Contamination Profile of DDTs in the Shark <Emphasis Type="Italic">Somniosus microcephalus</Emphasis> from Greenland Seawaters

DDT isomers were detected in all the liver and muscle samples of Greenland sharks Somniosus microcephalus (n?=?15) caught in Greenland seawaters. The mean concentrations of ΣDDTs (sum of o,p’ and p,p’ DDT, DDD, and DDE isomers) were 1094?±?818 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the muscle and 761?±?416 ng/g lw in the liver. The p,p’-DDE accounted for 48%?±?41% and 53%?±?54% of the total DDT residue in the white muscle and liver, respectively. The lipid content was 48%?±?10% in the muscle and 43%?±?17% in the liver. Female sharks showed the highest concentrations of ΣDDTs. The youngest shark showed higher concentrations of ΣDDTs in the liver than the older sharks. To our knowledge, this is one of the few investigations on DDT levels in S. microcephalus where concentrations were correlated to lipid content and sex/size.     

Organochlorine Pesticide and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Levels in Fish and Mussel in Van Region,Turkey

Forty-seven fish (24 endemic Alburnus tarichi, Güldenstädt, 1814; 8 Capoeta capoeta, Guldenstaedt, 1772; 15 mirror carp Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758) and 13 mussel (Unio stevenianus, Krynicki, 1837) samples, with 10 specimens per sample, were collected from Van Lake, Turkey, and rivers flowing into it. Gamma-HCH was detected in 21 Alburnus tarichi samples (56.57 ng/g ± 22.18 ng/g) and in two Capoeta capoeta samples (27.6 ng/g and 36.45 ng/g). Beta-HCH was detected in 8 Alburnus tarichi samples (24.95 ng/g ± 4.42 ng/g) and in two mussel samples (101.25 ng/g and 129.44 ng/g). HCB was found in one Alburnus tarichi sample (14.4 ng/g) and one mussel sample (181.25 ng/g). The compound 4,4′-DDE was detected in 21 Alburnus tarichi samples (87.13 ng/g ± 32.23 ng/g), in 9 mirror carp samples (304.82 ng/g ± 100.76 ng/g) and one mussel sample (149.31 ng/g). PCB 28 was detected in one Alburnus tarichi (19.46 ng/g) sample and PCB 101 was found in one Capoeta capoeta (60.16 ng/g) sample. PCB 118 was detected in one mirror carp sample (277.5 ng/g) and in two Capoeta capoeta samples (43.77 and 54.38 ng/g). PCB 128 was detected in only one Capoeta capoeta sample (141.48 ng/g). It is concluded that (i) efforts should be made to reduce contamination of aquatic environments by these compounds and that (ii) their levels in fishery products from Van Lake and connected streams should be monitored and publicly reported on a regular basis.     

Levels of Organotin Compounds in Selected Fish Species from the Arabian Gulf

In the present work, data on the levels of hazardous Organotin compounds in eight commercially important fish species, caught from Arabian Gulf, has been reported. Highest levels of tributyltin (TBT) (98.5 ng/g dry weight) were detected in Epinephelus Tauvina whereas minimum (43.7 ng/g) were found in Acanthoparagus Bifasciatus. Highest levels of triphenyltin (TPT) were detected in Lethrinus Miniatus (107.5 ng/g) whereas lowest were encountered in Acanthoparagus Bifasciatus (64.9 ng/g). Highest value of total butyltin compounds (∑BT) were found in emperors (Lethrinus Miniatus) (228.4 ng/g) whereas minimum was found in Acanthoparagus Bifasciatus (126.4 ng/g). Similarly highest value of total phenyltin compounds (∑PT) was encountered in Epinephelus Tauvina (281.9 ng/g) followed closely by Acanthoparagus Bifasciatus (281.7 ng/g). In addition, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the local population from consumption of these fish was also evaluated. Highest EDI was found to be 10.8 ng/kg bw/day for epinephelus microdan. The data are also compared internationally.     

Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Human Breast Milk from the Middle Governorates in Jordan in 2013/2014

One hundred samples of mother breast milk were gathered from six middle governorates and districts in Jordan in 2013/2014 to monitor Organochlorine pesticides pollutants. The results showed clearly that banned organochlorine pesticides are still detected in the monitored samples in low concentration despite banning of these persistent pollutants in Jordan since 36 years ago. However, the results indicated that 1% of the contaminated samples contained β-HCH, 5% γ-HCH, 3% p,p′-DDD, 2% heptachlor, 45% p,p′-DDE and 3% p,p′-DDT. In addition, these monitored samples had no residues of aldrin, dieldrin, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, HCB, o,p′-DD, o,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDE. In conclusion, there was a decline in the residues of Organochlorine pesticides, particularly DDT group members.     

Heavy Metal Concentration in Largehead Hairtail (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichiurus lepturus</Emphasis> Linneaus, 1758) and Savalai Hairtail (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepturacanthus savala</Emphasis> (Cuvier, 1829)) Obtained from Karachi Fish Harbour,Pakistan

In this study, muscle samples gathered from Largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus Linneaus, 1758) and Savali hairtail [Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829)] from the Karachi Fish Harbour, Pakistan were analyzed to determine heavy metal concentrations (iron [Fe], zinc [Zn], copper [Cu], manganese [Mn], lead [Pb] and cadmium [Cd]) between January and December 2016. All samples were analyzed using the AAnalyst 700 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. It was observed that the average measured level of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd in muscle were 77.72?±?47.84 µg/g, 20.34?±?8.49 µg/g, 2.23?±?1.16 µg/g, 0.57?±?0.36 µg/g, 0.20?±?0.16 µg/g and 0.42?±?0.19 µg/g for T. lepturus, respectively. Besides, the average level of the same metal concentrations in muscle for L. savala were 85.11?±?57.64 µg/g, 16.63?±?9.25 µg/g, 2.53?±?1.90 µg/g, 0.47?±?0.27 µg/g, 0.23?±?0.18 µg/g and 0.47?±?0.20 µg/g, respectively. The correlation between size groups and metal accumulation in muscle tissues were investigated for both fish. In terms of public risk assessment, the provisional tolerable weekly intake’s of various heavy metals were compared with the consumption of both fish. As a result of the analysis, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd accumulations in muscle tissues of T. lepturus and L. savala collected from Karachi Fish Harbour Pakistan did not exceed limit values.     

Persistent Organochlorine Contaminant Residues in Tissues of Hedgehogs from Turkey

The residues of persistent organochlorinated pollutants (POPs), namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (HCHs, CHLs, HCCPs, DDTs, and dicofol congeners) were investigated in the hair and muscle of road-killed Erinaceus roumanicus and E. concolor in Turkey. Mean residue levels were as follows: in hair, PCBs?=?7.43?±?4.88 ng/g and OCPs?=?9.21?±?1.27 ng/g; in muscle, PCBs?=?30.73?±?2.51 ng/g and OCPs?=?145.04?±?16.59 ng/g. There was no significant difference between species and sex, while there was significant difference between habitats and regions in terms of either total PCB and OCP levels, or POP levels (p?<?0.05). Age was a determinative factor for the bio-accumulation of POPs. The contaminant levels were high in the species, sample areas, and habitats. The data also showed that tissues of hedgehogs are suitable for monitoring and evaluating the bioaccumulation of POP levels in Turkey.     

Effects of Paclobutrazol Exposure on Antioxidant Defense System in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sebastiscus marmoratus</Emphasis>

This study was conducted to detect the effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) at environmental concentration on the antioxidant defense system in Sebastiscus marmoratus. Fish were exposed to concentrations of PBZ (10, 100, 1,000 ng/L) for 50 days. The results showed: (1) The glutathione contents in the liver and brain were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. (2) The activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and catalase in liver and brain were inhibited as the increase of PBZ concentration. A highest 2.16-fold (p = 0.05) and 11.54-fold (p < 0.001) reduction of GST activity in the liver and brain respectively was observed in 1,000 μg/L group. (3) The activities of glutathione peroxidase in liver were inhibited. These results suggest that the exposure of PBZ would influence the antioxidant ability of S. marmoratus.     

Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dracontomelon duperreanum</Emphasis> Leaf Litter on the Growth and Photosynthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcystis aeruginosa</Emphasis>

This study investigated the use of Dracontomelon duperreanum leaf litter extract (DDLLE) in inhibiting the growth and photosynthesis of the algae Microcystis aeruginosa. The goal of the study was to evaluate a potential solution for cyanobacterial bloom prevention. M. aeruginosa was exposed to extract concentrations from 0.4 to 2.0 g L^?1. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content and photosynthesis levels were assessed using pulse amplitude modulated fluorimetry phytoplankton analyzer. Results suggested that the extract could efficiently suppress M. aeruginosa growth. The content of Chl-a was only 19.0 µg L^?1 and achieved 96.0% inhibition rate when exposed to 2.0 g L^?1 on day 15. Growth rate in response to different extract concentrations were consistent with changes in the photosynthesis efficiency (alpha), maximal relative electron transport rate and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F _v /F _m ). Furthermore, several kinds of volatile chemicals and their concentrations in DDLLE had been identified by GC–MS, which of them play major role to suppress the growth of M. aeruginosa should be further studied.     

Dietary intake and biomarker status of folate in Swedish adults

Purpose

National data on folate status are missing in Sweden, and regional data indicate folate insufficiency in up to more than 25% of the study populations. The objectives were to determine folate intake and status in the adult Swedish population as well as identifying dietary patterns associated with beneficial folate status.

Methods

Folate intake was estimated using a web-based 4-d food record in adults aged 18–80 years (n = 1797). Folate status was measured as erythrocyte (n = 282) and plasma folate concentrations (n = 294). Factor analysis was used to derive a dietary pattern associated with a higher folate status.

Results

Median folate intake was 246 µg/day (Q ₁ = 196, Q ₃ = 304, n = 1797) and for women of reproductive age 227 µg/day (Q ₁ = 181, Q ₃ = 282, n = 450). As dietary folate equivalents (DFE), median intake was 257 µg/day (Q ₁ = 201, Q ₃ = 323) and for women of reproductive age 239 µg/day (Q ₁ = 185, Q ₃ = 300). Low blood folate concentrations were found in 2% (erythrocyte concentrations <317 nmol/L) and 4% (plasma concentrations <6.8 nmol/L) of the participants, respectively. None of the women of reproductive age had erythrocyte folate concentrations associated with the lowest risk of neural tube defects. Dietary patterns associated with higher folate status were rich in vegetables, pulses and roots as well as cheese and alcoholic beverages, and low in meat.

Conclusions

Prevalence of low erythrocyte folate concentrations was low in this population, and estimated dietary intakes are well above average requirement. However, to obtain a folate status optimal for prevention of neural tube defects major dietary changes are required and folic acid supplements recommended prior to conception.

     

Effects of 12-week supplementation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus bergamia</Emphasis> extracts-based formulation CitriCholess on cholesterol and body weight in older adults with dyslipidemia: a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial

Backgrounds

Recent experiments suggest that Citrus bergamia extracts could benefit people with dyslipidemia and obesity but this needs to be further validated.

Methods

A total of 98 people age-matched older adults (65 years) with elevated blood lipids were enrolled to receive 12-week supplementation of a Citrus bergamia extracts-based formulation (CitriCholess)(n?=?48) and placebo (n?=?50).

Results

No group differences were found in baseline bodyweight, body mass index (BMI), blood cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and glucose levels. CitriCholess supplementation resulted in lower levels than placebo in TG (1.83?±?0.92 vs. 1.95?±?1.34 mmol/L, P?=?0.612), TC (5.14?±?0.98 vs. 5.44?±?0.77 mmol/L, P?=?0.097), and LDL-C (3.13?±?0.74 vs. 3.43?±?0.62 mmol/L, P?=?0.032). Compared to placebo, CitriCholess also resulted in greater reductions in body weight (?0.604?±?0.939 vs. 0.06?±?0.74 kg, P?<?0.01), waist circumferences (?0.60?±?1.349 cm vs. -0.16?±?1.503 cm, P?<?0.01) and BMI (?0.207?±?0.357 vs. 0.025?±?0.274, P?<?0.01). Additionally, females had a significantly higher level of HDL-C than males. TC was significantly correlated with LDL-C, and to a less degree, with TG. TG was inversely correlated with HDL-C. Body weight and waist circumference were negatively correlated with HDL-C and positively correlated with glucose.

Conclusion

12-week supplementation of CitriCholess could benefit lipid metabolism and weight management in old adults with dyslipidemia.

     

Indication of Risk of Mother-to-Child <Emphasis Type="Italic">Toxoplasma gondii</Emphasis> Transmission in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

Objectives Congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii is known to result in neurological and brain disorders including ophthalmic disorders later in life. Research in Ghana revealed high sero-prevalence among pregnant women and eye patients. This study determines the risk of congenital transmission of T. gondii infection in Accra, Ghana. Methods One hundred consented pregnant women aged 18–45 years (mean 29.85 ± 5.76) participated. Venous blood and tissue samples were taken from the maternal side of each placenta after delivery. Cord blood samples were also taken after they were separated from the infants. Finger-prick blood was taken from infants of participating women at 2 or 6 weeks post-natal. ELISA was used to detect T. gondii antibodies in all blood samples while Nested-PCR was used to detect T. gondii DNA from placental tissues. Data was analysed using SPSS v. 16. Results Overall, 37.6 % of maternal blood, 39.5 % of umbilical cord blood, and 57.5 % of post-natal infant blood were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG. No anti-T. gondii IgM was detected in any of those samples. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in 39.8 % of placental tissue samples. Strong association was observed in the occurrence of placental T. gondii DNA and anti-T. gondii IgG positive women (ø = 0.810, p < 0.00001) as well as high Relative risk shown in the likelihood of foetal exposure to infection in latently-infected women (RR 10.39; CI 4.47–24.17; p < 0.00001). Conclusions for Practice The presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies only, and T. gondii DNA in placental tissues indicate the women might have been infected early during the pregnancy, placing about 39.8 % of the babies at risk. These results can strongly influence policy to screen and treat pregnant women for T. gondii infection.     

Uptake of Urea Nitrogen by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oocystis borgei</Emphasis> in Prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">(Litopenaeus vannamei)</Emphasis> Aquaculture Ponds

The goal of this study was to assess the rate of urea nitrogen uptake (ρ) by Oocystis borgei and the relationship between environmental factors and ρ. Light intensity, temperature, pH, salinity, and algal concentration, were used to construct an empirical model. The results showed that light intensity, algal concentration, pH and salinity had significant effects on ρ, and the optimal combination of environmental conditions for ρ was a temperature of 25°C, pH of 7.0, light intensity of 81 µmol m^?2 s^?1, salinity of 15‰, and algal concentration of 4.5?×?10⁸ cell L^?1–5.5?×?10⁸ cell L^?1. The model equation was ρ?=?2?×?10^?5?×?(A^0.363B^0.783C^0.045D^?0.503E)?+?0.0017, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.83. No significant difference in variance was observed between the model-predicted values and the measured values (F?=?0.238, p?>?0.05), which demonstrated the high fitting degree of the simulation equation. This study provided valuable insight into the reduction of urea nitrogen levels in aquaculture water by O. borgei.     

The Relation of Neighborhood Income to the Age-Related Patterns of Preterm Birth Among White and African-American Women: The Effect of Cigarette Smoking

Objectives We investigated the contributions of cigarette smoking to the age-related patterns of preterm (<37 weeks) birth (PTB) rates among African-American and White women within the context of lifelong neighborhood income. Methods Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed on an Illinois transgenerational dataset of non-Hispanic White and African-American infants (1989–1991) and their mothers (1956–1976) with appended US census income information. Results: Among non-smoking African-American women (n = 20,107) with a lifelong residence in lower income neighborhoods, PTB rates decreased from 18.5 % for teens to 15.0 % for 30–35 year-olds, p < 0.0001. The opposite pattern occurred among African-American women smokers (n = 5936) with a lifelong residence in lower income neighborhoods, p < 0.01. Among upwardly mobile African-American women smokers (n = 756), PTB rates increased from 11.1 % for teens to 24.9 % for 30–35 year-olds, p < 0.05. Cigarette smoking was not associated with an age-related increase in PTB rates among African-American women with a lifelong residence in upper income neighborhoods. No subgroup of White women, even cigarette smokers with a lifelong residence in lower income neighborhoods, exhibited weathering with regard to PTB. Conclusions A weathering pattern of rising PTB rates with advancing age occurs only among African-American women cigarette smokers with an early-life or lifelong residence in lower income neighborhoods, underscoring the public health policy importance of targeted smoking cessation programs in eliminating the racial disparity in the age-related patterns of PTB rates.     

Altitude Distributions and Source Analysis of OCPs and PCBs in Surface Soils of Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Changbai Mountain, Northeastern China, have been quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detector and the altitude distributions and possible pollution sources were analyzed. The concentrations of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs and ∑₇PCBs were in the range of 3.09–25.6, 0.96–19.4 and 7.32–26.1 ng/g dw, respectively. The concentration of α-HCH, β-HCH, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, PCB 101, 138, 153, and 180 showed increasing trends with altitude. ∑₇PCBs in surface soils of Changbai Mountain were significantly higher than that in Chinese background areas. The concentration of lower volatile PCB isomers showed positive correlation with altitude. These pollutants may originate from the adjacent industrial and agricultural areas via atmospheric transport and cold-trapping effect through wet precipitation. Additional, DDTs may cause a certain potential ecological risks on birds and soil organisms and the usage of lindane in the adjacent areas cannot be excluded in Changbai Mountain.     

Stress-Induced Transcriptional Changes and DNA Damage Associated with Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Adipate Exposure in Zebrafish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Danio rerio</Emphasis>) Larvae

The present study evaluates potential toxic effects of bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) plasticizer to larval (72 h post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) by analyzing changes in expression levels of stress-related genes (p53, rad51 and xrcc5) and assessing possible DNA damage of DEHA in larvae. The lethal concentration for 50% mortality (LC₅₀) in larval zebrafish exposed for 96 h to 0–200 mg L^?1 DEHA was 89.9?±?8.03 mg L^?1. A concentration-dependent increase in DNA strand breaks was detected in cells from larvae exposed for 96 h to DEHA. There were some significant differences in induction of stress-related genes in larvae exposed to DEHA relative to control.     

Toxicity of Nickel on the Selected Species of Marine Diatoms and Copepods

Toxicity values for nickel on marine diatoms and copepods were derived based on bioassay tests. The 96 h IC₅₀ of nickel on diatoms, Odontella mobiliensis and Coscinodiscus centralis were 0.31?±?0.01 and 0.62?±?0.02 mg/L and LC₅₀ values on copepods, Oithona similis and Acartia danae were 2.78?±?0.14 and 2.34?±?0.32 mg/L, respectively. The species mean chronic values of nickel were 0.016, 0.17, 0.57 and 0.42 mg/L for O. mobiliensis, C. centralis, O. similis and A. danae, respectively. A hazardous concentration was derived and evaluated using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. SSD indicated that 13 µg Ni/L is the maximum allowable concentration for protection of 95% plankton species in coastal and marine ecosystem of India. Diatoms are more sensitive to nickel than copepods by almost an order of magnitude. The toxicity values derived in the present study may be useful to calculate ambient water quality criteria/standard for nickel.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">AMP!</Emphasis>: A Cross-site Analysis of the Effects of a Theater-based Intervention on Adolescent Awareness,Attitudes, and Knowledge about HIV

AMP! (Arts-based, Multiple component, Peer-education) is an HIV intervention developed for high school adolescents. AMP! uses interactive theater-based scenarios developed by trained college undergraduates to deliver messages addressing HIV/STI prevention strategies, healthy relationships, and stigma reduction towards people living with HIV/AIDS. We used a pre-test/post-test, control group study design to simultaneously assess intervention effect on ninth grade students in an urban county in California (N?=?159) and a suburban county in North Carolina (N?=?317). In each location, the control group received standard health education curricula delivered by teachers; the intervention group received AMP! in addition to standard health education curricula. Structural equation modeling was used to determine intervention effects. The post-test sample was 46 % male, 90 % self-identified as heterosexual, 32 % reported receiving free or reduced lunch, and 49 % White. Structural models indicated that participation in AMP! predicted higher scores on HIV knowledge (p?=?0.05), HIV awareness (p?=?0.01), and HIV attitudes (p?=?0.05) at the post-test. Latent means comparison analyses revealed post-test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores on HIV knowledge (p?=?0.001), HIV awareness (p?=?0.001), and HIV attitudes (p?=?0.001). Further analyses indicated that scores rose for both groups, but the post-test scores of intervention participants were significantly higher than controls (HIV knowledge (p?=?0.01), HIV awareness (p?=?0.01), and HIV attitudes (p?=?0.05)). Thus, AMP!’s theater-based approach shows promise for addressing multiple adolescent risk factors and attitudes concerning HIV in school settings.     

Thirty-Six-Month Outcomes of a Generalist Paraprofessional Perinatal Home Visiting Intervention in South Africa on Maternal Health and Child Health and Development

Almost all pregnant women (98 %) in 24 Cape Town neighborhoods were randomized by neighborhood to (1) the standard care (SC) condition (n?=?12 neighborhoods; n?=?594 pregnant women) or (2) the Philani Intervention Program (PIP) in which home visits by Community Health Workers (CHW) were conducted (n?=?12 neighborhoods; n?=?644 pregnant women). At 36 months post-birth (84.6 % follow-up), PIP mothers were significantly less depressed compared to the SC mothers. Children in PIP were significantly less likely to be stunted (24.3 vs 18.1 %, p?=?0.013), to have better vocabularies, and were less likely to be hospitalized than children in the SC condition. These data suggest home visits may need to continue for several years post-birth. Sustainable, scalable perinatal intervention models are needed in LMIC.     

Growth Study and Hydrocarbonoclastic Potential of Microorganisms Isolated from Aviation Fuel Spill Site in Ibeno,Nigeria

The growth study and hydrocarbonoclastic potential of microorganisms isolated from aviation fuel spill sites at Inua-eyet Ikot in Ibeno, Nigeria were examined using standard microbiological methods. The results of the analysis revealed that the viable plate count of microorganisms in the polluted soil ranged from 2.2 ± 0.04 × 10³ to 3.4 ± 0.14 × 10⁶ cfu/g for bacteria and 1.4 ± 0.5 × 10² to 2.3 ± 0.4 × 10⁴ cfu/g for fungi while count of biodegraders ranged from 1.2 ± 0.4 × 10³ to 2.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁵ cfu/g. A total of 11 microbial isolates comprising of Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Candida, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Saccharomyces and Fusarium were characterized. The ability of the selected isolates to utilize the pollutant (aviation fuel) as their sole source of carbon and energy was examined and noticed to vary in growth profiles between the isolates. The results of their degradability after 28 days of incubation shows that species of Cladosporium, Pseudomonas, Candida, Bacillus, Micrococcus and Penicillium were the most efficient Aviation fuel degraders with percentage weight loss of 86.2, 78.4, 78, 56, 53 and 50.6 respectively. Flavobacterium, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus exhibited moderate growth with percentage weight loss of 48, 45.8 and 43.4 respectively while Klebsiella and Fusarium species showed minimal growth with percentage weight loss of 20 and 18.5 respectively. The results imply that the most efficient biodegraders like Cladosporium, Pseudomonas, Candida, Bacillus and Microoccus could tolerate and remove aviation fuel from the environment.