外增压技术在游离股前外侧皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损中的临床疗效

目的探讨外增压技术在游离股前外侧皮瓣修复下肢大面积软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法 2014年1月-2016年12月收治10例下肢大面积软组织缺损患者,创面缺损面积18 cm×6 cm～30 cm×15 cm,游离切取20 cm×7 cm～31 cm×16 cm面积的股前外侧皮瓣修复创面,术中使用动脉外增压技术,供区采取游离植皮修复。结果术后10例皮瓣均成活良好,未出现血管危象与皮瓣坏死。结论在使用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复下肢大面积软组织缺损时,应用动脉外增压技术可取得更好治疗效果,值得借鉴。     

臂外侧下部游离皮瓣在手部创面修复中的应用

目的 总结应用臂外侧下部游离皮瓣修复手背及手指皮肤软组织缺损的治疗效果.方法 应用吻合血管的臂外侧下部游离皮瓣用于修复手背、手指部的软组织缺损12例,皮瓣切取面积3 cm×5 cm～8 cm×15 cm.结果 术后移植皮瓣全部成活.结论 臂外侧下部游离皮瓣是修复手部皮肤软组织缺损较为理想的皮瓣之一.     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损

目的:探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法:自2007年1月～2012年1月应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损16例。男10例,女6例,年龄4～13岁,皮肤缺损范围9cm×6cm～15cm×12cm,术中皮瓣切取面积10cm×7cm～16cm×13cm,供区创面直接缝合9例,游离植皮修复7例。结果:术后皮瓣全部成活,无血运障碍,皮瓣均成活,供区植皮均成活,切口一期愈合。患儿术后获随访,随访时间3～24个月,皮瓣质地柔软,外形饱满,色泽正常。结论:应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足部的软组织缺损,供区损伤小,切取皮瓣面积大,血管蒂长,修复效果好,是修复儿童足部的软组织缺损优良供区。     

股前外侧皮瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣修复下肢大面积软组织缺损

目的 探讨股前外侧皮瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣游离移植修复下肢软组织大面积缺损的临床疗效.方法 设计应用股前外侧皮瓣和小腿外侧皮瓣联合游离移植治疗小腿软组织大面积缺损8例,其中,切取股前外侧皮瓣面积21 cm×12 cm～27 cm×18 cm.小腿外侧皮瓣面积20 cm×8 cm～26 cm×15 cm .结果 8例16块皮瓣全部成活,术后皮瓣外形良好,患肢功能恢复较理想,取得良好效果.结论 应用股前外侧皮瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣游离移植修复小腿大面积软组织缺损,可获得较好的临床效果.     

头面颈部皮肤软组织缺损的显微外科修复

目的 总结探讨头面颈部皮肤软组织缺损的游离皮瓣修复方法 . 方法 2007年7月-2010年5月,笔者单位共收治此类患者31例,包括头皮缺损10例、面部皮肤软组织缺损4例、颈部皮肤软组织缺损17例.其中由外伤引起的皮肤软组织缺损20例,瘢痕挛缩松解后继发缺损11例.采用游离皮瓣(背阔肌皮瓣13例、侧胸皮瓣3例、肩胛皮瓣5例、股前外侧皮瓣10例)修复创面,皮瓣面积8 cm×5 cm～25 cm × 18 cm. 结果皮瓣全部成活,创面均一次性愈合.患者平均住院时间为16.7 d.28例患者随访2个月,皮瓣外观、功能良好. 结论 以显微外科为基础的游离皮瓣移植可一次性修复头面颈部皮肤软组织缺损创面,减轻患者痛苦、缩短住院时间.     

游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损15例

目的探讨采用游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣移植修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法 2015年10月-2019年9月,对15例小腿及足踝部软组织缺损患者,均采用游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣完全或部分修复。本组病例创面均位于小腿中下段2/3及足踝部,皮瓣切取面积:8cm×12cm～10 cm×25 cm。结果术后14例皮瓣成活良好,1例皮瓣远端坏死,经换药后愈合。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣成活良好,质地柔软,受区外观良好,供区愈合良好,患肢功能良好。结论对于小腿及足踝部软组织缺损创面,游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣移植修复临床效果满意。     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法对18例足踝部皮肤软组织缺损患者进行皮瓣移植,缺损面积9 cm×6 cm～26 cm×15 cm.受区彻底清创,切取股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复创面.结果 18例均获得随访,时间6～12个月.皮瓣全部成活（其中2例皮瓣术后发生血管危象,经手术探查处理后成活）,皮瓣色泽、弹性、厚度均为优良,供区及受区外观均满意.结论 股前外侧穿支皮瓣供区隐蔽,用于足踝部皮肤软组织缺损修复,临床效果良好.     

股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用股前外侧游离皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 采用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复12例小腿及足踝部深部软组织缺损患者,创面缺损面积11 cm×6 cm～20 cm×13 cm.结果 12例皮瓣全部成活,未发生血管危象,无皮瓣边缘坏死.12例均获随访,时间9～12个月.皮瓣质地、色泽及感觉功能恢复满意.结论 应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损疗效满意.     

游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 2011年1月至8月,应用游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣一期修复3例颊癌扩大切除术造成的软组织缺损,术前应用多普勒血流探测仪测量后桡侧副动脉无变异后,根据其走行,以及术中软组织缺损的面积、形态设计皮瓣,皮瓣均越过肱骨外上髁,面积为9 cm ×5 cm～10 cm×6 cm,血管蒂长约10 cm.供区创面直接拉拢缝合.结果 3例皮瓣均成活,其中1例因局部负压过大造成血管危象,经手术探查,减轻局部负压,术后皮瓣逐渐恢复正常.术后随访6～10个月,患者均无复发,颊部外观形态及功能恢复良好,2例供区局部有麻木感,6个月后症状减轻.结论 游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣厚度适宜、血供可靠,是修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的较好方法.     

应用游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损16例

目的 探讨游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损的临床效果. 方法 应用腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背及虎口区软组织缺损伴肌腱外露5例,修复足背及趾区域软组织缺损伴骨、肌腱外露11例,皮瓣切取面积最小3cm×2 cm,最大10 cm×5 cm. 结果 术后移植皮瓣全部成活,其中1例术后发生血管危象,经手术探查处理皮瓣成活.手背3例、足背1例皮瓣略显臃肿,二期行皮瓣修整术,手、足功能恢复满意;供区肢体无功能障碍. 结论 游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣可修复手足中、小面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

Reconstruction of large head and neck deformities: Experience with free gracilis muscle and myocutaneous flaps

Microvascular free flaps continue to revolutionize coverage options in head and neck reconstruction. The authors describe their experience with the gracilis free flap and the myocutaneous gracilis free flap with reconstruction of head and neck defects. Eleven patients underwent 12 free tissue transfer to the head and neck region. The reconstruction was performed with the transverse myocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap (n = 7) and the gracilis muscle flap with skin graft (n = 5). The average patient age was 63.4 years (range, 17–82 years). The indications for this procedure were tumor and haemangioma resections. The average patient follow‐up was 20.7 months (range, 1 month–5.7 years). Total flap survival was 100%. There were no partial flap losses. Primary wound healing occurred in all cases. Recipient site morbidities included one hematoma. In our experience for reconstruction of moderate volume and surface area defects, muscle flaps with skin graft provide a better color match and skin texture relative to myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flaps. The gracilis muscle free flap is not widely used for head and neck reconstruction but has the potential to give good results. As a filling substance for large cavities, the transverse myocutaneus gracilis flap has many advantages including reliable vascular anatomy, relatively great plasticity and a concealed donor area. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

游离上臂外侧皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复的临床应用

目的 探讨以桡侧副动脉后支供血的游离上臂外侧皮瓣的设计和应用技术.方法 临床应用游离上臂外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损9例.结果 9例皮瓣均完全存活,效果良好.结论 上臂外侧皮瓣血管蒂恒定,皮瓣薄且质地佳,手术操作方便,供区隐蔽,适合修复头颈肿瘤尤其口腔术后缺损.     

A study of the use of the supraclavicular artery flap for resurfacing of head, neck, and upper torso defects

The head and neck region is an aesthetically demanding area to resurface because of its high visibility. Tissue defects in this area often require distant flaps or free flaps to achieve an aesthetically acceptable result. The use of the Supraclavicular artery flap represents an extremely versatile and useful option for the resurfacing of head, neck and upper torso defects. Furthermore, islanding the flap gives it a wide arc of rotation and the color and texture match is superior to that of free flaps harvested from distant sites. In our study, we used the flap (both unexpanded and expanded) predominantly for resurfacing neck defects resulting from the release of post-burn contractures. However, its applicability in other indications would also be similar. Except one, all our flaps survived almost completely and the post-operative morbidity was very low. We conclude that the supraclavicular artery flap not only provides a reasonably good color and texture match but also maintains the multi-directional activity in the neck region.     

Reconstructive indications of simultaneous double free flaps in the head and neck: A case series and literature review

Extensive and complex defects of the head and neck involving multiple anatomical and functional subunits are a reconstructive challenge. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the reconstructive indications of the use of simultaneous double free flaps in head and neck oncological surgery. This is a retrospective review of 21 consecutive cases of head and neck malignancies treated surgically with resection and reconstruction with simultaneous use of double free flaps. Nineteen of 21 patients had T4 primary tumor stage. Eleven patients had prior history of radiotherapy or chemo‐radiotherapy. Forty‐two free flaps were used in these patients. The predominant combination was that of free fibula osteo‐cutaneous flap with free anterolateral thigh (ALT) fascio‐cutaneous flap. The indications of the simultaneous use of double free flaps can be broadly classified as: (a) large oro‐mandibular bone and soft tissue defects (n = 13), (b) large oro‐mandibular soft tissue defects (n = 4), (c) complex skull‐base defects (n = 2), and (d) dynamic total tongue reconstruction (n = 2). Flap survival rate was 95%. Median follow‐up period was 11 months. Twelve patients were alive and free of disease at the end of the follow‐up. Eighteen of 19 patients with oro‐mandibular and glossectomy defects were able to resume an oral diet within two months while one patient remained gastrostomy dependant till his death due to disease not related to cancer. This patient had a combination of free fibula flap with free ALT flap, for an extensive oro‐mandibular defect. The associated large defect involving the tongue accounted for the swallowing difficulty. Simultaneous use of double free flap aided the reconstruction in certain large complex defects after head and neck oncologic resections. Such combination permits better complex multiaxial subunit reconstruction. An algorithm for choice of flap combination for the appropriate indications is proposed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.     

A ten-year experience of multiple flaps in head and neck surgery: how successful are they?

Ablative surgery in the head and neck often results in defects that require free flap reconstruction. With improved ablation/reconstructive and adjuvant techniques, improved survival has led to an increase in the number of patients undergoing multiple free flap reconstruction. We retrospectively analyzed a single institution's 10-year experience (August 1993 to August 2003) in free flap reconstruction for malignant tumors of the head and neck. Five hundred eighty-two flaps in 534 patients were identified with full details regarding ablation and reconstruction with a minimum of 6-month follow-up. Of these 584 flaps, 506 were for primary reconstruction, 50 for secondary reconstruction, 12 for tertiary reconstruction, and 8 patients underwent two flaps simultaneously for extensive defects. Overall flap success was 550/584 (94%). For primary free flap surgery, success was 481/506 (95%), compared with 44/50 (88%) for a second free flap reconstruction and 9/12 (75%) for a third free flap reconstruction ( P < 0.05). Eight extensive defects were reconstructed with 16 flaps, all of which were successful. More than one free flap may be required for reconstruction of head and neck defects, although success decreases as the number of reconstructive procedures increases.     

15 years experience with microvascular free tissue transfert for repair of head and neck cancer defects

We present the modalities and results obtained with free flap reconstruction of head and neck cancers defects. This retrospective review of 165 free transfers performed between 1984 and 1999 included 89 radial forearm flaps (54%), 38 latissimus dorsi flaps (23%), 28 osteomyocutaneous flaps (17%), 6 omentum flaps (4%), 2 jejunum flaps, and 2 cutaneous scapular flaps. Indications were orobuccopharynx (34%), hypopharynx (24%), mandible (17%), craniofacial (15%) and skin (10%) defects. Flap failure rate was 9%. Reconstruction of a radiated site was a statistically significant indicator of flap failure. Four types of free flaps were preferred for reconstruction of head and neck cancer defects. The radial forearm flap was used as a lap flap for the orobuccopharynx, the tubuled radial forearm flap for reconstruction of the digestive tract after total pharyngolaryngectomy, the osteomyocutaneous free fibular flap for pelvimandibulectomy, especially for the anterior arch, the latissimus dorsi flap to fill craniofacial defects, and the free omentum flap for craniofacial complications after radiotherapy.     

头颈部组织缺损显微外科重建的临床效果

目的介绍头颈部组织缺损的显微外科重建技术及其临床应用效果。方法选用血管蒂较长和血管口径较粗的游离组织瓣供区，选择口径粗大和位置合适的受区血管，将游离瓣制备成外露瓣，以利于术后血供的监测，在手术放大镜下行血管吻合，部分病例同时吻合2根静脉，以确保游离瓣的静脉回流。结果施行1007例共1066块游离组织瓣移植修复头颈部组织缺损，临床成功率为98．3％，术后血管危象的发生率为3．1％，抢救成功率为45．5％。结论应用显微外科技术施行游离组织瓣移植重建头颈部组织缺损，可获得良好的临床效果。     

Free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of head and neck defects: preliminary results and a comparison with the radial forearm flap

BACKGROUND: The authors present their personal preliminary experience with the free anterolateral thigh flap in the reconstruction of head and neck defects and compare these first cases with the radial forearm flaps. METHODS: Seventeen patients undergoing free flap reconstruction between December 1998 and September 2001 have been selected for this retrospective study and evaluated. In fourteeen patients reconstruction was performed with a radial forearm flap. In three patients an anterolateral thigh flap was used. Six dissections on cadavers have also been performed in order to study the anatomical variations of the perforators of the lateral circumflex femoral system. RESULTS: All flaps survived, without any major vascular impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a laborious dissection of the pedicle the anterolateral thigh is a versatile flap, with a minimal morbidity of the donor area. Even if the radial forearm is overall accepted as the gold standard for head and neck reconstruction, the anterolateral thigh flap is suggested as a good and safe surgical option, especially when a large flap is requested or in female patients concerned with the cosmetic result in the forearm donor area.     

穿支皮瓣移植修复头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损

目的探讨穿支皮瓣在修复头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损中的应用。方法对2006年1月至2008年3月,采用穿支皮瓣同期修复头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的29例患者资料进行分析。结果29例患者中,2例出现血管危象,1例皮瓣部分坏死,6例出现早期局部并发症。术后随访3个月至2年（平均14个月）。本组中,20例术后头颈部外形及功能基本恢复正常,受区和供区均无严重并发症;2例带瘤生存;7例分别因局部复发、颈淋巴结转移及远处转移等死亡。结论利用吻合血管的穿支皮瓣,更易于塑形修复,且供区并发症较少,是修复各种头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的良好方法。     

Analytic review of 2372 free flap transfers for head and neck reconstruction following cancer resection

Microvascular free tissue transfer has gained world-wide acceptance as a means of reconstructing post-oncologic surgical defects in the head and neck region. Since 1977, the authors have introduced this reconstructive procedure to head and neck reconstruction after cancer ablation, and a total of 2372 free flaps were transferred in 2301 patients during a period of over 23 years. The most frequently used flap was the rectus abdominis flap (784 flaps: 33.1 percent), followed by the jejunum (644 flaps: 27.2 percent) and the forearm flap (384 flaps: 16.2 percent). In the reported series, total and partial flap necrosis accounted for 4.2 percent and 2.5 percent of cases, respectively. There was a significant statistical difference ( p < 0.05) in complete flap survival rate between immediate and secondary reconstruction cases. The authors believe that the above-mentioned three flaps have been a major part of the armamentarium for head and neck reconstruction because of a lower rate of flap necrosis, compared to other flaps.