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A retrospective analysis of poisoning calls received by the National Poisons Information Centre showed a total of 2719 calls over a period of three years (April 1999-March 2002). The queries were made on poisoning management (92%) and information (8%) about various products and functioning of the centre. The data were analysed with respect to age, sex, mode and type of poisoning. The agents belonged to various groups: household products, agricultural pesticides, industrial chemicals, drugs, plants, animal bites and stings, miscellaneous and unknown groups respectively. The age ranged from less than 1 to 70 years, with the highest incidence in the range of 14-40 years, with males (57%) outnumbering females (43%). The most common mode of poisoning was suicidal (53%), followed by accidental (47%). The route of exposure was mainly oral (88%). Dermal (5%), inhalation and ocular exposure contributed 7% to the total. The highest incidence of poisoning was due to household agents (44.1%) followed by drugs (18.8%), agricultural pesticides (12.8%), industrial chemicals (8.9%), animals bites and stings (4.7%), plants (1.7%), unknown (2.9%) and miscellaneous groups (5.6%). Household products mainly comprised of pyrethroids, rodenticides, carbamates, phenyl, detergents, corrosives etc. Drugs implicated included benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, analgesics, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, thyroid hormones and oral contraceptives. Among the agricultural pesticides, aluminium phosphide was the most commonly consumed followed by organochlorines, organophosphates, ethylene dibromide, herbicides and fungicides. Copper sulphate and nitrobenzene were common among industrial chemicals. The bites and stings group comprised of snake bites, scorpion, wasp and bee stings. Poisoning due to plants was low, but datura was the most commonly ingested. An alarming feature of the study was the high incidence of poisoning in children (36.5%). The age ranged from less than 1 to 18 years and the most vulnerable age group included children from less than 1 year to 6 years. Accidental mode was the most common (79.7%). Intentional attempts were also noticed (20.2%) in the age group above 12 years. The present data may not give an exact picture of the incidence of poisoning in India, but represents a trend in our country. The Poisons Information Centre plays a vital role in providing timely management guidelines including the supply of necessary antidotes from the recently established National Antidote Bank, thereby helping to save precious lives. 相似文献

19.

International Life Sciences Institute (Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, HESI) initiative on moving towards better predictors of drug-induced torsades de pointes

Bass AS Darpo B Breidenbach A Bruse K Feldman HS Garnes D Hammond T Haverkamp W January C Koerner J Lawrence C Leishman D Roden D Valentin JP Vos MA Zhou YY Karluss T Sager P 《British journal of pharmacology》2008,154(7):1491-1501

Knowledge of the cardiac safety of emerging new drugs is an important aspect of assuring the expeditious advancement of the best candidates targeted at unmet medical needs while also assuring the safety of clinical trial subjects or patients. Present methodologies for assessing drug-induced torsades de pointes (TdP) are woefully inadequate in terms of their specificity to select pharmaceutical agents, which are human arrhythmia toxicants. Thus, the critical challenge in the pharmaceutical industry today is to identify experimental models, composite strategies, or biomarkers of cardiac risk that can distinguish a drug, which prolongs cardiac ventricular repolarization, but is not proarrhythmic, from one that prolongs the QT interval and leads to TdP. To that end, the HESI Proarrhythmia Models Project Committee recognized that there was little practical understanding of the relationship between drug effects on cardiac ventricular repolarization and the rare clinical event of TdP. It was on that basis that a workshop was convened in Virginia, USA at which four topics were introduced by invited subject matter experts in the following fields: Molecular and Cellular Biology Underlying TdP, Dynamics of Periodicity, Models of TdP Proarrhythmia, and Key Considerations for Demonstrating Utility of Pre-Clinical Models. Contained in this special issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology are reports from each of the presenters that set out the background and key areas of discussion in each of these topic areas. Based on this information, the scientific community is encouraged to consider the ideas advanced in this workshop and to contribute to these important areas of investigations over the next several years. 相似文献

20.

用大型放射性自显术研究可拉明缩短S³⁵-硫喷妥纳所致麻醉时间的原因

朱寿彭《药学学报》1963,10(2):82-86

本文用作者設計的冰冻法大型放射性自显术研究了可拉明縮短S³⁵-硫噴妥鈉所致麻醉时間的原因。从实驗結果中发現:在注入S³⁵-硫噴妥鈉后,当S³⁵在中枢神經系統各部位的积聚程度最高的时候,也是机体在外表上进入深度睡眠的时候;而当机体趋于苏醒时,带标記原子的放射性量在中枢神經系統各部位的浓度亦随之降低。预先注射可拉明能使中枢神經系統各部位、肝脏和脾脏的放射性物貭在所有观察期中都呈現降低,同时在各相应观察期中在腎脏的皮貭和髓貭各部位的放射性則有所增加。由于可拉明具有这种促使S³⁵)-硫噴妥鈉及其可能的代謝产物自体內主要脏器向腎脏各部位轉移的作用,从而有可能增强硫噴妥鈉自体內的排出,縮短其对机体的麻醉时間,而达到对抗的效果。相似文献