两种手术方法在肩锁关节脱位治疗中的临床疗效分析

目的探讨AO钛缆固定系统和锁骨钩钢板在手术治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法对30例单纯肩锁关节脱位患者,行AO钛缆固定系统(15例)和锁骨钩钢板(15例)行内固定治疗,从切口大小、手术时间、术中出血量、术后肩关节功能评分方面对两种内固定术后疗效进行比较。术后肩关节功能采取Constant评分系统评价。结果 AO钛缆固定系统组和锁骨钩钢板组在切口大小、手术时间、术中出血量方面相似,在统计学上无显著性差异(0.05),在术后肩关节恢复方面,AO钛缆固定系统组明显优于锁骨钩钢板组,在统计学上有显著性差异(0.05)。结论 AO钛缆固定系统修复肩锁关节脱位较锁骨钩钢板内固定更符合韧带的解剖生理重建,是目前临床手术治疗肩锁关节脱位的较好方法。     

锁骨钩钢板的临床应用

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板对锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法 对15例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的病人切开复位锁骨钩钢板固定(其中NeerⅡ型6例，Allman Ⅲ19例)。结果 术后随访3～18个月，本组12例中骨折脱位全部愈合，肩关节功能优：有3例肩关节主动活动时，肩峰处有酸胀感，拆去固定物后，经功能锻炼症状消失。结论 锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的一种可靠的方法。     

锁骨钩钢板的临床应用

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板对锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效.方法对15例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的病人切开复位锁骨钩钢板固定(其中Neer Ⅱ型6例,Allman Ⅲ型9例).结果术后随访3～18个月,本组12例中骨折脱位全部愈合,肩关节功能优;有3例肩关节主动活动时,肩峰处有酸胀感,拆去固定物后,经功能锻炼症状消失.结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的一种可靠的方法.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效分析

目的分析AO/ASOF锁骨钩钢板(Clavicular Hook Plate)对NeerII型锁骨远端骨折及TossyIII型肩锁关节脱位治疗中的疗效。方法 2005年7月～2009年5月,对16例急性锁骨远端骨折﹙NeerII型)和18例肩锁关节脱位(TossyIII型)行切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定与喙锁韧带修补术。结果 34病例中28例得到随访,平均随访27个月。患者术后1周均能进行肩关节主动活动,术后6周均完全恢复日常生活和工作能力,无病例发生伤口感染、内固定松动断裂,无再骨折及肩锁关节半脱位。参照ConstantMurley功能评估标准,优22例,良6例。结论 AO/ASOF锁骨钩钢板治疗NeerII型锁骨远端骨折及TossyIII型肩锁关节脱位的一种较好的手术方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位52例疗效分析

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板在锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位中的治疗方法和疗效分析.方法 回顾性分析在我院采用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位52例患者,术后随访6 ～18个月.结果 采用Lazzcano标准评价手术治疗效果,并结合影像学检查,优49例,良2例,差1例.优良率为98.1%.结论 锁骨钩钢板在锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的治疗上,具有创伤小、操作简单,术后固定牢靠、肩锁关节功能影响小等特点,是目前锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位理想的治疗方法.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床体会

目的：观察锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床效果.方法：应用锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位16例,术中同时行肩锁韧带和（或）喙锁韧带修补或重建.结果：随访6～20个月,按JOA肩部疾患治疗成绩判定标准,15例效果优良,肩关节运动恢复正常范围;1例术后出现肩锁关节再次脱位并二次手术治疗.结论：锁骨钩钢板是治疗肩锁关节脱位的良好方法.术中正确安放钢板、肩锁关节周围韧带修补或重建,术后在医生指导下正确的功能锻炼是手术成功的关键.     

锁骨钩钢板在肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折中的疗效

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法2008年1月至2012年6月采用肩锁钩钢板治疗Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位18例,NeerII型锁骨远端骨折30例,全部获得随访,随访时间4～12个月,中位时间8个月。结果按照Lazzcano标准,疗效优40例,良8例。术后并发症少,骨折愈合佳,肩锁关节脱位复发率为零。结论肩锁钩钢板治疗肩关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折效果确切,骨折愈合快,脱位复位牢固。     

锁骨钩钢板置入治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

背景：多数学者主张手术治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位,以恢复肩锁关节周围稳定结构的正常解剖,使之在无张力的条件下愈合。 目的：观察锁骨钩板置入治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。 方法：选择2005-12/2008-06宜昌市夷陵区医院骨科和五峰土家族自治县人民医院骨科收治的Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位患者56例,采用锁骨钩钢板置入进行治疗,分别于置入前、置入后1年取出内固定前、取出内固定后3个月采用目测类比评分、美国肩肘外科医师评分、Constant肩关节评分系统评分进行评定,比较钢板置入前后患者肩关节功能的变化及有无并发症发生。 结果与结论：全部患者均顺利完成手术且获得随访,随访时间15~30个月,平均20个月。均在1年左右取出锁骨钩钢板,行喙锁韧带修复者32例,未行喙锁韧带修复者24例。取出内固定后肩锁关节脱位复发2例,均未行喙锁韧带修复。本组有2例出现肩痛、异物感,无内固定失败病例。术后1年取内固定前目测类比评分较术前降低,美国肩肘外科医师评分、Constant肩关节评分系统评分较术前升高(P < 0.01);取内固定后3个月目测类比评分较术后1年取内固定前降低,美国肩肘外科医师评分、Constant肩关节评分系统评分较术后1年取内固定前升高(P < 0.05)。提示锁骨钩板置入治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位,操作简单,创伤较小,是一种比较理想的内固定。     

AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位:与克氏针的比较

背景:据国内外统计,临床上对股骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者多以内固定治疗为主,由于克氏针固定时的牢固性较差,因此容易发生退针,使固定失败。为减少内固定后出现的并发症,AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板作为一种新的内固定物开始用于锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者的内固定治疗中。目的:探究AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板置入内固定修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的安全性及有效性,并与克氏针张力带进行对比。方法:将2010年6月至2013年12月通城县人民医院骨科收治的100例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者作为研究对象,根据内固定方式的不同分为克氏针张力带组和AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组,每组50例。观察并比较两组患者内固定后肩关节功能恢复优良率、肩关节功能评分及上肢功能恢复情况。结果与结论:AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组内固定后肩关节功能恢复优良率为98%,明显高于克氏针张力带组(64%);AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组固定物取出后肩锁关节再脱位的发生率为0,较克氏针张力带组(12%)低,组间比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。两组患者内固定后5,10周的肩关节功能JOA评分较内固定前均明显提高,AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组明显高于克氏针张力带组(P0.05)。AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组患者内固定后10周内收、外展、前屈、后伸4种肩关节活动度均明显高于克氏针张力带组(P0.05)。提示AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板是一种安全有效的修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的内固定物,切口小、固定可靠、肩关节活动较早等优点十分突出。     

锁骨钩型钢板治疗锁骨外端骨折与肩锁关节脱位

锁骨外端骨折与肩锁关节脱位较常见,二者的受伤机制相同.我院2002-2005年共收治新鲜锁骨外端骨折39例,肩锁关节脱位24例,均采用锁骨钩型钢板治疗锁骨外端骨折与肩锁关节脱位,疗效肯定.现报告如下.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。