全麻手术对肥胖患者血浆抵抗素和肾素血管紧张素及血糖的影响

目的　研究全麻诱导以及手术对肥胖患者血浆抵抗素 (resistin)和肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及血糖的影响。方法　选择 4 0例全麻手术患者 ,根据BMI指数分为两组 :A组 (BMI>2 5 ) 2 0例为肥胖者 ;B组 (2 1 相似文献   

不同麻醉法对血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇水平的影响

观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞和全麻两种麻醉时血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇变化。２５例择期上腹部手术患者，随机分两组：Ａ组为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞１２例，Ｂ组为全麻１３例。分别于麻醉前、麻醉插管后２分钟、进腹探查时、术中２小时、拔管后即刻抽取中心静脉血测肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度。结果示Ａ组麻醉前后无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｂ组术中肾素活性和皮质醇显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外，手术期间Ａ组比Ｂ组心率慢，血压低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明全麻复合硬膜外阻滞是一种应激反应较轻的麻醉方法。     

不同麻醉法对血浆肾素,血管紧张素II,醛固酮,皮质醇水平的…

观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞和全麻两种麻醉时血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇变化。２５例择期上腹部手术患者，随机分两组：Ａ组为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞１２例，Ｂ组为全麻１３例。分别于麻醉前、麻醉插管后２分钟、进腹探查时、术中２小时、拔管后即刻抽取中心静脉血测肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度。结果示Ａ组麻醉前后无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）；Ｂ组术中肾素活性和皮质醇显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。此外，手术     

安氟醚硝酸甘油控制性降压肾素—血管紧张素系统皮质醇变化的观察

２８例脑外科手术病人常规诱导，在全麻期间分别用３．５～４．０％安氟醚吸入、０．０２％硝酸甘油静脉点滴控制降压，并于诱导前、降压前、降压中、降压后分别取动脉血行放免法测定血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素、皮质醇的变化。结果：安氟醚组血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）即ＡＩ值降压后高于降压前（Ｐ＜０．０１），血管紧张素（ＡⅡ）降压中明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；硝酸甘油组ＡⅠ值降压中明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）而ＡⅡ值在各时期均无明显变化。皮质醇在两组中麻醉前均较高，麻醉后均明显下降，而降压中无明显变化。结果表明降压过程中血流动力学的改变可以激活ＲＡＳ，安氟醚麻醉下心排血量减少，外周阻力下降，血压下降使ＲＡＳ活性增强，其程度较硝酸甘油显著，而硝酸甘油降压中ＡⅡ值无明显变化可能是由于硝酸甘油降低了血管紧张素转换酶的活性所致。     

肾素和血管紧张素Ⅱ在急性胰腺炎大鼠病程演变中的作用

目的：探讨肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ在急性胰腺炎病程演变中的作用。方法：42只SD大鼠分急性胰腺炎组和对照组，对照组仅作胃窦切开缝合术，血管胰腺炎组用十二指肠闭襻法复制急性胰腺炎模型，结果：（1）急性胰腺炎组随着病变的进展，血浆淀粉酶升高，病程10h时胰腺炎病理呈水肿性改变，24h时呈出血坏死性改变；病程24h胰腺组织病理学评分显高于10h（P＜0．05）。（2）急性胰腺炎组血浆肾素活性在病程10h时显高于对照组（P＜0．01），在24h时略高于10h，但差别无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。（3）急性胰腺炎组血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ水平在病程10h,24h时均显高于对照组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），24h又显高于10h（P＜0．05）。结论：肾素、血血管紧张素Ⅱ在急性胰腺炎病变发展中起重要作用。     

静注芬太尼对心钠素及肾素－血管紧张素系统的影响

观察了静注芬太尼对心钠素及肾素－血管紧张素系统的影响。选择普鲁卡因静脉复合麻醉的病人７例，静注芬太尼２０μｙｍｉｎ／ｋｇ后抽血测定心钠素、血浆肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ。结果表明，静注芬太尼后心钠素、血浆肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ均无明显变化。     

静注芬太尼对心钠素及肾素—血管紧张素系统的影响

观察了静注芬太尼对心钠素及肾素－血管紧张素系统的影响。选择普鲁卡因静脉复合麻醉的病人７例，静注芬太尼２０μｇ／ｍｉｎ／ｋｇ后抽血测定心钠素，血浆肾活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ。结果表明，静注芬太尼后心钠素，血浆肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ均无明显变化。     

心肺转流患者围手术期ANF及RAAS的变化

对１６例ＣＰＢ手术患者手术期间血浆心钠素（ＡＮＦ），肾素，血管紧张素Ⅱ，醛固酮的动态观察，发现血浆肾素于ＣＰＢ期间逐渐升高，术终及术后２４小时显著高于诱导前（Ｐ〈０．０５和Ｐ〈０．０１），血管紧张素Ⅱ于ＣＰＢ开始时降低，后逐渐升高，术终明显高于诱导前（Ｐ〈０．０５），血浆ＡＮＦ变化趋势与血管紧张素Ⅱ类似；平均动脉压与血浆肾素，血管紧张素Ⅱ及ＡＮＦ均呈正相关。推测ＲＡＡＳ与ＡＮＦ在维持血容量及外周…     

全身热疗对血浆肾素血管紧张素Ⅱ和β2-微球蛋白浓度的影响

目的 观察晚期肿瘤患者行全身热疗对血浆肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAAS)和肾功能的影响.方法 择期晚期肿瘤患者行全身热疗20例,随机均分为全麻插管组(A组)和静脉麻醉组(B组),分别在加温前、加温至41.8℃维持60 min时(加温后)、复温至38℃(复温后)用放射免疫法测肾素活性(RA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅡ)和β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)的浓度.结果 A组血浆RA浓度在加温后比加温前增高(P＜0.05),而AⅡ、β2-MG浓度稍有下降;B组血浆RA、AⅡ、β2-MG浓度在加温后均比加温前明显增高(P＜0.05),B组加温后RA、AⅡ、β2-MG浓度均高于A组(P＜0.05).结论 全麻插管能够抑制全身热疗高温刺激所致的RAAS反应.     

厄贝沙坦对高血压患者全麻气管插管血流动力学的影响

目的：评价口服血管紧张素受体拮抗剂-厄贝沙坦减轻高血压患者全麻气管插管的心血管反应的临床效果。方法：30例美国麻醉医师协会体验分级（ASA）Ⅰ-Ⅱ级拟在全麻下行胆囊切除术的择期手术患者，随机分为A组（厄贝沙坦组）、B组（对照组），每组15例，分别于服药前、诱导前、插管后即刻、插管后5min，记录上述收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、心率收缩压乘积（RPP）。结果：A组服药后，诱导前SBP下降，插管后3min，5minSBP血压无明显上升，两组SBP、DBP差异明显（P〈0．01）。A、B组麻醉诱导期HR均有所上升，但B组在诱导后3min、5min上升明显（P〈0．05），两组比较在插管后即刻有明显差异（P〈0．01）。RPP，A组在麻醉诱导前后无明显变化，B组在插管后即刻至插管后5minRPP明显升高，两组比较有明显差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：预防性口服厄贝沙坦可明显减轻高血压患者全麻气管插管的心血管反应。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.