Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women from three clinical settings

Prevalence of 27 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes was assessed in 1,331 women in three clinical settings: Family planning clinic (low-risk HIV-, n = 202, 21.3% HPV+), colposcopy clinic (high-risk HIV-, n = 854, 34.3% HPV+), and HIV outpatient clinic (HIV+, n = 275, 48.7% HPV+). Compared to women from both family planning and colposcopy clinics, HIV+ women revealed significantly higher prevalence of infection with oncogenic, non-oncogenic, and multiple HPV types. HPV types 52 and 51 were most prevalent in the low-risk HIV- women, whereas in the high-risk HIV- women, HPV types 16, 52, 58, and 35 were most prevalent. Interestingly, in the HIV+ women, less characterized types 83, 53, and 54 were most prevalent. The distinct profiles of genotype prevalence persisted after stratification by Pap smear status. After adjustment for concurrent infections with other types, HPV type 51 in the low-risk HIV- women, and types 16, 35, 39, 45, 52, and 58 in the high-risk HIV- women were significantly associated with cytologic abnormalities (exact P < 0.05). In HIV+ women across CD4 cell count strata, HPV types 42, 16, and 82 revealed significant decreasing trends with increasing CD4 counts (exact P for trend < 0.05). These data suggest distinct genotypic prevalence profiles in women at diverse risk for cervical cancer. The association of several genotypes with cytologic abnormalities underscores the need for vaccines targeting a wide range of HPV types.     

Human papillomavirus genotypes associated with cervical cytologic abnormalities and HIV infection in Ugandan women

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with almost all cases of cervical cancer, and cervical cancer is a common malignancy in women living in developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HPV infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and cervical cytologic abnormalities in women presenting to a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Kampala, Uganda. In June and July, 2002, 135 women underwent complete physical exams including Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. HIV status was evaluated by serology. Cervical and vaginal swabs were obtained by clinicians and tested for HPV genotypes by PCR/reverse blot strip assay. Of the 106 women with cervical swabs adequate for HPV testing, the HPV prevalence was 46.2% (49/106). HIV prevalence was 34.9% (37/106). High risk genotypes 52, 58, and 16 were the genotypes detected most commonly. Eighteen percent (9/49) of women infected with HPV were found to have genotypes 16 and/or 18. Seventy-three percent (27/37) of HIV-positive women versus 16% (10/63) of HIV-negative women had abnormal Pap smears (P < 0.0001). Among HIV-positive women, abnormal Pap smears were associated with the presence of high risk HPV genotypes (P < 0.001). The majority of women infected with HPV attending this sexually transmitted infections clinic in Uganda were infected with high risk HPV genotypes other than 16 and 18. Future studies should focus on whether current HPV vaccine formulations, that are limited to high risk genotypes 16 and 18, would be effective at decreasing the burden of cervical cancer in this population.     

Characterization of human papillomavirus infection in north Taiwan

The detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is very important for the evaluation of preventative strategies for cervical cancer. The major objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of different genotypes of HPV in north Taiwan to contribute to the epidemiological knowledge of HPV infections. Papanicolaou (Pap) cervical smears were collected from 10,543 women aged between 14 and 87 years. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA array hybridization techniques were used to genotype 51 different HPV strains. HPV was detected in 1,577 women, which gave an overall HPV prevalence rate of 15%. Forty‐eight different genotypes were found in these patients, which included 9.7% that were high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) genotypes. The most common types of HR‐HPV in patients, in descending order of frequency, were HPV 52, 16, 58, 56, 39, 51, 18, 68, 31, 33, 59, 45, and 35. HPV 52 was the most frequent type in every age group. The four most common HR‐HPV types were found in 56.6% of the patients infected with HR‐HPV. In cases that were infected with multiple HPV genotypes, 69.2% had at least one HR‐HPV genotype. The rate of infection with HR‐HPV was higher in the younger age groups than the older ones. In conclusion, 48 HPV genotypes were identified from a large study of cervical screening samples and the prevalence of HPV genotypes in different age groups was very diverse. The formulation of a public health strategy for HPV vaccination should take into account the prevalence of various HR‐HPV/LR‐HPV genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 82:1416–1423, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women living with HIV/AIDS in an area of Northeast Brazil

Women infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more likely to manifest oncogenic viral infections including human papillomavirus (HPV). It was investigated the HPV prevalence, genotype distribution and HPV relationship with cervical lesions among women living with HIV in Sergipe state, Northeast Brazil. A prevalence survey was conducted including 270 HIV-infected women who attended the reference center for HIV in Sergipe from August 2014 to November 2017. Cervical samples were processed by the polymerase chain reaction for HPV-DNA detection. Among the 270 HIV-infected women, 190 (70.4%) were between 26 and 49 years old and 159 (55.6%) were coinfected with HPV. Among the coinfected women, 24 viral types were identified; 113 (72%) subjects had high-risk HPV types, and the most prevalent was HPV 16 (53/35.3%). Positive HPV status was statistically associated with having 0 to 8 years of schooling compared with ≥9 years of schooling; and have been diagnosed with HIV infection less than 5 years ago compared with more than 10 years. Cytological abnormalities were found in 13.4% (31/231) of women, most with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (16/51.6%). However, of women who had no cytological lesions or malignancy (200/86.6%), almost half were HPV DNA-positive (99/49.5%). In conclusion, the prevalence of HPV among women living with HIV in Sergipe was high. There was a high frequency of high-risk HPV infection, and a wide diversity of genotypes were detected, with HPV 16 being the most frequent.     

Incidence of and risk factors for genital human papillomavirus infection in women drug users

A total of 230 women drug users were prospectively studied. At 6-month intervals, interviews, HIV testing, and cervicovaginal lavage sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) were performed. HPV was detected and typed using a MY09/MY11 polymerase chain reaction system. 230 women without high-risk HPV (types 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58. 59, 68, 73 and 82), with or without non-high risk HPV types at baseline, were included in analyses. Incidence rates of and factors associated with HPV infections of all types and high-risk types (types 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82) were analyzed. Baseline median age was 40 years (range 24-65); 62% of women were Hispanic, 20% black, and 16% white; 54 (24%) were HIV seropositive; 172 (75%) were without detectable HPV; 58 (25%) had only low-risk or untypeable HPV. The incidence rates for any and for high-risk type HPV infection were 9.5/100 and 4.8/100 person-years, respectively. HIV-positive women had a significantly increased hazard rate for any HPV (HRadj: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.4 to 8.0) and for high-risk HPV (HRadj 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4 to 6.6), adjusted for race, sexual behaviors, condom use, and history of other sexually transmitted infections. HIV infection was independently associated with a substantial and significantly increased risk for any and for high-risk genital HPV infection and was the most important risk factor found.     

High prevalence of intermediate-risk human papillomavirus infection in uterine cervices of Kenyan women infected with human immunodeficiency virus

The aim of this study was to investigate an association between certain human papillomavirus (HPV) types and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Sexually active females (n = 487; 19-61 years old) were enrolled in the study. Subjects underwent Pap testing and evaluations of HIV and HPV infection status on uterine cervical cell samples. HPV genotyping was performed using a Kurabo GeneSQUARE DNA microarray test. Overall, 23 HPV genotypes were detected, and the most prevalent HPV genotype was HPV-52, followed by HPV-39, -54, -45, -56, -53, -31, -42, -16, -68, and -51. HPV-30, -53, -54, -61, and -66, which are associated with abnormal cytology, are categorized as intermediate-risk in this study. Detection of both high- and intermediate-risk HPV types was significantly associated with cervical abnormality and HIV infection. Multivariate analysis revealed that some high-risk HPV types (HPV-31, -45, -51, -56, and -59) and most intermediate-risk HPV types were associated with HIV infection, while the high-risk types (HPV-16, -18, -33, -35, -39, -52, -58, and -68) were not. The oncogenic effect of the most malignant HPV types (e.g., HPV-16 and -18) appear to be lower, while that of intermediate-risk types are greater, in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection.     

Pilot study of prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in Israeli Jewish women referred for colposcopic examination

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in a group of Israeli Jewish women referred for colposcopic examination. Scrape specimens were prospectively collected from 84 women referred for colposcopic examination. All the women underwent Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and colposcopies, and some also underwent cervical or loop electrosurgical excision procedure biopsy. HR HPV was detected in scrape specimens (Amplicor HPV test; Roche Molecular Systems), and the individual genotypes in these specimens were identified (HPV GenoArray test kit; Hybribio Ltd., Hong Kong). Forty-one (49%) specimens were positive by the Amplicor HPV test. Sixty-four samples (41 positive and 23 negative by the Amplicor HPV test) were also assayed by use of the HPV GenoArray kit. The overall level of agreement between the two assays was 93.8% (Cohen's kappa = 0.98). HR genotypes were found in 37/41 (90%) HPV-positive samples. The prevalences of the HR HPV genotypes in the 37 HPV-positive samples were 41% of patients for HPV type 16 (HPV-16), 22% for HPV-39, 19% for HPV-52, and 14% for HPV-18. Forty-one percent of these patients were infected with a single HR genotype, whereas 59% were infected with mixtures of HR genotypes. The presence of a relatively high percentage of HPV types 39 and 52 and the relatively high incidence of infections with mixtures of genotypes may be one of the reasons for the low rate of conversion from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to invasive carcinoma in Israeli women. Larger and more comprehensive studies are warranted to investigate this issue in greater detail.     

Prevalence and distribution of cervical human papillomavirus genotypes in women with cytological results from Sichuan province,China

The epidemiologic characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes vary by age, ethnicity, and geographic location, and the available data on HPV epidemiological characteristics with cytology results in Sichuan province are limited. Our research was conducted from June 2016 to July 2017. A total of 10 953 women getting HPV testing were enrolled. Liquid-based cytological and histological results were collected. The overall HPV infection rate was 24.1% in Sichuan province. The prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) was 19.9%. For hrHPV genotypes, HPV52 (15.5%) was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV16 (13.8%), HPV58 (13.3%), HPV51 (8.6%), HPV39 (8.1%), and HPV68 (7.8%). Among all HPV-positive women with a cytology or histology result, HPV16-positive women have the highest cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1)+ prevalence (11.1%), followed by HPV18 and HPV33; HPV16-positive women also have the highest CIN2+ prevalence (9.3%), followed by HPV58 and HPV18. To date, this is the largest study done in the Sichuan province for HPV prevalence and subtype distribution with normal and abnormal cytological results. The age-specific prevalence in patients at gynecology clinics and other clinics is different. Besides, patients at the same age also have a different hrHPV prevalence and lrHPV prevalence. Our result revealed that in every 10 HPV16-positive women, there is approximately one women with CIN2, CIN3, or cervical cancer. A higher oncogenic potential of HPV58 than that of HPV52 was observed.     

Human papillomavirus infection and P53 codon 72 genotypes in a Hispanic population at high-risk for cervical cancer

Cervical cancer mortality is high in Texas, especially among Hispanic women living in south Texas and adjacent Mexico. Though human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has a causal role in the development of cervical cancer, there are no published data on the prevalence of HPV genotypes in this underscreened region. We studied 398 Hispanic women on both sides of the border along the lower Rio Grande River to determine the prevalence of HPV genotypes and risk factors for cervical cancer. Using a nested PCR system HPV was detected in 62% of cervical specimens, including all the known high-risk HPV genotypes, with HPV16 and HPV18 the most frequent (30.6% and 23.0%, respectively). Multiple infections were common (29.4% of the infected specimens), and where this occurred we were more likely to find high-risk HPV genotypes. We examined host p53 codon 72 genotype frequencies and found that patients with cervical abnormalities and women with HPV16 and HPV18 infections had a lower genotype frequency of the homozygous (AA) previously reported to be associated with cervical cancer, than uninfected women with no abnormalities. In this US/Mexico border population high rates of potentially oncogenic HPV viruses and multiple infections are consistent with observed elevated cervical cancer rates. These data are further evidence that in this underserved population HPV infections are associated with high rates of malignancy, but that host p53 genotypic variations are unlikely to be primary factors in oncogenesis.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia: A population‐based study of a Chinese ethnic minority

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infectious pathogens. Persistent infection has been linked to cancer development, in particular to cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of HPV infection in women in Inner Mongolia of China and to dissect the disparities between the Han and Mongolian ethnic populations. Cervical cell samples from 5655 women (17‐68 years old) were collected during routine gynecologic examination. HPV infection was established using the HPV GenoArray kit detecting 21 HPV genotypes. The overall HPV prevalence was 14.5%. HPV16 (5.0%), HPV58 (2.2%), and HPV52 (1.5%) are the most common genotypes. Of the 21 genotypes investigated, high‐risk HPV genotypes dominate in all age groups. HPV16 and HPV58 are the most common genotypes in patients with cervical lesions. HPV prevalence among Han women is 11.5% and the most common genotypes are HPV16 (4%) and HPV58 (2.1%). HPV prevalence is significantly higher in Mongolian women (32.6%), with the most common genotypes being HPV16 (10.7%), HPV31 (7.1%), and HPV52 (4.3%). The multiple infection rate in Mongolian participants (14.9%) is also higher than that of Han participants (4.3%). Urbanization, the number of sex partners, and PAP history appear as risk factors for HPV infection in Han, but not in Mongolian participants. HPV infection is highly prevalent in women in Inner Mongolia, China. HPV16 remains the most common genotype in this area. However, there are clear ethnical disparities in respect to the HPV epidemiology between the Han and Mongolian population.     

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Genotype Distribution among HIV-Infected Women in Korea

The epidemiology on human papillomavirus (HPV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in Korea is not well established. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among HIV-infected women in Korea. HPV DNA genotype and cervical cytology were examined in 60 HIV-positive women and 1,938 HIV-negative women. HPV genotypes were analyzed by using a HPV DNA chip. HIV-infected women had higher prevalence of high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection (30% vs 4.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.63-13.34, P<0.001) and abnormal cervical cytology (18.3% vs 1.8%, AOR, 10.94; 95% CI, 5.18-23.1, P<0.001) compared with controls. The most common hr-HPV genotype detected in HIV-infected women was HPV 16 (10%), followed by 18 (6.7%) and 52 (5%). Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-preventable types (HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18) was 21.7% and 2.3% in HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women, respectively. Age was a significant risk factor for hr-HPV infection in HIV-infected women (P=0.039). The presence of hr-HPV was significantly associated with abnormal cervical cytology (P<0.001). These findings suggest that HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in HIV-infected women would be necessary, particularly among young age group.     

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women with cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Henan province,central China

To evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its genotype among women with cervical lesions in Henan Province, central China. A total of 1317 cervical scrapes from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) (n = 91), CIN2/3 (n = 466), and cervical cancer (CC; n = 760) were collected from 2013 to 2018, and then tested for HPV genotypes using polymerase chain reaction followed by flow-through hybridization assay. The prevalence of HPV was 62.64% for patients with CIN1, 86.91% for patients with CIN2/3%, and 89.21% for patients with CC. In total, the HPV prevalence was 86.56%, and the most common HPV type was HPV16 (58.77%) followed by HPV58 (10.33%), 18 (7.67%), 52 (6.61%), and 33 (5.54%). In this study, the high-risk HPV cumulative attribution rate of nine-valent vaccine coverage was markedly higher than that of bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine coverage in each histopathological category or overall (P < .001). Single HPV infection was the main infection category in each histopathological diagnosis, and the total infection rate was 65.83% (867/1317; P < .001). The prevalence of HPV16 or single HPV infection increased with the severity of cervical lesions (P < .001). HPV16, 58, 18, 52, and 33 may be predominant high-risk factors for cervical lesions in Henan Province. The nine-valent prophylactic HPV vaccine is more effective than a bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine for protecting women from CC in the region.     

Correlation of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes persistence and risk of residual or recurrent cervical disease after surgical treatment

The evidence on genotype-specific risk in women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) with normal cytology and the importance of the distinction of high-risk (HR)-HPV genotypes in the management of low-grade lesions suggest that the distinction of HR-HPV genotypes has the potential to improve the follow-up of patients treated for high-grade cervical lesions. The aims of this study were to define the persistence of the different HR-HPV in the follow-up of surgical treated women, to detect the changes of genotypes from the pre- to the post-operative status, and to evaluate whether genotype-specific persistence can predict the development of residual or recurrent disease during the follow-up. HR-HPV detection and genotyping was carried out by the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test on cervical cytological samples from 72 women treated by surgery. The 6-month post-operative HPV status was correlated with the pre-operative HPV genotype and with the residual or recurrent disease within 24 months. It was observed that the residual or recurrent disease in women with persistence of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 was higher (82.4%) than in women with persistence of at least one HR-HPV type of group 2 (HPV 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58) (66.7%) and at least one type of group 3 (HPV 39, 51, 56, 59, 68, 26, 53, 66, 73, and 82) (14.3%). These data defined HR-HPV groups for the risk of progression of disease and suggested that the identification of persistent infection with different HR-HPV genotypes has the potential to improve the management of these patients.     

Human papillomavirus infection among women with cytological abnormalities in Switzerland investigated by an automated linear array genotyping test

Limited data are available describing human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution among females with cytological abnormalities in Switzerland. Cervical cell specimens obtained from 5,318 women were screened routinely by liquid-based Pap smear. All specimens with cellular abnormalities were analyzed subsequently for HPV DNA by the Linear Array HPV genotyping test. Cellular abnormalities were found in 202 (3.8%) specimens, of which 150 (74.3%) were positive for high-risk (HR) HPV. HR-HPV was detected in 20 (60.6%; 95% CI, 43.7-75.4%) of 33 specimens with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance compared to 98 (72.1%; 95% CI, 64-78.9%) of 136 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and 32 (97%; 95% CI, 83.4-99.9%) of 33 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The cumulative prevalence of HR-HPV other than HPV 16 and 18 was significantly higher than HPV 16 and/or 18 lesions with atypical squamous cells and low-grade lesions and was comparable in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The most common HR-HPV genotypes were HPV 16 (15.2%), HPV 31 (12.1%), HPV 58 (12.1%), HPV 51 (9.1%), and HPV 59 (9.1%) in women with atypical squamous cells, HPV 16 (25%), HPV 51 (16.9%), HPV 52 (11.8%), HPV 31 (9.6%), and HPV 56 (8.1%) in women with low-grade lesions (LSIL) and HPV 16 (57.6%), HPV 18 (18.2%), HPV 31 (15.2%), HPV 52 (12.1%), and HPV 58 (6.1%) in women with high-grade lesions (HSIL).     

1049例妇科门诊病人HPV感染基因型分析

目的研究宝安区妇女感染HPV的优势亚型,为宫颈癌防治提供依据。方法利用HPV基因芯片检测技术检验我院妇科门诊样本HPV亚型。结果 1049例病人中,HPV感染264例,阳性率25.17%。其中高危型（HPV16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68、73、83、和MM4）162例,占感染者81.44%;低危型（HPV11、6、42、43）49例,占感染者18.56%。二组感染率比较差异有统计学意义;264例感染HPV优势亚型HPV52,其次依次为16、43、58、68、18、53型;〈30岁及≥30岁两年龄段HPV感染率比较差异无统计学意义;组间优势亚型分布比较HPV53在〈30岁年龄组明显增加,其他优势亚型分布比较差异无统计学意义;单一亚型感染239例,占90.52%。结论高危亚型、单一亚型为主要常见感染类型;HPV基因分型诊断在宫颈癌筛查和防治中具有重要意义。     

Molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus genotype in women with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical cancer: Will a quadrivalent vaccine be necessary in Thailand?

This study was designed to investigate the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes among a group of patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or worse cytology. Consequently, the genotype-specific HPV infection in a group of HSIL and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) samples was described. Specimens were collected prospectively from 132 women referred for colposcopic examination. All the women underwent Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and colposcopies and some also underwent cervical excision procedure biopsy. The HPV genotype was determined using the INNO-LiPA assay. Among the 132 genotyped samples, 90.91% (120/132) were diagnosed HSIL, whereas 9.09% (12/132) were ICC. From the overall prevalence of HPV in the patients, 77.27% (102/132) and 22.72% (30/132) of cases had single and multiple genotype infections, respectively. The most common cases with statistical significance were high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections in 128 samples (96.97%), whereas, four individuals (3.03%) barely were low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) infected, P < 0.0001, χ(2). The most prevalent genotypes were frequently HPV-16 (65/167; 38.92%, followed by HPV-58 (25/167; 14.97%), HPV-18 (18/167; 10.78%), HPV-33 (13/167; 7.19%), and HPV-68 (11/167; 6.59%). In addition, HPV-11 (2/132; 1.51%) and HPV-6 (1/132; 0.76%) also were observed in this study, which confirmed the high distribution of HR-HPV among women with HSIL and ICC. HPV-58; a unique high-risk HPV, is prevalent in a group of HSIL and ICC cases. These data also contribute evidence that HPV-16, -18, -58, -33, and -68 genotypes are high-risk and high distribution among women with HSIL and ICC. Therefore, HPV-58, HPV-33, and HPV-68 should be considered for development of the next vaccine generation in Thailand.     

Type-specific human papillomavirus detection in cervical smears in Romania

Although Romania has one of the highest incidence of cervical cancer in Europe (30 new cases/100 000 women), little is known about the distribution of the human papillomaviruses (HPV) genotypes in this population. We seek to determine the distribution of HPV genotypes in women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology. We analyzed 460 cervical cytology specimens from women who self-referred to the gynecologic clinic. HPV was detected and genotyped using the commercially available INNOLiPA (INNOGENETICS NV) kit based on the reverse hybridization principle. HPV DNA was detected in 279 cases (60.7%) with a median age of 32.9 years. In HGSIL (High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) cytology, the presence of HPV DNA was confirmed in 82.7% of cases. The most frequent high-risk genotype was HPV16, found in 32.6% of HPV-positive samples. The next common high-risk genotypes were HPV18, HPV31 and HPV51. Our findings on the distribution and frequency of the HPV genotypes in Romanian population confirmed the utility of the current available HPV vaccines, HPV16 and 18 being detected in 28.7% of cases in the investigated area.     

Prevalence and type distribution of high‐risk human papillomavirus infection in women undergoing voluntary cervical cancer screening in Italy

The aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence and distribution of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in women who underwent screening for cervical cancer in Italy. The correlation of genotypes with the cytological results was also evaluated. Cervical samples were collected from 9,947 self‐referring women for cervical cancer screening. Participants were screened by liquid‐based cytology and high‐risk HPV testing using the Hybrid Capture 2 test. Positive samples were genotyped by PCR. Samples (1,474; 14.8%) were positive for high‐risk HPV. The prevalence was 29.4% in the 15–19 years‐group, decreasing progressively to 6.1% at 50–54 years of age and increasing to 12.2% in those aged over 65 years. HPV 16 was the genotype detected most frequently followed by HPV 31, HPV 18, HPV 56, and HPV 51. HPV 16 or 18 were present in 4% of women with normal cytology and both were detected contemporarily in only 14 women. Twenty‐two percent of atypical squamous cells, 26% of low‐grade and 56% of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions at cytology were positive for HPV 16 and/or 18. The prevalence of HPV infection in Italy is in agreement with that reported worldwide. HPV 16 was the prevalent genotype. The concomitant infection with HPV 16 and HPV 18 (vaccine targets) was found rarely. Apart from HPV 16 and 18, there was a substantial presence of HPV genotypes against which the vaccines available currently have shown cross‐protection efficacy. The findings of this study may contribute to reliable predictions on the potential efficacy of an HPV vaccine in clinical practice. J. Med. Virol. 81:529–535, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among females in the suburb of Shanghai,China

To describe the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and its genotype distribution among females in the suburb of Shanghai. A total of 33 562 participants were enrolled in this study from January to December 2016. HPV GenoArray test kit was used to perform HPV genotyping and was also used in DNA amplification and HybriBio's proprietary flow‐through hybridization technique. The overall prevalence of HPV was 18.98% and the top ten genotypes of HPV infection were HPV 16 (3.36%), HPV 58 (2.65%), HPV 52 (2.48%), HPV 51 (1.58%), HPV 54 (1.40%), HPV 68 (1.32%), HPV 18 (1.23%), HPV 6 (1.15%), HPV 56 (1.10%), and HPV 33 (1.07%). Single infection (4749, 14.15%) was the most common types among all the infected cases. Significant differences were found among age groups and month groups in terms of simple and multiple infection (P < 0.05), pure HR, LR and mixed HPV infection (P < 0.05). The prevalence of HR and LR HPV infection among females in the suburb of Shanghai is high, prevalence of single and multiple infection, pure HR, LR and mixed infection is correlated with the age and month.     

Genotype spectrum of cervical human papillomavirus infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients in Hong Kong

Previous studies have suggested that a few uncommon human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are prevalent in Chinese cervical cancer patients. To elucidate the genotype spectrum of HPVs circulating among Hong Kong Chinese, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 553 women who attended a public sexually transmitted disease clinic. HPV DNA was detected from cervical samples using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by genotype identification based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing. The prevalence of HPV was 30.6% for all types combined, 14.8% for high-risk types, 10.8% for low-risk types, and 7.1% for unknown-risk types. Among the HPV-positive women, 89.9% had single type infections; whereas the other 10.1% harboured more than one HPV type. HPV11 was the most prevalent genotype, detected in 5.1% of subjects; followed by HPV16 (4.9%), HPV58 (4.3%), HPV6 (3.3%), and HPV53 and CP8304 (2.2% each). Other less common genotypes found were HPV18, 33, 39, 61, LVX160, MM4, MM7 (range: 0.7-1.6%); HPV26, 45, 54, 56, 59, and LVX100 (range: 0.4-0.5%); HPV35, 40, 52, 55, 68, MM8, and MM9 (0.2% each). This study shows that HPV58 is the second most common high-risk HPV genotype circulating among Chinese female sexually transmitted disease clinic patients in Hong Kong. This together with previous reports of the high prevalence of HPV58 among Chinese cervical cancer patients accentuate the importance of developing vaccines targeting at this otherwise uncommon genotype.