The effect of an L/N-type calcium channel blocker on intradialytic blood pressure in intradialytic hypertensive patients

Background: Intradialytic hypertension (HTN), which is one of the poor prognostic markers in patients undergoing hemodialysis, may be associated with sympathetic overactivity. The L/N-type calcium channel blocker, cilnidipine, has been reported to suppress sympathetic nerves activity in vivo. Therefore, we hypothesized that cilnidipine could attenuate intradialytic systolic blood pressure (SBP) elevation. Methods: Fifty-one patients on chronic hemodialysis who had intradialytic-HTN (SBP elevation ≥10 mmHg during hemodialysis) and no fluid overload were prospectively randomized into two groups: control and cilnidipine groups. Cilnidipine group patients took cilnidipine (10 mg/day) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in the intradialytic SBP elevation before and after the 12-week intervention. Results: Before the intervention, no differences were observed in age, sex or pre-dialytic SBP (148.5 ± 12.9 vs. 148.3 ± 19.3 mmHg) between the two groups. Intradialytic SBP elevation was unchanged in the control group. Cilnidipine significantly lowered the post-dialytic SBP with an attenuation of the intradialytic SBP elevation from 12.0 ± 15.4 mmHg to 4.8 ± 10.1 mmHg. However, the observed difference in the intradialytic SBP elevation by cilnidipine did not reach statistical significance (group×time interaction effect p = 0.25). Cathecolamine levels were unaffected by the intervention in both groups. Conclusion: Cilnidipine lowers both the pre- and post-dialytic SBP and might attenuate intradialytic SBP elevation. Therefore, cilnidipine may be effective in lowering SBP during HD in patients with intradialytic-HTN.     

Forecast post-dialysis blood pressure in hemodialysis patients with intradialytic hypertension

Background: Intradialytic hypertension (IDH) is emerging as an important issue in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study aimed to discuss potential factors related to IDH and build forecasting models for post-dialysis blood pressure (BP) in MHD patients with IDH.

Methods: A total of 266 MHD patients were enrolled, included 133 (50%) patients with IDH and 133 patients without IDH. The BP and pulse were determined and recorded over six consecutive dialysis treatments. Forecasting models were established by simple and multiple linear regressions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to estimate the association between the values of SBP at pre-HD, intra-HD and post-HD.

Results: Lower levels of hemoglobin, albumin, folic acid and magnesium, higher levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, ferritin, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents resistance index (ERI) were detected in the IDH patients. The IDH patients also had lower dry weight, ejection fraction of left ventricular (LVEF), higher interdialytic weight gain (IDWG, % post-HD body weight), and ventricular cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) than non-IDH patients. A linear relationship was revealed between intradialytic SBP in IDH patients, indicating that the pre-HD and intra-HD SBP were correlated with post-HD SBP. Furthermore, simple and multiple linear regression models were built to forecast the values of post-HD SBP in IDH patients.

Conclusions: The chronic inflammation, poor IDWG control, LV diastolic dysfunction, as well as low serum folic acid and magnesium might be associated with increasing prevalence of IDH in MHD patients. Forecasting models for post-HD SBP could help to control hypertension during HD treatments.     

Impact of intradialytic blood pressure changes on cardiovascular outcomes is independent of the volume status of maintenance hemodialysis patients

Intradialytic systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes are related to the volume status; however, whether SBP change impacts on adverse outcomes depends on the volume status remains uncertain. We retrospectively investigated the relationship among intradialytic changes in SBP, cardiovascular outcomes, and volume status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. We determined SBP changes (ΔSBP) as postdialysis SBP minus predialysis SBP and volume status as the ratio of extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW) using bioelectrical impedance analysis. There were 82 (60.3%) with ΔSBP ?20 to 10 mm Hg, 21 (15.4%) with ΔSBP ≤ ?20 mm Hg, and 33 (24.3%) with ΔSBP ≥ 10 mm Hg, and they were followed up for a median of 34 months. Cardiovascular events more frequently occurred in the patients with ΔSBP ≤ ?20 mm Hg and ≥ 10 mm Hg (hazard ratio: 2.3 and 3.0; P = .062 and .006); these associations persisted even after adjusting for postdialysis ECW/TBW (P = .056 and .028). Moreover, ΔSBP ≥ 10 mm Hg was associated with increased cardiovascular mortalities independent of postdialysis ECW/TBW (P = .043). There was an independent association of volume status between considerable SBP decrease or increase during hemodialysis and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Besides appropriate volume control, other factors related to BP changes during hemodialysis must be investigated.     

维持性血液透析患者透析中血压变异性的相关因素及其对预后的影响

目的 评估维持性血液透析(MHD)患者透析过程中血压变异性(BPV)情况,探讨影响MHD过程中BPV增加的相关危险因素,了解其与预后的关系.方法 对2009年1月1日以前开始在上海交通大学附属第一人民医院常规透析的MHD患者行回顾性分析.记录2009年1月-2010年12月期间每季度第1次血液透析过程中所有血压值,求取收缩压、舒张压的平均值和标准差,以离散系数表示透析中收缩压和舒张压BPV.随访时间未满2年的患者取时间平均分布的6～8个透析过程的血压计算.记录心血管事件及死亡,继续随访至2011年12月31日.结果 共纳入280例患者.平均透析中收缩压BPV为0.119 ±0.029,舒张压BPV为0.118 ±0.028;其中老年MHD患者(114例)透析中收缩压的BPV显著高于青中年组(166例)(0.126±0.029比0.114 ±0.028,P=0.012),两组间透析中舒张压的BPV差异无统计学意义(0.117±0.031比0.119 ±0.025,P=0.498).将透析中收缩压BPV作为应变量进行多元回归分析,结果显示患者年龄、透析前收缩压、透析间期体重增长率及血红蛋白水平是透析中收缩压BPV的独立影响因素.将透析中舒张压BPV作为应变量进行多元回归分析,结果显示透析间期体重增长率、平均脱水量是透析中舒张压BPV的独立影响因素.随访3年,死亡64例(22.9％),生存分析显示透析中收缩压BPV升高与病死率升高显著相关(P＜0.01).结论 高龄、透析前高收缩压、透析间期体重增长率增加、血红蛋白水平降低为MHD患者透析中收缩压BPV升高的独立危险因素,透析间期体重增长率增加为MHD患者舒张压BPV升高的独立危险因素,透析中收缩压的BPV升高与MHD患者全因死亡率增加有关.     

老年维持性血液透析患者透析间期血压节律的影响因素分析

目的探讨老年维持性血液透析（MHD）患者透析间期动态血压节律的影响因素。方法选择28例老年MHD患者,均于透析间期进行24h动态血压监测,同时完善血液生化指标和心脏超声检查。根据动态血压监测中夜间收缩压下降率情况将患者分为2组：血压节律正常组和血压节律异常组。采用独立样本t检验或Fisher确切概率法比较两组患者一般情况、血液生化指标、动态血压参数、心脏结构及功能的差异;采用多因素Logistic回归分析老年MHD患者透析间期血压节律的影响因素。结果（1）血压节律异常组甲状旁腺激素水平、动态动脉硬化指数、对称性动态动脉硬化指数、左室质量指数高于血压节律正常组（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。（2）多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,甲状旁腺激素、对称性动念动脉硬化指数、左室肥大是动态血压节血律异常的独立危险因素。结论继发性甲状腺机能亢进、动脉硬化、左室肥大是老年MHD患者透析间期动态血压节律异常的独立危险因素。     

The use of intradialytic parenteral nutrition in acutely ill haemodialysed patients

Background: Protein/caloric malnutrition is a problem in chronically haemodialysed patients, and is an independent risk factor for increased mortality in these patients. Objectives: To assess the safety and efficiency of intradialytic parenteral nutritional (IDPN) as nutritional support in acutely ill haemodialysis patients. Methods: Twenty‐two haemodialysis patients received IDPN after either major surgical or medical illnesses. Parameters measured included possible complications of IDPN, dialysis adequacy, patients' weight, protein catabolic rate (PCR) and serum levels of albumin, pre‐albumin, creatinine, cholesterol, c‐reactive protein (c‐RP) and haemoglobin. After the end of the study all patients were followed‐up for a further 6 months. Results: Patients received IDPN for 1.5–48 months. Eighteen patients received IDPN < 6 months. IDPN was safe for all patients. Throughout this period dialysis remained adequate. Weight loss in all patients ceased after approximately 2 months of IDPN. PRC, serum albumin, pre‐albumin, cholesterol and creatinine levels all increased significantly. c‐RP dropped from 77 ± 86 mg/l to 9 ± 10 mg/l. Conclusions: IDPN can be safely used in haemodialysed patients who are acutely ill and are unable to meet daily nutritional requirements with an oral intake. All studied parameters of nutrition and inflammation improved significantly while patients were treated with IDPN.     

血液透析病人血压控制与血容量变化之间的关系

目的 了解血液透析病人血压控制与血容量变化之间的关系。方法 根据JNC诊断标准将血液透析病人分为高血压组及正常血压或低血压组。用多频率生物阻抗分析仪(Xitron 4200)测定透析病人透析前后的血容量,并根据细胞外液容量(ECW)的变化将透析病人分为血容量减少较多及较少组,分别分析它们与血压控制的关系。结果 细胞外液容量(ECW)减少越多,血压控制越理想。结论 血液透析病人高血压的主要发生机制可能是血容量过多,血容量控制越好,血压控制越好。     

Thirst distress and interdialytic weight gain: a study on a sample of haemodialysis patients

Severe thirst distress is frequent in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and some studies have noted a positive relationship between thirst and an increased interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). The goal of this explorative study was to describe the perception of thirst and correlated symptoms in HD patients, and verify the correlation between thirst intensity and the IDWG. The study was performed on an opportunistic sample of patients treated in the dialysis unit of a city hospital in the North-East of Italy. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing a demographic and a clinical part, the Thirst Distress Scale, and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 0-10 about thirst intensity. The sample of 107 patients was composed of 71 males (66%). The average age was 68 years (SD 12, median 70 years). Fluid restriction causes severe physical discomfort and xerostomy. 66% of the respondents declared a thirst level of more than 7 on the VAS scale. The average IDWG was 2.47 kg. The chi2 test did not show a significant difference when correlated with thirst intensity (p = 0.88).     

Blood pressure measurement in haemodialysis patients

Several studies suggest that the 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) predicts left ventricular hypertrophy more accurately than conventional blood pressure measurement (CBPM) with mercury sphygmomanometer. We estimated the left ventricular mass by M-mode echocardiography in 58 patients on regular haemodialysis treatment during the midweek haemodialysis (HD) interval. ABPM was recorded during the 24 hours preceding the dialysis session and the average of values were compared with the average of the 13 pre HD CBPM recorded by nurses during the month preceding the echocardiography study. The two types of BP measurements correlated significantly with each other, (systolic BP r=0.62; p < 0.001 and diastolic BP r=0.74; p < 0.001). The correlation of left ventricular mass with pre-HD systolic BP was stronger (r=0.54; p < 0.001) than with 24h-systolic BP (r=0.33; p<0.01). The overall accuracy of prediction was also similar (68% for pre HD-CBPM; 67% for 24h-ABPM). Measurements of diastolic BP did not correlate significantly with LVM. Our data suggest that 24h-ABPM does not offer any advantage over pre HD-CBPM in predicting left ventricular hypertrophy in HD patients     

The spectrum of circadian blood pressure changes in type I diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to characterize the spectrum of circadian blood pressure changes in type I diabetes at different stages of nephropathy by using two monitorings in each patient in order to avoid intra-individual variability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 80 type I diabetic subjects and the same number of age, sex and awake mean blood pressure (BP)-matched controls were included. According to urinary albumin excretion, there were 57 normoalbuminurics, 15 persistent microalbuminurics and eight proteinurics. Two 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitorings were performed at the same urinary albumin excretion stage in absence of antihypertensive treatment for each diabetic subject and for their respective control. Blood pressure and heart rate averages during 24 h, awake, sleep, and day: night ratio were calculated. RESULTS: Seven of the eight proteinuric subjects were hypertensives, whereas hypertension was absent in the normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric groups. The intraindividual reproducibility in diabetics showed repeatability coefficients for the 24 h systolic and diastolic pressure of 33 and 42%, respectively. This reproducibility for the day: night ratio was generally worse, 57% for systolic and 59% for diastolic. A progressive increment in the mean ambulatory BP was observed across the three groups of diabetics and the differences in BP observed were most evident during the night-time period. Though no differences in the 24 h circadian pattern were present between the normoalbuminurics and their controls, nocturnal differences were observed, not only in microalbuminurics for systolic BP (P < 0.05), but also in proteinurics for both systolic BP (P < 0.01) as well as diastolic BP (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in heart rate among the diabetic groups. The non-dipping pattern in the two monitorings was observed in 80, 58, 18 and 10% of the proteinurics, microalbuminurics, normoalbuminurics and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent abnormal circadian variability seems to be an early and frequent characteristic of type I diabetics with an increased urinary albumin excretion. Although present in some normalbuminuric subjects, the frequency of this abnormality increases as the incipient nephropathy progresses. By the time proteinuria is established, nearly all subjects present the abnormal pattern.     

Low central blood pressure and sympathetic activity predispose for the development of intradialytic hypotension

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) may lead to a poor life quality and was associated with cardiovascular mortality in patients under hemodialysis. This study investigated the autonomic nerve and cardiovascular function in the IDH episodes.In this case-control study, 70 end stage renal disease patients (198 visits) were recruited. Pulse wave analysis and heart rate variability were evaluated before hemodialysis. Two definitions of IDH were confirmed by medical records. IDH-f indicated a drop of systolic blood pressure or mean arterial pressure, accompanied with symptoms; IDH-n indicated a low nadir systolic pressure during the hemodialysis. All parameters were evaluated for the possible predisposing factors under each definition.A total of 24 IDH-f and 37 IDH-n were noted in 177 visits. For both definitions, central pulse pressure seemed to be a consistent predisposing factor. Furthermore, lower sympathetic activity (odds ratio [OR] 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.87), lower pulse pressure (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92–0.98), and higher augmentation index (OR 17.36; 95% CI 1.48–204.10) were the possible predisposing factors for IDH-f. On the contrary, lower mean arterial pressure (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78–0.98) was identified as the possible factor for IDH-n.It was suggested that the lower central pulse pressure and sympathetic activity might be involved in the development of IDH.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients

The aim of this study was to compare the results of the 44-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) data between haemodialysis (HDp) and CAPD patients and to investigate the relation of circadian rhythm in blood pressure (BP) with development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Twenty-two HDp (11 male, 11 female, mean age: 50 +/- 17 years) and 24 CAPDp (11 male, 13 female, mean age: 47 +/- 15 years) were included. Echocardiographic measurements and ABPM were performed in all study groups. ABPM of the first and second days were analysed separately and compared with CAPDp. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 17 of the 22 HDp (77%) and 17 of the 24 CAPDp (71%). There was no significant differences between HD and CAPDp in respect to 44-h, daytime and night-time systolic and diastolic BP values. Although the course of BP in CAPDp was stable during the 44-h period, systolic and diastolic BP levels on the second day were significantly higher than those of on the first day in HDp (P < 0.001 for both). Daytime systolic and diastolic BP levels on the first day in HD group were recorded lower than those of the CAPD group. On the second day, night-time BP readings (both systolic and diastolic BP) were measured significantly higher in the HD group compared with the CAPD group. Twenty-one of the 24 (88%) CAPD patients were dippers, whereas only four of the 22 (18%) HDp were dippers (P < 0.001). Dipper patients had significantly lower left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than non-dipper patients (131 +/- 29 g/m(2) vs 153 +/- 40 g/m(2), P = 0.03). In 44-h ABPM, there were no differences in daytime and night-time systolic and diastolic blood pressures between HD and CAPD patients. Non-dipper patients had increased LVMI as compared with dipper patients. Abnormalities in circadian rhythm of the blood pressure might be one of the implicated factors for development of left ventricular hypertrophy.     

联合测量腰围和血压对代谢综合征的初步预测作用

目的 分析腰围(WC)和血压(BP)对代谢综合征(MS)的预测作用. 方法 采取横断面研究方法对4 134名长沙市某单位员工进行问卷调查,检测身高、体重、WC、BP、FPG、血脂等.用非条件Logistic回归法分析WC和BP对诊断MS贡献的大小. 结果 (1)MS的粗患病率为24.4%(男25.8%,女20.6%),按人口普查结果标准化后患病率为17.3%(男19.2%,女15.8%).(2)用WC、BMI、SBP、DBP预测该人群MS的一致性为90.2%;若去掉BMI,预测一致性为89.3%.在其他因素不变时,WC每增加5cm、SBP每增加10mmHg、DBP每增加5mmHg,可分别增加MS的患病风险10.84倍、1.20倍及1.27倍. 结论 联合测量WC和BP对MS有较强的预测作用,可作为一项快速诊断和评估MS的简易指标.     

The use of pregabalin in the treatment of uraemic pruritus in haemodialysis patients

We evaluated the effect of pregabalin in the treatment of uraemic pruritus not due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Sixteen haemodialysis patients suffering from uraemic pruritus resistant to conventional treatment started on pregabalin 25 mg/day orally. The parameters recorded were age, time on haemodialysis, haematocrit, Ca, PO₄, Ca × PO₄ product, PTH, spKt/V, eosinophil counts and IgE. The effectiveness of pregabalin on uraemic pruritus was evaluated by using visual analogue scale before and after one month of treatment. Visual analogue scale consisted of a 10‐cm horizontal line scored from 0 (no itch) to 10 (worst imaginable itch). Four patients discontinued treatment due to side effects and therefore were excluded from the study. The mean age of the remaining 12 patients was 61.2 ± 12.8 years, and the time on haemodialysis was 38 ± 39.1 months. The haematological and biochemical profile of the patients remained without significant change at the end of the observation period. There was a statistically significant difference between visual analogue scale values before and after the one month treatment period (7.44 ± 2.01 and 1.7 ± 1.31, respectively), p < 0.0003. Uraemic pruritus is a common and distressing symptom in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Pregabalin appears to be an effective alternative treatment.     

Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on interdialytic weight gain, plasma sodium concentrations and predialysis blood pressure in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Correction of metabolic acidosis in dialysis patients should be considered of paramount importance. However, consuming sodium bicarbonate tablets during the interdialytic interval to reach predialysis bicarbonate levels of 23--24 mmol/l is not widespread due to the fear of greater interdialytic weight gain and fluid overload. For this reason we investigated in a cross-sectional and in an interventional study the effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on body weight gain, plasma sodium concentrations and predialysis blood pressure in a group of stable uremic patients on regular hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Study DESIGN: 110 patients (67 men, 43 women), mean age 67+/-15 (range 22--89) years, on regular chronic HD treatment for 6--372 (median 48) months were studied. 70 patients were on regular oral bicarbonate supplementation for at least 4 weeks (group A), 40 patients were not on oral bicarbonate supplementation (group B). The following parameters were recorded: dry body weight (DBW), interdialytic weight gain (IWG), body mass index (BMI), plasma sodium (Na), serum pH, serum bicarbonate (sBic), K(t)/V, normalized protein catabolic rate (PCRn), predialysis systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and bicarbonate therapy (g/day). 18 patients not on oral bicarbonate supplementation with sBic levels相似文献   

老年人体位性血压变化与脉搏波传导速度的相关分析

目的 观察老年人体位改变导致血压异常波动的发生率,研究体位性血压变化与脉搏波传导速度（PWV）之间的关系.方法 选择165名老年人进行平卧位、立位3 min内血压测定,据血压变化情况分成3组：体位性低血压（OH）组、体位性正常血压（ONT）组和体位性高血压（OHT）组,采用动脉硬化榆测仪榆测双侧肱踝脉搏波传导速度（baPWV）.结果 165名老年人中,OH组33例 （20%）,ONT组101例（61.2%）.OHT 组31例（18.8%）.与ONT组相比,OH组、OHT组baPWV有升高（P〈0.05）.结论老年人体位性血压变化发生率较高;这种体位性血压变化与大动脉弹性下降有关,并可能与心血管事件发生率相关.     

老年体位性血压变化与焦虑抑郁状态的相关性

中国正逐渐进入老龄化社会,老年人的心理问题对健康的影响引起越来越多的社会重视。在老年群体中,血压的波动易导致心源性猝死、心肌梗死等疾病,而焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪是导致患者血压波动的独立危险因素。老年人体位性血压变化与焦虑抑郁共存,使得老年人的病情更复杂,预后更差。但目前关于二者之间相关性及其主要机制尚未完全明确,相关的研究也较少,进一步研究并阐明潜在的可改变因素在这种复杂疾病发展中的作用是必要的。本文综述了老年体位性血压变化与焦虑抑郁事件的相关性及其可能机制,为老年人体位性血压变化以及焦虑抑郁的相关诊断和治疗提供研究方向。     

Determinants of mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure in chronic haemodialysis patients.

Hypertension is highly prevalent in the dialysis population, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the observed excess of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients. Nevertheless, there are no reports on the clinical and biochemical determinants of both pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dialysis populations. A total of 541 haemodialysed patients from 11 dialysis centres were included in the study. The demographic, clinical, and biological characteristics were recorded. Both pre- and post- dialytic blood pressures (systolic and diastolic) were measured. PP and MAP were calculated. Mean predialytic PP was 67 +/- 17 mm Hg and significantly decreased after dialysis (60 +/- 18 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, a 10 mm Hg increase in PP was positively associated with age (RR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.35-5.01, for a 10-year increase in age), diabetes mellitus (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14), interdialytic weight gain (IWG) (RR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.07-3.18, for 1% increase in IWG), and current smoking (RR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.13-5.92) and negatively with Hb concentration (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99, for a 1 g/100 ml in Hb). Mean predialytic MAP was 98 +/- 15 mm Hg and significantly decreased after dialysis (91 +/- 16 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, a 10 mm Hg increase in MAP was positively associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15-1.6, for 50 ng/ml in PTH), erythropoietin (EPO) treatment (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.16), and current smoking (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.39-2.41). PP and MAP are associated with different clinical parameters. Most of these factors are potentially reversible. Smoking cessation, correction of anaemia and limitation of IWG should be important challenges for physicians in care of dialysis patients.