管上段结石分别采用MPCNL（53例）或RLUL（52例）治疗，对比2组手术时间、术中出血、结石清除率、术后高热（〉38℃）率、住院时间和住院费用。【结果】RLUL组手术时间为（75．4±20．6）rain，长于MPCNI．组（58．2±17．3）min（t=4．6365，P=0．000）。术中出血量MPCNL组平均（75±16）mI．，高于RLUI，组（30±11）mI。（t=4．6365，P=0．000）。术后结石清除率MPCNL纽为96．2oA（51／sa），RLUL纽为100．0％（52／52），差异无显著性（t=0．49，P〉0．05）。术后发热两组差异无显著性（t=0．00，P〉0．05）。住院时间MPCNI。组为（7．2±1．6）d，长于RLUL组（4．3±1．3）d（t=10．1820，P=0．000）。住院费用MPCNI。组平均（11423．63±1532．75）元，高于RLUL组（8237．23±1123．58）元（t=12．1653，P〈0．05）。【结论】MPCNL与RLUL在治疗输尿管上段结石具有满意的疗效与安全性，RLUL取石效果确切，损伤小，术后并发症少，恢复快，可广泛应用于输尿管上段结石。     

输尿管镜碎石取石术与微创经皮肾穿刺碎石取石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石疗效比较

目的 探讨输尿管镜取石术(URL)及微创经皮肾取石术(MPCNL)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析URL及MPCNL治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石127例的临床资料并对两种治疗方法进行比较.结果 URL及MPCNL的手术时间分别为(36±6.5)及(120±13.8)min;单次手术成功率分别为71.2%及100%,手术成功后结石清除率分别91%及100%;术中出血分别为(12±3)72及(55±5.5)mL;术后平均住院日分别为(3±1.3)及(6±1.6)d;住院费用分别为(4000±120)及(6500±150)元.结论 URL在手术时间、术中出血、术后平均住院日、住院费用上优于MPCNL,但在手术成功率、结石清除率方面较MPCNL低.两种手术均安全可靠,无严重并发症.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.