基于“蒙特勒标准”的新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的单中心回顾性研究

目的 参考"蒙特勒标准"对新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（NARDS）进行回顾性研究，了解NARDS的流行病学、临床特征、治疗现状、预后的相关因素。方法 回顾2017年1月至2018年7月住院患儿的病历资料，选择符合"蒙特勒标准"的314例NARDS患儿为研究对象。依据氧指数分为轻度NARDS组（n=130）、中度NARDS组（n=117）、重度NARDS组（n=67），比较各组临床特征，分析不同严重程度NARDS的危险因素和住院时长的影响因素。结果 NARDS患儿占同期新生儿病房收治患儿的2.46%（314/12 789），病死率为9.6%（30/314）。多因素有序logistic回归分析显示，使用过肺表面活性物质（PS）、辅助通气天数长的患儿NARDS较重的风险相对更大（P < 0.05）。Cox回归分析显示，低体重/巨大儿、早产儿、使用有创通气、使用过PS、病原学检测阳性等因素延长住院日的风险高（P < 0.05）。结论 避免早产、减少低体重儿/巨大儿的出生、预防围生期感染，有助于降低重症NARDS的风险。需要有创通气、长时间辅助通气、或PS治疗的患儿预后欠佳。     

Acute renal failure in neonatal sepsis

Objective To evaluate the occurrence of acute renalfailure (ARF) and the factors associated with it in cases of neonatal sepsis. Methods The case control study was conducted in the referral neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital. 200 out born neonates with sepsis admitted to the nursery from January to July 2003 were evaluated for presence of ARF (cases) or not (controls). Sepsis was diagnosed on the basis of either a positive sepsis screen (immature: total (I:T) neutrophil ratio >0.2, μ-ESR> age in days + 2mm or>15 mm, CRP>6mg/dl, TLC<5000 cells/mm³; 2 or more positive) or a positive blood culture in symptomatic neonates. ARF was defined as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) >20mg/dl on two separate occasions at least 24 hours apart. Oliguria was defined as urine output <1ml/Kg/hr. Results 52 out of 200 (26%) neonates with sepsis had ARF; only 15% of ARF was oliguric. The mean gestation of neonates with ARF was similar to those without ARF (36.1±4.1 wks vs. 36.6±3.5 wk; p=0.41). A significantly higher number of babies with ARF weighed less than 2500 gm as compared to those without ARF (86.5%vs 67.6%; p=0.008). The association of meningitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and shock was also significantly higher in neonates with ARF (46.8%vs 26.2%, p=0.01; 65.4%vs 20.3%, p<0.001; 71.2%vs 27.0%, p<0.001 respectively). Mortality in neonates who developed ARF was significantly higher (70.2%vs 25%, p<0.001). Factors including gestational age, weight, onset of sepsis, culture positivity, associated meningitis, asphyxia, shock, prior administration of nephrotoxic drugs were subjected to univariate analysis for prediction of fatality in neonates with sepsis and ARF; only shock was found to be a significant predictor of fatality (p<0.001). ARF had recovered in 22 out of 49 neonates in whom data was available; three patients had left against medical advice. The mean duration of recovery in these 22 neonates was 5.5 days (range 1–14 days). Presence of co-existing morbidities (perinatal asphyxia/congestive heart failure (CHF)/necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) or nephrotoxic drugs did not alter the frequency of recovery of ARF in septic neonates (45.5%vs 44.4%, p=0.944; 41%vs 52%, p=0.308 respectively). Conclusion Renal failure occurred in 26% neonates with sepsis. Although ARF in neonates has been reported to be predominantly oliguric, it was observed that ARF secondary to neonatal sepsis was predominantly non oliguric. Low birth weight was an important risk factor for the development of ARF. The mortality being three times higher in neonates with ARF demands a greater awareness of this entity among practitioners and better management of this condition.     

Survival and morbidity among two cohorts of extremely low birth weight neonates from a tertiary hospital in Northern India

This study was conducted to compare the survival and morbidity of extremely low birth weight neonates born during two different time periods (2009–10 and 2001–02) at a Level III referral neonatal unit in Northern India. All consecutive intramural extremely low birth weight neonates (<1000g), irrespective of gestation, and admitted to Intensive Care were enrolled. 149 and 123 neonates were enrolled during 2009-10 and 2001-02, respectively. The baseline characteristics were comparable except for mean birth weight, which was lower during 2009-10 (843±108g vs 885±126g, P=0.003). Surfactant therapy (54% vs 18%, P<0.001), non-invasive ventilation (28% vs 6%, P<0.001), high frequency ventilation (24% vs 4%, P=0.001), IVH (52% vs 25%, P<0.001) and PDA (34% vs 18%, P=0.004) were significantly more during 2009–10. Culture positive sepsis (33% vs 51%, P=0.003) and ROP rates (7% vs 23%, P=0.042) were significantly higher during 2001–02. Overall survival was similar; however, neonates between 28–30 weeks gestation had better survival (63%) during 2009–10 compared to 2001–02 (38%), P=0.009. Survival in neonates 28–30 weeks improved during this period while overall survival remained the same.     

The Prevalence and Outcomes of Thrombocytopenia in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Three-Year Report

Neonatal thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematologic disorders in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of thrombocytopenia and whether thrombocytopenia has an effect on the occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) ≥ grade 2 and on mortality rate. This study was carried out retrospectively in neonates admitted to NICU of Cumhuriyet University in Sivas, Turkey, between 2009 and 2012. Among 2218 neonates evaluated, 208 (9.4%) developed thrombocytopenia. The prevalence of IVH ≥ grade 2 was more in infants with thrombocytopenia (7.2%) than in those without thrombocytopenia (4.4%), although this was not statistically significant (P = .08). In univariate analysis, IVH ≥ grade 2 was higher in cases with very severe thrombocytopenia (35.7%, n = 5) than in those with mild (2.1%, n = 2), moderate (4.7%, n = 3), and severe thrombocytopenia (15.2%, n = 5) (P = .04). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that birth weight <1500 g (OR 6.2, 95% CI 3.4–9.8; P = .0001), gram-negative sepsis (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8–4.2; P = .01), very severe thrombocytopenia (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–2.1; P = .03), and platelet transfusion ≥2 (OR 7.3, 95% CI 4.1–12.1; P = .001) were significant risk factors for mortality. The results of our study suggest that outcomes of neonates with thrombocytopenia depend not only on platelet count but also on decreased gestational age or birth weight, prenatal factors, and sepsis.     

Platelet parameters and the association with morbidity and mortality in Preterm Infants

BackgroundThere is growing recognition of the role of platelets in inflammation and immune responses, and platelets have been associated with various cardiovascular diseases. It is also known that neonatal morbidities are related to overall platelet activity, and platelet parameters may have the potential to predict morbidities and mortality in preterm infants. This study aimed to assess the initial platelet parameters and the association with major morbidities and mortality in preterm neonates.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data from very preterm neonates with a gestational age (GA) <32 weeks who were admitted between June 2020 and May 2021 for platelet parameters (counts, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (platelet counts x MPV/10000(%)) at birth. Major morbidities included early- onset sepsis (EOS) ≤3 days after birth, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) grade ≥3, and early or overall mortality.ResultsA total of 197 very preterm neonates were studied. Their mean (±SD) GA was 28.0 ± 2.4 weeks, birth weight was 990 ± 293 g, platelet counts were 245 ± 81 x1000/μL, MPV was 10.0 ± 0.7 fl, PDW was 11.0 ± 1.6 fl, and plateletcrit was 0.24 ± 0.08%. MPV had a weak negative correlation with both GA (r = ?0.234, p = 0.001) and BW (r = ?0.343, p <0.001). A lower plateletcrit was associated with EOS (0.14 (0.04–0.22) % vs. 0.23 (0.19–0.30) %, p = 0.027), severe IVH ≤7 days after birth (0.18 (0.14–0.27) % vs. 0.23 (0.20–0.30) %, p = 0.022), and early and overall mortality (0.15 (0.20–0.30) % vs. 0.23 (0.20–0.30) %, p = 0.049; 0.20 ± 0.09 % vs. 0.25 ± 0.07 %, p = 0.008).ConclusionA lower plateletcrit within 24 hours of birth was associated with EOS, severe IVH ≤7 days after birth, and first-week and overall mortality in very preterm neonates.     

Clinical presentation of hypernatremic dehydration in exclusively breast-fed neonates

Objective: To identify the clinical presentation of dehydration related to failure of lactation in exclusively breastfed term infants.Method: A prospective study was performed between January 2000 and June 2003 in AI Qassimi Hospital in the Emirate of Sharjah. Enrollment criteria included term neonates whose birth weight of >2000g with no underlying organic illness causing poor feeding admitted for clinical manifestations of dehydration with weight loss of >10% during the first 2 weeks of life. The control group, a non-randomized sample included healthy full term neonates, seen in Sharjah maternal and child health care center at 4–7 days old for their routine Guthrie screening test. For each dehydrated neonate we took two neonates as controls. Mother’s age, parity, length of pregnancy, any pathologic conditions, breastfeeding history and her level of knowledge of lactation was recorded. Neonatal information included mode of delivery, percentage of weight loss, clinical examination, and stool and urine output the previous day. Data was analyzed with Student ‘t’ test and chi-square test.Results: Out of 17208 live births, 29 neonates between the ages of 2–13 days were admitted with weight loss of between 12 and 29% (dehydrated group). 27 patients had hypernatremic dehydration with serum sodium level ranging from 150 to 195 mmol/l. Mean age of admission was 4.9 days. Reasons for admission were: signs of dehydration (55%); hyperthermia (55%); hypoglycemia (27%) and jaundice (59%). The control group included 58 healthy neonates. Their birth weight and age were comparable to those in the dehydrated group. In comparison with the control group, delivery by cesarean section (P<0.0001), lower level of maternal breastfeeding knowledge (P=0.03), transient inadequate breast milk quantity (P=0.005) and nipple anomalies (P=0.001) was significantly more common in the dehydrated group. Fewer voidings of urine (< 6 times /day) and stool (<3 times/ day) in the previous 24 hours before admission was more frequently observed in the dehydrated group (P <0.0001).Conclusion: Low level of maternal knowledge in lactation, cesarean section and failure of early postnatal follow up was associated with the neonatal dehydration. Decreased urine and stool frequency might be considered as a warning for failure of lactation.     

Early NT-proBNP Is Able to Predict Spontaneous Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Neonates, But Not the Need of Its Treatment

The objective of this study was to establish the potential utility of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This was a monocentric prospective blind study that was conducted in a referral neonatal intensive care unit. The patients were very low-birth-weight/gestational-age neonates. Babies with cardiac congenital anomaly other than PDA, life-threatening congenital malformation, severe asphyxia at birth, persistent pulmonary hypertension, and death within the first week of life were excluded. Plasma NT-proBNP concentrations were determined on days 2, 4, and 7 of life. Echocardiography was performed on days 4 and 7. Results were blinded to clinicians. Only echographic results were available upon request. Thirty-one infants were included. NT-proBNP levels were significantly correlated to ductal size and to left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio. The median NT-proBNP on both days 2 and 4 was significantly higher in neonates with later treated or persistent PDA. A level above 10.000 pg/mL at 48 h of age yielded a 100% positive and a 87% negative predictive value to exclude spontaneous ductal closure. However, no NT-proBNP threshold could predict which PDA would be judged necessary to treat. It was concluded that early low NT-proBNP values can be used as a reliable independent marker to predict spontaneous ductal closure in preterm neonates. Yet, high NT-proBNP levels should not be used to guide the decision to treat PDA, the risk being of treating many bystanding PDAs.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清及脑脊液中促红细胞生成素的变化(英文)

目的：探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿血清和脑脊液(CSF)中促红细胞生成素（Epo）的变化,观察Epo与脑损伤的关系。方法：对26例HIE患儿（轻度8例,中度10例,重度8例）和8例正常对照组进行研究,在生后0~24 h、48~72h 及7~10 d抽取静脉血,HIE组在生后48~72 h腰穿取CSF,放射免疫法测定血清和CSF Epo含量,HIE组生后7~10d做头部MRI检查。结果：对照组血清Epo随日龄增加呈下降趋势,有统计学差异(P 0.05)。头部MRI为重度改变的HIE患儿CSF中Epo水平均较头部MRI为轻、中度改变的HIE患儿显著升高(F = 8.56, P < 0.01)。结论：HIE患儿血清Epo显著升高,持续不降是病情危重的标志。CSF中Epo显著升高提示HIE患儿脑损伤严重,预后不良。重度HIE患儿可能存在着血脑屏障的破坏,Epo可能透过血脑屏障。［中国当代儿科杂志,2005, 7(2): 107-111］     

Risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia in breastfed term neonates

Increased breastfeeding was suggested as a contributing factor to significant hyperbilirubinemia. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with jaundice in exclusively breastfed term neonates. We retrospectively reviewed all consecutively live-born neonates from August 2009 to July 2010 who had complete outpatient department (OPD) follow-up at ≤14 days old. Hyperbilirubinemia was defined as a transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) value of ≥15 mg/dl. During the study period, there were 718 deliveries, of which 152 neonates were transferred to the special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit; 566 neonates were discharged from the nursery, and 243 neonates were excluded: 83 did not return to the OPD, 46 were older than 14 days at OPD follow-up, 44 were <37 weeks of gestational age, and 70 had been fed formula. In total, 323 neonates were enrolled and classified into the hyperbilirubinemic (114 neonates) and non-hyperbilirubinemic groups (209 neonates). The gender, gestational age, Apgar score, age at nursery discharge, birth weight, and body weight at nursery discharge and at OPD were comparable between the two groups. TcB values at nursery discharge were positively correlated with TcB values in the OPD. Infants with hyperbilirubinemia exhibited significantly greater body weight loss from birth to the OPD follow-up and significantly less body weight gain from nursery discharge to OPD follow-up. Conclusion High TcB values at nursery discharge and a smaller body weight gain are associated with hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates who are exclusively breastfed.     

Thrombocytopenia related neonatal outcome in preterms

Objective To investigate the thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusion related outcome in very preterm infants. Methods Cases (n=94) with at least one episode of thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <150X10⁹/L) and controls (n=70) were identified from a database of 1054 neonates with gestational age ≤32 weeks admitted to a level III NICU. Thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusion related morbidity (IVH, sepsis, NEC, and bleeding) and mortality were analyzed with respect to gestational age (<28 weeks and 28–32 weeks), severity of thrombocytopenia (mild if platelet count ≥ 100 and <150X10⁹/L, moderate if count ≥ 50 and <100X10⁹/L, and severe if platelets <50X10⁹/L), age of thrombocytopenia onset (early <72 hours and late ≥72 hours). Results The majority of thrombocytopenia (67.0%) was diagnosed after 72 hours of age, and was mild in 12.8%, moderate in 36.2% and severe in 51.0% of the cases. Neonates with severe and moderate thrombocytopenia were more frequently born at lower gestational age and birth weight. NEC and sepsis especially that caused by Candida infection, were associated with severe thrombocytopenic events. The development of IVH was strongly associated with lower gestational age but not the severity and age of thrombocytopenia onset. Mucocutaneous bleeding complicated 18.4% of cases with severe and late-onset thrombocytopenia (7/38). Platelets were transfused to 85.4% of infants with severe and 64.7% of infants with moderate thrombocytopenia (P<0.02). The gestational age of the majority of the platelet transfused neonates (49/60, 81.7%) was <28 weeks. Mean gestational age and birth weight, and rates of severe thrombocytopenia, IVH, sepsis and mortality were comparable in transfused vs not-transfused infants with gestational age 28–32 weeks. Platelet transfused neonates with gestational age <28 weeks had lower birth weights, were more often severely thrombocytopenic, and died more frequently than infants of a similar gestational age who were not transfused. Conclusion Platelet transfusions did not lower mortality in very premature born infants with moderate and severe thrombocytopenia during the NICU admission.     

480例住院新生儿的病死率及死亡原因分析

目的分析住院新生儿病死率以及死亡新生儿的临床特点及死亡原因,为研究及制定降低新生儿病死率的针对性策略提供依据。方法收集2008年1月至2014年12月期间480例死亡新生儿的临床资料,分析不同年份、不同出生胎龄、出生体重、不同性别、不同日龄新生儿的病死率,并进行死亡新生儿围产期异常因素、死亡原因及死亡等级总结。结果 41 910例住院新生儿中死亡480例,病死率为1.1%,其中早产儿病死率1.7%、足月儿病死率0.7%;住院新生儿病死率从2008年的1.4%降至2014年的1.1%,以出生胎龄32周的早产儿和出生体重1 000 g新生儿的病死率下降最为明显。早产儿和足月儿中出生胎龄越小病死率越高,过期产儿的病死率又有升高。出生体重越低,病死率越高。新生儿病死率以男性较高(1.31%vs 0.92%,P0.05)。死亡新生儿中有明确围产期异常因素的占61.3%,包括羊水异常(29.4%),胎膜早破(16.9%),胎盘异常(16.9%),胎儿宫内窘迫(14.0%),脐带异常(12.3%)等。480例死亡新生儿中生后24 h内死亡者57例,占11.9%;2~7 d死亡者181例,占37.7%;8~28 d死亡者242例,占50.4%。前3位死亡原因为:感染、出生缺陷、呼吸窘迫综合征。2008~2011年以呼吸窘迫综合征为新生儿死亡的最主要原因,2012~2014年以感染为最主要的原因。呼吸窘迫综合征是出生胎龄32周早产儿、出生体重1 500 g新生儿及生后24 h内死亡新生儿的最主要原因;感染是出生胎龄32~42周、出生体重1 500~4 000 g及生后8~28 d新生儿死亡的最主要原因。新生儿窒息是过期产儿主要死亡原因。480例中不可避免死亡(一级)的占54.4%;创造条件可能避免死亡(二级)占23.3%;因担心预后或因经济等原因不配合治疗死亡(三级)的占22.3%。结论新生儿救治水平逐步提高,病死率有下降趋势,尤其是胎龄较小及出生体重较低新生儿的病死率下降更明显。加强围产期管理,预防新生儿感染等疾病,增强患儿家长救治信心,是降低新生儿死亡率的重要措施。     

新生儿窒息与多脏器功能障碍综合征的临床关系分析

目的 探讨新生儿窒息后多脏器功能障碍综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）的发生率、病死率及其与窒息程度、胎龄、出生体重的关系。方法 对１００例新生儿窒息进行前瞻性研究，观察轻、重度窒息组ＭＯＤＳ及单器官损害的发生率和病死率，以及围产因素与ＭＯＤＳ的关系。结果 重度窒息组ＭＯＤＳ的发生率为７１．４％，高于轻度窒息组（３０．８％）（χ２＝１５．２０，Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；重度窒息组脑、肺、心血管、肾、胃肠损害发生率分别为９１．４％，７７．１％，５４．３％，３４．３％，２２．９％，轻度窒息组分别为３８．５％，３３．８％，２０．０％，１２．３％，７．７％，差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜００１或 ０．０５），重度窒息组病死率（２２．９％）高于轻度窒息组（６．２％）（χ２＝６．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。窒息患儿中早产儿、低出生体重儿ＭＯＤＳ的发生率及病死率较足月儿、正常体重儿高，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 重视围产期保健，降低早产儿、低出生体重儿的发生率，防止新生儿窒息，是减少ＭＯＤＳ的关键。     

Neonatal gram-negative bacteremia

A 22 months prospective study of neonatal gram-negative bacteremia was undertaken in a 15 bed NICU to find out the incidence and antibiotic resistance patterns. Clinically suspected 1326 cases of neonatal sepsis were studied during this period. More than 25% of the cases were microbiologically positive for sepsis. Among 230 (67.2%) cases of gram-negative bacteremia, the predominant isolates werePseudomonas aeruginosa (38.3%),Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.4%),Escherichia coli (15.6%) andAcinetobacter sp. (7.8%). Fifty-nine per cent of the neonates were born in hospital while 41% were from community and referral cases. Lower respiratory tract infection, umbilical sepsis, central intravenous line infection and infection following invasive procedures were the most commonly identified sources of.septicemia. Prematurity and low birth weight were the main underlying conditions in 60% of the neonates. Total mortality was 32%. Increased mortality was mainly associated with rmrhropenia, nosocomial infection and inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Resistance was increasingly noted agains’t many antibiotics. The isolates were predominantly resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins (25%-75%), piperacillin (68%-78%), and gentamicin (23%-69%). The commonest microorganisms causing gram-negative bacteremia werePseudomonas aeruginosa followed byKlebsiella pneumoniae. The community-acquired bacteremia was mainly due to E.coli. The proportion of preterm and low birth weight babies was significantly high, and the major contributing factor in total mortality. Sensitivity to different antibiotics conclusively proved that a combination of ampicillin + sulbacfam with amikacin or ampicillin + sulbactam with ciprofloxacin is most effective.     

A mathematical algorithm for detection of Late-onset Sepsis in very-low birth weight infants: A preliminary diagnostic test evaluation

Objective

To study the diagnostic ability of RALIS (computerized mathematical algorithm and continuous monitoring device) to detect late onset sepsis among very low birth weight preterm neonates.

Methods

Randomly chosen 24 very low birth weight infants with proven sepsis were compared to 22 infants without sepsis. The clinical parameters were retrospectively collected from the medical records. The ability of RALIS to detect late onset sepsis was calculated.

Results

RALIS positively identified 23 of the 24 infants with sepsis (sensitivity 95.8%). It indicated sepsis alert median 2.0 days earlier than clinical suspicion. A false positive alert was indicated in 23% (5/22) infants. The specificity, and positive and negative predictive ability of RALIS were 77.3%. 82.1% and 94.4%, respectively.

Conclusions

RALIS may aid in the early diagnosis of late onset sepsis in very low birth weight preterm infants.     

Kangaroo mother care in very low birth weight infants

Objective : This study was conducted (i) to study through a randomized control trial the effect of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on breast feeding rates, weight gain and length of hospitalization of very low birth neonates and (ii) to assess the acceptability of Kangaroo Mother Care by nurses and mothers.Methods : Babies whose birth weight was less than 1500 Grams were included in the study once they were stable. The effect of Kangaroo Mother Care on breast feeding rates, weight gain and length of hospitalization of very low birth weight neonates was studied through a randomized control trial in 28 neonates. The Kangaroo group (n=14) was subjected to Kangaroo Mother Care of at least 4 hours per day in not more than 3 sittings. The babies received Kangaroo Care after shifting out from NICU and at home. The control group (n=14) received only standard care (incubator or open care system). Attitude of mothers and nurses towards KMC was assessed on Day 3 ± 1 and on day 7 ± 1 after starting Kangaroo Care in a questionnaire using Likert’s scale.Results : The results of the clinical trial reveal that the neonates in the KMC group demonstrated better weight gain after the first week of life (15.9 ± 4.5 gm/day vs. 10.6 ± 4.5 gm/day in the KMC group and control group respectively p<0.05) and earlier hospital discharge (27.2 ± 7 vs. 34.6 ± 7 days in KMC and control group respectively, p<0.05). The number of mothers exclusively breastfeeding their babies at 6 week follow-up was double in the KMC group than in the control group (12/14 vs. 6/14) (p< 0.05).Conclusion : KMC managed babies had better weight gain, earlier hospital discharge and, more impressively, higher exclusive breast-feeding rates. KMC is an excellent adjunct to the routine preterm care in a nursery.     

Low plasma protein C values predict mortality in low birth weight neonates with septicemia

BACKGROUND: Septicemia activates coagulation and decreases activated protein C (APC). Low APC in adults is associated with multiorgan dysfunction and mortality, but such data in neonates are lacking. Being deficient in APC, neonates may be especially vulnerable to the effects of low APC. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted on 40 neonates with severe bacterial septicemia to determine the relationship between plasma APC values and mortality, time to mortality, and hazard of dying. Low birth weight neonates with sepsis, organ dysfunction, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were enrolled after parental consent. Plasma APC was assayed at enrollment and subjects were followed for 14 days from enrollment. Low birth weight neonates, who had major malformations, severe birth asphyxia, or received blood products before APC assay, were excluded. Primary outcome: comparison of APC level between survivors and nonsurvivors. Secondary outcomes: survival with low versus normal APC; and hazard ratio of APC, adjusted for birth weight, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology and number of affected organs. RESULTS: Forty of 74 eligible neonates were included. Twenty-five of the enrolled neonates died within 14 days. APC levels in nonsurvivors were lower than in survivors [median (interquartile range) %, 15 (4.5-21) versus 33 (18-55); P < 0.001]. Ten nonsurvivors versus 1 survivor had low APC (P = 0.03). Positive predictive value (PPV) of low APC values for mortality was 90.9%. Survival in the low APC group (n = 11) was shorter than in normal APC group [median (95% confidence interval) days, 3 (2.3-3.7) versus 10, P value <0.001]. APC value was independently associated with hazard of dying [adjusted risk 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.92-0.99), P = 0.02]. Each 1% rise in APC decreased the hazard of dying by 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality was higher and duration of survival shorter in septic neonates with lower plasma ACP. The latter was an independent predictor of the hazard of dying.     

Risk factors for umbilical venous catheter-associated thrombosis in very low birth weight infants

Background

Thrombosis in neonates is a rare but serious occurrence, usually associated with central catheterization. The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with catheter related thrombosis in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Procedure

The present retrospective study was performed using data from a randomized trial of duration of umbilical venous catheters (UVC) placement among infants <1,250 g birth weight. Twenty‐two cases of UVC‐associated thrombosis were identified in this sample. The remaining study sample (n = 188) served as the comparison group. Data on thrombosis, platelets, gestational age, birth weight, hematocrit, serum sodium, maternal preeclampsia, blood group, infant of diabetic mother (IDM) and demographic factors were collected using database and record review.

Results

Among the total subjects (n = 210), 112 (53%) were males and 126 (60%) were Caucasians, with mean gestational age of 27.7 ± 2.1 weeks (standard deviation) and mean birth weight of 923 ± 195 g. Bivariate analysis revealed significant association of thrombosis with hematocrit >55% in the first week (odds ratio [OR] 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0–14.6; P = 0.0003), being small for gestational age (SGA) (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2–7.4; P = 0.02) and maternal preeclampsia (OR, 3.97; 95% CI, 1.6–9.84; P = 0.0017). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only hematocrit >55% was independently associated with thrombus (OR, 3.7; 95% CI 1.1–11.8; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a significant, independent association between elevated hematocrit and development of UVC‐associated thrombosis. Careful monitoring for catheter‐associated thrombosis may be indicated in VLBW infants who have hematocrit >55% in the first week of life. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:75–79. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Longitudinal study of energy expenditure in preterm neonates <30 weeks' gestation during the first three postnatal weeks

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to measure energy expenditure (EE) in a contemporary population of preterm neonates <30 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study in 26 consecutive preterm neonates (gestational age, 27 weeks [23-29] [median, range]; birth weight, 980 g [554-1592]). EE was measured by indirect calorimetry on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 10, and 21. Data on body weight, energy intake, and medical therapy were prospectively collected. RESULTS: EE increased from 121 +/- 25 kJ/kg per day (29 +/- 6 kcal/kg per day) (mean +/- SD) on day 1 to 222 +/- 25 kJ/kg per day (53 +/- 6 kcal/kg per day) on day 21. An energy deficit occurred only on day 1. EE was closely related to energy intake: For each additional kJ given, EE increased by 0.3 kJ (r = 0.789, P <.0001). Neonates with a birth weight <1000 g did not have a more pronounced energy deficit than the heavier neonates. EE during nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the first postnatal week was 25% lower than during spontaneous respiration. CONCLUSIONS: EE could be predicted from energy intake with acceptable accuracy in preterm neonates <30 weeks' gestation during the first 3 postnatal weeks. There was no prolonged energy deficit.     

基于“蒙特勒标准”的新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的单中心回顾性研究

目的 参考"蒙特勒标准"对新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（NARDS）进行回顾性研究,了解NARDS的流行病学、临床特征、治疗现状、预后的相关因素。方法 回顾2017年1月至2018年7月住院患儿的病历资料,选择符合"蒙特勒标准"的314例NARDS患儿为研究对象。依据氧指数分为轻度NARDS组（n=130）、中度NARDS组（n=117）、重度NARDS组（n=67）,比较各组临床特征,分析不同严重程度NARDS的危险因素和住院时长的影响因素。结果 NARDS患儿占同期新生儿病房收治患儿的2.46%（314/12 789）,病死率为9.6%（30/314）。多因素有序logistic回归分析显示,使用过肺表面活性物质（PS）、辅助通气天数长的患儿NARDS较重的风险相对更大（P < 0.05）。Cox回归分析显示,低体重/巨大儿、早产儿、使用有创通气、使用过PS、病原学检测阳性等因素延长住院日的风险高（P < 0.05）。结论 避免早产、减少低体重儿/巨大儿的出生、预防围生期感染,有助于降低重症NARDS的风险。需要有创通气、长时间辅助通气、或PS治疗的患儿预后欠佳。     

Reliability of the fluid balance in neonates

Aim: To assess the reliability of fluid balance charts in neonates. Methods: An observational study in 170 nonbreastfed neonates, requiring continuous monitoring on a high‐care unit, but not critically ill. The fluid balance was compared to daily body weight changes using Bland–Altman analysis. Differences more than 20% of daily fluid intake were considered clinically relevant. Results: The mean gestational age was 36 + 2 weeks (SD 18.7 days) and mean birth weight 2782 g (SD 749 g). The mean difference between 394 fluid balances over 24 h (in mL) and daily weight changes (in g) was ?12.1 (limits of agreement ?128.1 to 103.8). In 40% of comparisons, the difference with daily weight change was more than 20% of daily fluid intake. Conclusion: Fluid balance charts both over‐ and underestimate body weight changes in an unpredictable pattern and are therefore unreliable as a single measure of fluid status in neonates.