浙江省部分地区河塘鲫鱼中二恶英、多氯联苯污染研究

目的:对浙江省5个地区河塘鲫鱼中的二恶英、多氯联苯污染特征进行研究.方法:鲫鱼肌肉经冷冻干燥后,加人同位素内标,以加速溶剂萃取,再经凝胶色谱、多层硅胶柱和氧化铝柱净化,用高分辨气相色谱高分辨质谱联用同位素内标法测定鲫鱼中的二恶英和多氯联苯残留.结果:5个地区鲫鱼中二恶英的浓度范围为0.580～19.619 pg/g w.w,平均浓度为5.246 pg/gw.w;多氯联苯的浓度范围为149.03～57304.7 pg/gw.W,除路桥外,其它4个地区的多氯联苯平均浓度为1521.6 pg/g w.w;二恶英的毒性当量为0.05～3.75 Pg/g w.w,多氯联苯的毒性当量为0.03～35.5 pg/g w.w,总的毒性当量为0.23～39.25 pg/g w.w.结论:根据世界卫生组织的规定,以总毒性当量为基础,对浙江省5个地区的人群由鱼类消费引起的二恶英、多氯联苯暴露量进行评估,除路桥地区高于世界卫生组织的规定外,其它4个地区均低于规定.     

深圳市市售食品中二恶英、多氯联苯污染现状研究

目的了解深圳市市售食品中二恶英、多氯联苯本底水平和污染情况,为开展食品中二恶英类化合物污染状况的风险评估和预警监测提供科学依据。方法于2004年10月至2008年10月期间,采集深圳市市售鱼、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、禽蛋、奶粉、植物油、豆制品、米面、蔬菜12种食品共123份样品,参照美国国家环保局EPA1613、1668A方法,采用索式抽提装置和FMS自动纯化系统分别对样品进行提取和净化,采用同位素稀释技术,用已建立的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用(HRGC/HRMS)超痕量有机分析技术平台,对样品中的7个多氯二苯并-对-二恶英(PCDD s)、10个多氯二苯并-对-呋喃(PCDFs)、4个共平面的多氯联苯(PCBs)化合物、8个单邻位取代的PCBs化合物以及6个指示性的PCBs化合物共计35个单体进行定量分析检测和毒性当量浓度汇总分析和评价。结果共检测123份市售食品样品,总二恶英(包括PCDD/Fs和PCBs)污染毒性当量浓度水平,动物性食品由大至小依次是:鱼类>禽蛋>牛肉>奶粉>羊肉>鸡肉>鸭肉>猪肉,植物性食品以植物油>豆制品>粮谷类>蔬菜依次降低。其中动物性食品以鱼类二恶英含量最高,...     

奶制品中二恶英类化合物两种提取方法的比较

[目的]比较奶和奶制品中二恶英类化合物索氏抽提法和液液萃取法。[方法]采集市售4种纯牛奶和3种奶粉,分别通过索氏抽提和液液萃取,再用酸性硅胶处理,利用硅胶柱和铝柱净化,用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱检测分析PCDDs/Fs和PCBs。[结果]索氏抽提方法对牛奶和奶制品中脂肪不能提取完全,得到的二恶英类化合物检测结果不能真实反映牛奶和奶制品中二恶英类化合物污染情况。液液萃取法能完全萃取牛奶和奶制品中脂肪以及溶于脂肪中的二恶英类化合物,得到的结果能真实反映牛奶和奶制品中二恶英类化合物污染情况。[结论]液液萃取法是适用于检测牛奶和牛奶制品中二恶英类化合物的检测方法。     

典型地区食品中二噁英的污染水平分析

目的 评价典型行业所在地区食品样品中17种PCDD/Fs的污染水平.方法 使用同位素稀释技术以高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)测定采自于垃圾焚烧厂、氯化工厂、铸造厂周边以及对照组地区的猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、牛奶、鸡蛋、水产类及蔬菜样品中的17种二嗯英(PCDD/Fs).结果 OCDD是主要的污染物,平均含量值为0.75 pg/g wet weight;其次,垃圾焚烧厂、氯化工厂、铸造厂周边地区的食品样品中17种PCDD/Fs的毒性当量浓度(TEQ)会显著高于对照组,蔬菜样品中TEQ值会明显低于其他样品;另外,结合已有的食物消费量,计算标准人的二噁英类物质的每月膳食暴露量会远低于JECFA规定的PTMI(70 pg/kg bw/month).结论 垃圾焚烧厂,铸造厂和对照组周边地区人群目前由膳食摄入PCDD/F而导致的潜在健康风险处于较低的水平.     

四川省尿碘检测实验室间能力验证的分析

2005年是全国第五次碘缺乏病(IDD)流行病学监测年[1],也是全国IDD实验室质控网络运行的第7年,过硫酸铵消化-砷铈催化分光光度测定法[2,3]作为修订后的国标尿碘检测方法,首次在全国推广使用。国家碘缺乏病参照实验室在开展第5次全国IDD现场流行病学监测之前,进行了全国质控网络的常规运行,组织和实施了对各级IDD实验室碘检测处质控考核。为维持四川省各级实验室较高的尿碘检测水平,对新国标尿碘检测方法进行了培训,开展了对各市、州实验室尿碘外质控考核,用Z比分数对检测结果进行评价[4～6]。现将结果分析报告如下。1材料与方法1.1尿碘…     

一次实验室间比对试验结果分析

目的 通过比对,帮助检测结果不满意的实验室,查找原因,采取纠正措施,确保实验室检测结果的准确、可靠.方法 参试实验室同时对发放的相似样品进行相同项目的比对试验,用Z比分数进行统计分析.结果 本次参试理化项目的共17个实验室,其中15个实验室取得满意结果,满意率为88.24％;参试微生物项目的共19个实验室,其中17个实验室取得满意结果,满意率为89.47％.结论 实验室间比对能有效验证实验室在某些检测项目的能力,参试实验室总体检测能力较高,部分实验室技术水平有待进一步提高.     

SPECT设备质控图像分析软件比对结果分析

目的 了解不同分析软件结果差异,为SPECT设备质控的提升及标准修订提供参考。方法 采用整群抽样方法,以14家放射卫生技术服务机构配套的质控图像分析软件为研究对象,采用有证参考值的Z比分数法对本次比对所提交的结果进行分析和评价。结果 在比对项目“固有均匀性”和“固有空间线性”中,可疑、偏离及结果判定错误的软件数量所占比例较高,其余比对项目结果均满意。结论 SPECT图像分析软件的适用性缺乏有效的监管措施,有关部门应出台可行的措施规范软件制作和更新流程,加快放射卫生信息报送平台建设,促进放射卫生检测行业健康发展。     

二恶英类活性在成人体内相对效应潜能的估计

[背景]毒性当量因子（TEF）是二恶英类物质人体暴露风险评估的重要组成部分。目前,这一概念主要基于使用口服制剂的动物体内实验。因此,目前来自哺乳动物实验的人类TEF仅适用于在口服情况下发生的暴露。然而,这些“摄入量”的TEF通常——但非正确——被监管部门用于计算“系统性”毒性当量（TEQs）,这些计算是基于人体血液和组织中的浓度,它们被作为暴露或效应的生物标志物。[目的]试图使用甲状腺体积或血清游离甲状腺素（FT4）浓度作为研究结果,来确定二恶英类混合物组分人体系统浓度的相对效应潜能（REP）。[方法]使用基准浓度和基于回归的方法,比较居住在斯洛伐克东部被一种有机氯污染的地区内320名成人体内各二恶英类化合物和甲状腺终点之间的关联强度。[结果]基于甲状腺体积和FT4计算的REP相似。从甲状腺体积和FT4水平得到的REP数据的回归系数（β）与世界卫生组织（WHO）的TEF值的呈正相关（Spearman相关分析,r=-0．69,P=0．01和F=0．62,P=0．03）。计算的REP大多介于其他研究者体内试验REP的最小值和最大值之间。[结论]基于甲状腺终点计算的REP真实地反映了人体暴露场景,因为它们是基于慢性、低剂量的人体暴露和反映身体负担的生物标志物。与先前的结果相比,本文的REP显示出对二恶英类化合物效应有较高的灵敏度。     

活性炭管中物质测定的室间比对结果分析

目的 通过参加室间比对活动,发现存在的问题,提高实验室检测能力。 方法 对某单位2009-2013年参加职业卫生检测实验室活性炭管中物质室间比对的测定结果进行汇总分析。 结果 共参加5次12项活性炭管中物质测定室间比对活动,1项不合格,4项基本满意,总体项目满意率为66.7%,合格率为91.7%;经整改后内部质量控制验证,对自制甲苯质控样品测得回收率为94.2%~105.4%,对活性炭管甲苯标准样品测得值为94.8 μg/管。 结论 室间比对结果能反映实验室活性炭管中物质检测能力,对进一步提升实验室职业卫生检测水平具有重要意义。     

2006年全国省级疾控中心食品中铅、砷含量实验室间比对结果分析

目的：为了提高实验室检测结果的准确性和可比性。方法：采用国际上通用的稳健统计,用“Z比分数”的统计方法对铅、砷的检测结果进行分析。结果：此次质控样品共发放至全国各省级疾控中心共31个实验室,其中有30个实验室按时提交了测定结果,占发送样品的96.8%。铅测定结果满意的实验室有24家,占80%;结果可疑的有5家,占16.7%;不满意结果的有1家,占3.3%。砷测定结果满意的实验室30家,占100%。结论：全国各省级疾病预防控制中心铅、砷总体检测能力较高,部分实验室技术质量水平有待提高。     

Association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and DDT with diabetes in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and p,p'-DDT with diabetes was evaluated using the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Persons 20 years old and older were included. Relationships with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes (glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) >6.1%), and total diabetes (diagnosed plus undiagnosed) were tested. When all three chemicals were evaluated together for total diabetes, the unweighted number of participants was 1830. All three compounds were significantly associated with diagnosed diabetes. PCB 126 and p,p'-DDT were significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes. 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) was not associated with undiagnosed diabetes. When the three chemicals were included in a combined model for total diabetes, PCB 126>83.8pg/g lipid adjusted had an odds ratio of 2.57 (95% CI 1.33-4.95) compared to PCB 126 < or = 31.2pg/g lipid adjusted. Also significant in a combined model for total diabetes was p,p'-DDT 20.8-26.6ng/g lipid adjusted with an odds ratio of 2.52 (95% CI 1.26-5.02) and p,p'-DDT >26.6ng/g lipid adjusted with an odds ratio of 2.74 (95% CI 1.44-5.23) both compared to p,p'-DDT < or = 20.7ng/g lipid adjusted. HxCDD was not associated with total diabetes in a combined model. When participants with poor liver function and poor kidney function were removed from the analysis, the combined model for total diabetes produced similar results with PCB 126 and p,p'-DDT having been significantly associated, and HxCDD not having been associated. These findings add to the list of chemicals found to be associated with diabetes in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.     

Associations of organochlorines with endogenous hormones in male Great Lakes fish consumers and nonconsumers

This study investigated the relationships of steroid and thyroid hormones with total noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total toxic equivalents (TEQs) from dioxins-like organochlorines, and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) in 56 male frequent and infrequent Great Lakes sport caught fish consumers. Significant negative associations were found for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)-bound testosterone with PCBs, for TSH with total TEQs, and for estrone sulfate with DDE, adjusting for age, body mass index, and medication use. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, free testosterone, and SHBG were not significantly associated with organochlorines. Models that accounted for exposure to both PCBs and TEQs predicted T4, estrone sulfate, and SHBG-bound testosterone better than models that included either PCBs or TEQs alone, with the lowest hormone levels occurring in the participants with both higher PCB levels and lower TEQ levels. These data suggest that exposure to PCBs, dioxin-like organochlorines, and DDE, alone and potentially in combination, may be associated with effects on the endocrine system in adult males. Further studies should help delineate specific exposure effects and effects of exposures to other common environmental contaminants alone and in combination with PCBs.     

上海地区土壤二噁英污染状况调查

[目的]研究上海地区土壤二噁英类物质背景值以及垃圾焚烧炉的影响。[方法]采用美国环保总局（EPA）1613方法，分析上海市区和焚烧炉附近不同区域的28个土壤样品。[结果]采集的16个上海市区背景土壤样品以及12个焚烧炉附近土壤样品中均检出二噁英类物质。其中背景土壤样品中17种2，3，7，8．氯取代二苯对二噁英和二苯并呋喃的浓度范围为114．24-4037．62pg／g，平均值为451．00pg／s，对应的毒性当量范围为0．71-8．82pg（I-TEQ）/g，平均值为2．56pg（I-TEQ）/g。12个焚烧炉附近土壤样品中二噁英类物质浓度总体高于背景土壤样品，17种2，3，7，8-氯取代二苯对二噁英和二苯并呋喃的浓度范围为119．09～3881．44pg／s，平均值为768．13pg/g，对应的毒性当量范围为1．17～61．16pg（I-TEQ）/g，平均值为10．16pg（I-TEQ）/g。[结论]对上海地区的初步研究显示土壤中二噁英类物质的污染属于中等水平，焚烧炉附近土壤中含量明显高于背景土壤。     

Dioxin-like components in human breast milk collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou

The H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line was employed as a cell model to screen 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD)-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQ) of human breast milk samples collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China. The screening methods employed a 96-well plate spectrofluorometer-EROD assay. For cell-line validation, our results demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in the Ah receptor-mediated response (i.e., CYP1A1 mRNA and EROD) of the cells upon exposure to a number of known Ah receptor agonists, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzothiophene, benzo[a]pyrene, and beta-naphthaflavone. TCDD induced CYP1A1 mRNA and EROD was in a close positive correlation (r=0.98). For the screening of dioxin-like compounds, breast milk samples collected during lactation weeks 3-5 were used. One hundred (from Hong Kong) and 48 (from Guangzhou) breast milk samples were assayed, of which 65% and 68% of the samples, respectively, showed detectable dioxin-like activities using the H4IIE cell EROD screening method. For sixty-five samples from Hong Kong the mean EROD-TEQ values ranged from 58.1 to 96.5 pg/g of milk fat for those aged 21-36 years while 32 samples from Guangzhou had mean values of 98.8-202.1 pg/g of milk fat. In comparisons of the EROD-TEQ values for different age groups from both cities, there were no significant differences (P<0.05). However, the mean and median EROD-TEQ values of the Guangzhou population were in general higher than those of the Hong Kong population. The results of the present study indicate that it is feasible to use the H4IIE cell-line as a model for screening dioxin-like compounds in human breast milk. In addition, the method is rapid and cost-effective, particularly for a routine and high-throughput sample screening analysis, compared to the costly and time-intensive chemical analytical techniques.     

Comparison of Intake and Systemic Relative Effect Potencies of Dioxin-like Compounds in Female Mice after a Single Oral Dose

Background: Risk assessment for mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is performed using the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach. These TEF values are derived mainly from relative effect potencies (REPs) linking an administered dose to an in vivo toxic or biological effect, resulting in “intake” TEFs. At present, there is insufficient data available to conclude that intake TEFs are also applicable for systemic concentrations (e.g., blood and tissues).Objective: We compared intake and systemic REPs of 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzodioxin (PeCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), 3,3´,4,4´,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), 2,3´,4,4´,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-118), and 2,3,3´,4,4´,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-156) in female C57BL/6 mice 3 days after a single oral dose.Methods: We calculated intake REPs and systemic REPs based on administered dose and liver, adipose, or plasma concentrations relative to TCDD. Hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1–associated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and gene expression of Cyp1a1, 1a2 and 1b1 in the liver and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were used as biological end points.Results: We observed up to one order of magnitude difference between intake REPs and systemic REPs. Two different patterns were discerned. Compared with intake REPs, systemic REPs based on plasma or adipose levels were higher for PeCDD, 4-PeCDF, and PCB-126 but lower for the mono-ortho PCBs 118 and 156.Conclusions: Based on these mouse data, the comparison between intake REPs and systemic REPs reveals significant congener-specific differences that warrants the development of systemic TEFs to calculate toxic equivalents (TEQs) in blood and body tissues.     

2015年阿坝州学龄前儿童体格生长现状分析

目的 了解阿坝州学龄前儿童生长现状,为改善少数民族地区儿童营养状况提供依据。方法 2015年按整群随机抽样的方法选择阿坝州8个县的城区和乡镇幼儿园,用统一的仪器和方法对4 368名学龄前儿童进行身高、体重、头围和胸围的测量,采用2006年世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐使用的参考标准用Z评分方法,对儿童体格发育及营养状况进行评价。结果 在体格测量值方面,大多数年龄组男童的体重、头围、胸围和BMI均大于女童(P<0.05),不同民族在身高、头围、胸围和BMI方面差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);学龄前儿童的男女童HAZ和女童WAZ总的平均值均为负值。不同民族和不同城乡儿童身高Z评分(HAZ)和体重Z评分(WAZ)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 阿坝州学龄前儿童体格发育水平落后于WHO标准,应加强托幼机构儿童保健工作。     

The influence of low level pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD/Fs,PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lead are thought to be risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whereas the prenatal influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) on attention performance has been less studied.ObjectivesWithin the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study, we investigated low-level exposure to these compounds in relation to children's attention.MethodsWe measured blood levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and lead from pregnant mothers (32^nd week of pregnancy) and PCDD/Fs and PCBs in breast milk (2 weeks after delivery). The attention of school-aged children (N = 117) was investigated with a computer-based test battery of attention performance (KITAP) and a parent rating questionnaire of behaviors related to ADHD (FBB-ADHS). Influences of the exposure on attention were analyzed by multiple regression analyses.ResultsIncreasing prenatal PCDD/F and PCB concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with a higher number of omission errors in the subtest Divided Attention (47% and 42%; 95% confidence intervals (95%-CI): 1.08–2.00 and 1.07–1.89, respectively). Prenatal lead concentrations had few significant associations with attention performance (e.g., a 23% higher number of omission errors in the subtest Distractibility; 95%-CI: 1.00–1.51), whereas ADHD-related behavior (questionnaire based) was increased with increasing lead exposure (Overall-ADHD: 9%; 95%-CI: 1.01–1.17). ADHD-related behavior was negatively associated with prenatal PCDD/F or PCB exposures (e.g., for PCB exposure: -10%; 95%-CI: 0.82–0.99).ConclusionsPre- and perinatal PCDD/F and PCB exposure may have subtle influences on attention performance in healthy children at low environmental levels, while behavior changes are negatively associated. Furthermore, we provide additional evidence for the impact of prenatal lead exposure on attention deficits.     

In Utero Exposure to Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds and Anogenital Distance in Newborns and Infants

Background: Anogenital distance in animals is used as a measure of fetal androgen action. Prenatal exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in rodents causes reproductive changes in male offspring and decreases anogenital distance.Objective: We assessed whether in utero exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds adversely influences anogenital distance in newborns and young children (median age, 16 months; range, 1–31 months).Methods: We measured anogenital distance among participants of the “Rhea” mother–child cohort study in Crete and the Hospital del Mar (HMAR) cohort in Barcelona. Anogenital distance (AGD; anus to upper penis), anoscrotal distance (ASD; anus to scrotum), and penis width (PW) were measured in 119 newborn and 239 young boys; anoclitoral (ACD; anus to clitoris) and anofourchetal distance (AFD; anus to fourchette) were measured in 118 newborn and 223 young girls. We estimated plasma dioxin-like activity in maternal blood samples collected at delivery with the Dioxin-Responsive Chemically Activated LUciferase eXpression (DR CALUX®) bioassay.Results: Anogenital distances were sexually dimorphic, being longer in males than females. Plasma dioxin-like activity was negatively associated with AGD in male newborns. The estimated change in AGD per 10 pg CALUX®–toxic equivalent/g lipid increase was –0.44 mm (95% CI: –0.80, –0.08) after adjusting for confounders. Negative but smaller and nonsignificant associations were observed for AGD in young boys. No associations were found in girls.Conclusions: Male infants may be susceptible to endocrine-disrupting effects of dioxins. Our findings are consistent with the experimental animal evidence used by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization to set recommendations for human dioxin intake.     

Assessment of Dioxin Intake from Commercial Baby Food in Infant

Commercial baby food was roughly classified into six food groups, including vegetable, fruit, fish, meat, dairy product, and cookie. Dioxin levels in commercial baby food were determined, and dioxin intake in infants was assessed on the basis of the proposed original model food groups. The total daily dioxin intake was 0.070 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day. The total dioxin intake in this study was considerably lower than the Tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day set by Japanese regulations. The dioxin intake from commercial baby food is considered not to be a serious problem at the moment. We believe that the proposed classification and calculation is suitable for the evaluation of total dioxin intake from commercial baby food.