不同类型缺血性卒中患者血管反应性比较

目的 探讨不同类型缺血性卒中患者的脑血管反应性，为卒中二级预防中血压水平的调控提供理论依据。方法 选取症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（MCAS）患者70例（32例为双侧MCAS患者），腔隙性脑梗死患者30例，年龄、性别相匹配的健康人36例为对照组。采用经颅多普勒（TCD）超声检测屏气前、屏气末双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）血流速度，计算屏气指数（BHI）。结果 症状性MCAS患者病灶侧、非病灶侧病变MCA的BHI均明显低于健康对照组（0.91±0.43&#8197;vs&#8197;1.53±0.80；1.24±0.42&#8197;vs&#8197;1.53±0.80，P均<0.01），病灶侧MCA的BHI明显低于非病灶侧（0.91±0.43&#8197;vs&#8197;1.24±0.42）；腔隙性脑梗死患者BHI明显低于健康对照组（1.28±0.86&#8197;vs&#8197;1.53±0.80，P<0.05）。症状性MCAS患者中，重度狭窄组BHI明显低于轻、中度狭窄组（0.65±0.36&#8197;vs&#8197;1.41±0.59；0.65±0.36&#8197;vs&#8197;1.11±0.42，P均＜0.05）。结论 症状性MCAS及腔隙性脑梗死患者的脑血管反应性均存在不同程度的受损，检测其脑血管反应性有助于卒中二级预防中血压水平的调控。     

急性脑梗死各临床亚型患者的脑血管反应性的变化

目的 探讨急性脑梗死各临床亚型患者脑血管反应性(CVR)的变化.方法 将70例急性脑梗死患者分为3个亚组:动脉硬化性血栓形成性脑梗死(AI)组(22例)、腔隙性脑梗死(LI)组(33例)和心源性脑梗死(CI)组(15例).应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测各组患者双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均流速(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)指标,通过屏气试验测定屏气指数(BHI);并与20名正常对照组进行比较. 结果与正常对照组相比,AI组Vm、PI、RI均显著升高(P<0.05～0.01),BHI明显降低(P<0.01);LI组Vm、BHI均显著降低(均P<0.05);而CI组各参数与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义. 结论急性脑梗死各亚组的CVR改变并不相同,AI、LI组CVR损害更为明显,CVR检测对急性脑梗死各亚型的血液动力学研究有重要意义.     

大脑中动脉狭窄患者脑血管反应性变化与脑梗死的关系

目的探讨大脑中动脉狭窄患者脑血管反应性变化与脑梗死的关系。方法 56例大脑中动脉狭窄患者（观察组）,按影像学表现和临床症状分为无脑梗死组（I组）30例,脑梗死（II组）26例,另设60例年龄、性别配对的健康者为对照组。常规经颅多普勒检查后进行屏气试验,记录屏气前后中动脉收缩期流速、舒张期流速、平均流速、搏动指数,计算屏气指数。结果观察组56例中,大脑中动脉单侧狭窄31例,双侧狭窄25例;中度狭窄37条血管,重度狭窄44条血管;屏气后各组搏动指数均减低,但对照组有显著性差异,中动脉狭窄组没有显著性差异;对照组屏气指数显著高于中动脉狭窄组,无症状组显著高于有症状组,中度狭窄组显著高于重度狭窄组。结论大脑中动脉狭窄患者脑血管反应性和脑储备功能减低,屏气指数是检测脑血管储备功能的重要指标,可以用于脑卒中的预测。     

阿托伐他汀治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及对脑血管反应性的影响

目的观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀对急性脑梗死的临床疗效及对脑血管反应性(CVR)的影响。方法采用双盲法,随机抽样,将75例脑梗死患者分为治疗组和强化治疗组。2组入院后均给予常规处理,分别以10mg/d和40mg/d的阿托伐他汀治疗,疗程3个月。应用经颅多普勒超声,检测治疗前后屏气指数,观察阿托伐他汀对脑血管反应性的影响。结果 2组治疗后屏气指数较治疗前均有显著增加,强化治疗组较常规治疗组增加更显著。结论阿托伐他汀能有效改善急性脑梗死患者的脑血管反应性,强化治疗改善更明显。     

经颅多普勒屏气实验与脑卒中后认知障碍转归的关系研究

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者脑血管储备功能和脑卒中后认知障碍的转归关系。方法选取89例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,42例为单侧症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（MCAS）,47例为腔隙性脑梗死（LI）,40例门诊健康老年人为对照组。在急性期（1～14 d）和恢复期（3个月后）分别对入组患者行经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检查,计算屏气指数（breath-holding index,BHI）,并应用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MontrealCognitive Assessment,MoCA）进行认知功能评分。结果 LI组急性期和恢复期BHI值及MoCA分值均低于对照组（P〈0.05）,恢复期无明显改善（P〉0.05）;症状性MCAS组急性期患侧BHI值显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）及健侧（P〈0.05）,恢复期患侧BHI值改善明显（P〈0.05）,急性期与恢复期MoCA分值均低于同时期对照组（P〈0.05）,恢复期MoCA分值改善明显（P〈0.05）。BHI变化值和MoCA变化值存在显著正相关（r=0.899,P=0.000）。结论缺血性脑卒中急性期脑血管储备功能和认知功能受到损害,恢复期有所改善,以症状性MCAS受损及改善明显,且脑血管储备功能改善程度与认知转归具有一定相关性。     

阿托伐他汀对皮质下小血管病患者脑血管反应性的影响

目的 观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀对皮质下小血管病患者脑血管反应性的影响.方法 48例皮质下小血管病患者,分成常规治疗组和强化治疗组.2组分别予以10 mg/d和40 mg/d的阿托伐他汀降脂治疗,疗程为半年.应用经颅多普勒超声,通过检测治疗前后屏气实验的屏气指数,观察阿托伐他汀对脑血管反应性的影响.结果 2组治疗后屏气指数较治疗前均增加.治疗后,强化治疗组屏气指数较常规治疗组显著增加.结论 阿托伐他汀可以改善皮质下小血管病患者的脑血管反应性.强化降脂对脑血管反应性的改善更显著.     

脑血管反应性与缺血性卒中

目的观察缺血性卒中患者脑血管反应性（CVR）变化,确定两者之间的相关性。方法采用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）结合屏气试验检测76例缺血性卒中患者及62例对照病例的屏气指数（BHI）。结果缺血性卒中患者组的BHI明显低于对照组（P〈0.001）,Logistic 回归显示,由BHI所表示的CVR是缺血性卒中的独立影响因素（P=0.000）。结论降低的CVR是缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,应该重视CVR在脑缺血发生、发展过程中的独立影响作用。     

偏头痛患者伴发心脏卵圆孔未闭脑血管反应性研究

目的探讨心脏卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)与偏头痛的相关性,以及偏头痛伴发PFO患者的脑血管反应性差异。方法利用经颅多普勒超声声学造影(contrast transcranial Doppler,cTCD)及经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)屏气实验检查,对照分析西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科2013-03-2013-10 62例偏头痛患者与43例正常志愿者,伴发PFO结果和脑血管反应性。结果偏头痛组PFO阳性率明显高于正常对照组(51.61%vs 27.91%,P=0.015),PFO阳性的偏头痛患者头痛侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)屏气指数(breath holding index,BHI)值明显低于PFO阴性患者(0.82±0.58vs 1.34±0.72,P=0.013)。结果偏头痛与PFO共患率高,偏头痛伴发PFO患者头痛侧脑血管反应性降低。     

大脑中动脉狭窄患者的脑血管反应性与脑梗死相关性研究

目的分析不同临床表现的大脑中动脉狭窄(MCAS)患者的脑血管反应性,探讨其与脑梗死的相关性。方法经经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测大脑中动脉狭窄患者105例和48例健康对照组,根据症状、体征及脑CT或脑磁共振(MRI)检查将患者分为Ⅰ组(脑梗死组)和Ⅱ组(无脑梗死组),采用TCD屏气试验检测大脑中动脉的屏气指数(HBI),比较Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组与对照组之间的HBI,比较I组和Ⅱ组之间的HBI和血管危险因素。结果Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的HBI明显低于对照组(P=0.000,P=0.004);Ⅱ组的HBI明显高于Ⅰ组(P=0.000)。Logistic回归分析HBI降低(P=0.000)和高血压(P=0.003)与大脑中动脉狭窄后脑梗死发生密切相关。结论脑血管反应性与脑梗死的发生有关,定期对高血压患者进行TCD及屏气试验监测并进行早期干预,能够预防脑梗死的发生。     

经颅多普勒超声结合屏气试验评价健康吸烟者脑血管反应性

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声联合屏气试验研究健康吸烟者脑血管反应性。方法 选取男性健康吸烟者46例,男性健康不吸烟者42例,采用经颅多普勒超声检测并记录双侧大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）多普勒频谱,检测参数包括收缩期峰值流速（peak systolicvelocity,PSV）,搏动指数（pulsatility index,PI）,阻力指数（resistance index,RI）,嘱受检者做屏气试验,记录屏气末双侧MCA多普勒频谱,测量参数同上,并计算屏气前后各参数变化率,通过参数变化率的大小分析脑血管反应性。结果 屏气后两组MCA峰值流速均表现为随屏气时间延长而增快,两组的PI及RI均降低,屏气前后各参数差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。吸烟组屏气试验后PSV变化率为（23±7）％,不吸烟组为（37±9）％,两组间差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;吸烟组屏气试验后PI值变化率为（19±5）％,不吸烟组为（25±8）％,两组间差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;吸烟组屏气试验后RI值变化率为（21±6）％,不吸烟组为（35±7）％,两组间差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论 健康吸烟者屏气后MCA的PSV、PI及RI的变化率均较健康不吸烟者减低,吸烟可使脑血管反应性降低。     

颈内动脉急性闭塞致大面积脑梗死侧支循环建立及影响因素

目的评估颈内动脉急性闭塞致大面积脑梗死侧枝循环建立情况及影响因素。方法纳入29例经诊断为颈内动脉急性闭塞致大面积脑梗死的患者,所有患者均行颈动脉超声、经颅多普勒超声(TCD)、头颅CT、头颅磁共振血管造影(MRA)、心电图检查,同时收集患者基本信息。结果一级侧枝循环建立与糖尿病显著相关(P 0. 05),与房颤、高血压、吸烟、NIHSS评分无关(P 0. 05)。二级侧枝循环建立与房颤、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、NIHSS评分均无关(P 0. 05)。心源性脑栓塞导致的急性大面积脑梗死与脑疝显著相关(P 0. 05)。TCD评估一级侧枝循环的建立与MRA具有高度一致性(Kappa值=0. 656,P 0. 05)。结论糖尿病可促进颈内动脉急性闭塞导致的大面积脑梗死一级侧枝开放。心源性脑栓塞导致的大面积脑梗死易发生脑疝。TCD可以较好评估颈内动脉急性闭塞导致的大面积脑梗死的一级侧枝循环建立。     

降压治疗对老年高血压患者不同病理阶段脑循环储备力的影响

目的研究不同程度降压对不同病理阶段老年高血压患者脑循环储备力(CCR)的影响及屏气试验对指导老年高血压个体化治疗的价值。方法选择老年原发性高血压(高血压组)及合并腔隙性脑梗死(腔梗组)患者各33例、健康老年志愿者(健康对照组)27例为观察对象,应用经颅多普勒技术测定不同血压水平下屏气试验后脑循环血流动力学参数及降压治疗后CCR下降>10%者所占比例。结果(1)高血压组及腔梗组降压前后平均峰流速(Vm)值(平静时)差异无显著性,屏气试验后屏气指数(BHI)及Vm上升率则较健康对照组明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01)。小幅度降压(12.7%,12.8%)后BHI及Vm上升率两病例组均较降压治疗前有所提高,但差异无显著性;较大幅度降压(22.6%,22.4%)后BHI及Vm上升率两病例组均较治疗前显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01);脉动指数(PI)下降率仅高血压组治疗前与健康对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。(2)高血压组及腔梗组降压治疗后CCR下降>10%者所占比例分别为12.1%和24.2%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论合理降压治疗可部分提高不同病理阶段老年高血压患者脑血管对二氧化碳的反应性,改善其脑血管储备功能。     

Patterns of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with carotid artery occlusion and severe contralateral stenosis.

There is evidence suggesting that among other factors, an alteration in cerebral hemodynamics plays a relevant role in the occurrence of strokes in patients with carotid disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with internal carotid occlusion and severe contralateral carotid stenosis and their relationship with symptomatology. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia in middle cerebral arteries was evaluated with the breath-holding index (BHI) in 42 patients with internal carotid occlusion and severe contralateral carotid stenosis and in 40 control subjects. A significant decrease of BHI on the occluded side was observed in symptomatic patients with respect to asymptomatic ones (0.12+/-0.1 vs. 0.75+/-0.4, P<0.0001) and with respect to the control group (1.11+/-0.1, P<0.0001). The difference was also significant between asymptomatic patients and controls (P<0.0001). Breath-holding values on the stenotic side were significantly higher (P<0.0001) in asymptomatic patients (1.01+/-0.2) with respect to symptomatic ones (0.39+/-0.1). A significant difference (P<0.0001) was also present between controls and symptomatic patients. The pattern of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with severe bilateral carotid steno-occlusive disease seems to be strictly dependent on the presence of previous symptoms. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the study of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with bilateral carotid artery disease is important for planning therapeutic strategies.     

Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular reactivity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of obtaining prognostic indications in patients with internal carotid occlusion on the basis of intracranial hemodynamic status, presence of previous symptoms of cerebrovascular failure, and baseline characteristics. METHODS: Cerebral hemodynamics were studied with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Cerebrovascular reactivity to apnea was calculated by means of the breath-holding index (BHI) in the middle cerebral arteries. Sixty-five patients with internal carotid artery occlusion were followed-up prospectively (median, 24 months), 23 patients were asymptomatic and 42 symptomatic (20 with transient ischemic attack and 22 with stroke). RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 11 symptomatic patients and 1 asymptomatic patient had another ischemic event ipsilateral to carotid occlusion. Among factors considered, only lower BHI values in the middle cerebral arteries ipsilateral to carotid occlusion and older age were significantly associated with the risk of developing symptoms (P=0.002 and P=0.003, respectively; Cox regression multivariate analysis). Based on our data, a cut point of the BHI value for distinguishing between pathological and normal cerebrovascular reactivity was determined to be 0.69. All patients except one, who developed TIA or stroke during the follow-up period, had BHI values ipsilateral to carotid occlusion of <0.69. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that impaired cerebrovascular reactivity is predictive for cerebral ischemic events in patients with carotid occlusion.     

Assessment of the cerebral vasomotor reactivity in internal carotid artery occlusion using a transcranial Doppler sonography and functional MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several methods are being used to assess cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVR), including transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography and blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The aim was to assess the correlation of TCD and fMRI in the CVR assessment. METHODS: Study group consisted of 28 patients (24 males, 4 females; aged 30-82, mean 63.1 +/- 10.0 years), presenting with 29 occluded internal carotid arteries. The TCD examination, including breath-holding/hyperventilation test (BH/HV) and breath-holding index (BHI), and fMRI examination were used for the assessment of CVR. fMRI employed a bimanual motor task within both a block paradigm and an event-related paradigm. Cohen's kappa was applied when statistically assessing correlation of the methods. RESULTS: The following correlations were found--between BH/HV and BHI 58.6%, kappa= .205; BH/HV and fMRI 65.5%, kappa= .322; BHI and fMRI 58.6%, kappa= .151; TCD (consistent result of both BH/HV and BHI test) and fMRI 70.6%, kappa= .414. CONCLUSIONS: In the evaluation of CVR, there is only a minimal correlation between the particular TCD tests (both BH/HV and BHI), and fMRI examination. However, there is a moderate correlation between TCD and fMRI in the case of congruity of both TCD tests.     

Color-coded Ultrasound Diagnosis of Vascular Occlusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke

A combination of extracranial and transcranial color-coded sonography was used to identify the patterns of vascular occlusion in 47 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Total anterior circulation infarction (n = 20) was associated with internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (n = 8 and 9, respectively), or with significant reduction in ipsilateral MCA velocities (n = 5) Patients with partial anterior circulation (n = 22) infarction had patency of the ipsilateral ICA and MCA. In this group, significant reduction of ipsilateral MCA velocities (n = 7) was associated with more extensive infarcts on conventional neuroimaging (n = 6), suggesting multiple MCA branch occlusions. Ultrasound imagmg was unable to identify underlying vascular pathology in patients with postenor circulation infarction or with lacunar infarction (n = 5). An ultrasound-based approach enables noninvasive identification of major vascular pathology of the anterior cerebral circulation in patients with acute cerebral infarction. It may be useful for the rapid identification of patients most and those least likely to benefit from acute intervention, and for monitoring their response.     

腔隙性脑梗塞患者颅内脑动脉狭窄的检测意义

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗塞与颅内脑动脉狭窄的关系。方法412例腔隙性脑梗塞患者均行经颅多普勒(TCD)检测,发现颅内动脉狭窄后进一步行磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查确诊。结果MRA检查发现颅内动脉狭窄127例。结论腔隙性脑梗塞患者颅内脑动脉狭窄发生率较高,推测其是腔隙性脑梗塞的重要病因。对腔隙性脑梗塞患者应重视检测可能存在的颅内脑动脉狭窄。     

动脉粥样硬化所致单侧颈内动脉闭塞卒中类型分析

目的 研究动脉粥样硬化所致单侧颈内动脉闭塞卒中类型.方法 2006-10～2008-10收治的急性前循环脑梗死患者,行颈动脉超声、经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和磁共振血管成像(MRA),部分行数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)检查,发现48例单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者为动脉粥样硬化所致, 颈内动脉颈段闭塞28例,脑段闭塞20例.根据MRI分析单侧颈内动脉闭塞卒中类型.结果 显著皮质下梗死20例(41.7%),边缘带梗死13例(27.1%),区域梗死8例(16.7%),弥散小梗死灶7例(14.5%).结论 动脉粥样硬化所致单侧颈内动脉闭塞卒中类型多为显著皮质下梗死和边缘带梗死.颈内动脉颈段闭塞组中边缘带梗死、区域梗死的发生率较颈内动脉脑段闭塞组高(42.8%vs 5.0%,28.6%vs 0),脑段闭塞组皮质下梗死的发生率较颈段闭塞组高(80.0%vs 14.3%).