ICU患者压疮发生危险因素分析

目的：探讨导致ICU患者压疮发生的危险因素。方法：采用自行设计的“ICU患者压疮风险因素调查表”记录735例ICU患者的患病情况、主要治疗情况等资料。结果：性别、糖尿病、脑卒中、入ICU时间、是否持续进行动脉血压监测、水肿、平均动脉压、乳酸Lac、心率、Apachell评分是ICU患者发生压疮的影响因素。结论：ICU患者压疮发生是多因素共同参与的病理生理过程,护理人员应充分认识各种危险因素对ICU患者发生压疮的影响,对存在或可能存在危险因素的ICU患者实施重点防护以减少压疮的发生。     

呼吸加强医疗病房患者预后因素研究

目的 探讨影响呼吸加强医疗病房患者预后的危险因素，为制定相应防治措施作参考。方法 回顾性分析216例呼吸加强医疗病房危重患者临床资料，采用Logistic回归分析，筛选和分析相关危险因素。结果急性生理和慢性健康评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ，APACHEⅡ评分)、免疫抑制状态和氧合指数(PaO2／FiO2)对评价患者预后有重要作用；APACHEⅡ评分OR值为1．135，P值为0．00；氧合指数OR值为0．997，P值为0．092；免疫抑制OR值为6．583，P值为0．013。结论 升高的APACHEⅡ评分和降低的氧合指数以及合并免疫功能受损将使患者死亡风险升高，医务人员应高度重视。     

ICU病人压疮危险因素预测量表的系统性回顾(英文)

[目的]本研究旨在描述及确定用于ICU病人最有效的压疮危险因素预测量表。[方法]采用系统性文献回顾方法全面检索1996年—2010年相关文献,数据库包括Medline,CINAHL,Journals@Ovid,Science Direct及中文CAJ。共检出有效研究论文11篇,8篇英文,3篇中文;分析、比较和检视4个常用于ICU病人的压疮危险因素预测量表的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值以及各自最佳临界值。[结果]Braden量表为最常用于ICU病人压疮危险因素预测量表,但临界值设定各异;方差分析结果4个量表的4项预测指标之间无统计学意义。Cubbin&Jackson量表的敏感性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均高于其他3个量表。[结论]虽然Braden量表在国内外均较为常用,但Cubbin&Jackson量表是专门为ICU病人而设置,有较好的预测能力及较固定的临界值,但需要在中国人群中作进一步的验证。     

重症医学科呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生及其危险因素分析

目的探讨重症医学科呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的发生及其危险因素,以便更好地指导临床工作。方法采用查阅病例的方式,回顾性分析158例在重症医学科住院行机械通气患者的临床资料,分析患者VAP的发生及其危险因素。结果机械通气时间、留置胃管是重症医学科患者VAP发生的主要危险因素(P0.01)。结论每天评估患者停止机械通气的可能性,尽早停止机械通气;保持口咽清洁,减少细菌定植;加强环境清洁和空气消毒管理;做好气管切开的护理;提高护理操作技术水平对降低VAP的发生具有重要的作用。     

Negative pressure pulmonary oedema in the medical intensive care unit

Objective Negative pressure pulmonary oedema (NPPE) occurring in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) is an uncommon, probably under-diagnosed, but life-threatening condition.Design Retrospective data collection.Setting Medical intensive care unit in a 1,500–bedded tertiary care hospital.Patients and participants Five patients were diagnosed between January 1998 and January 2002.Interventions None.Measurements and results Five patients were diagnosed to have NPPE from different aetiologies. These were acute epiglottitis, post-stenting of right bronchus intermedius stenosis, strangulation, compression from a goitre and one patient developed diffuse alveolar haemorrhage after biting the endotracheal tube during recovery from anaesthesia. All patients responded rapidly to supplemental oxygen, positive pressure ventilation and correction of underlying aetiologies. Pulmonary oedema resolved rapidly.Conclusions There is a large spectrum of aetiologies causing NPPE in the medical intensive care unit.     

Candida infections in the intensive care unit: epidemiology,risk factors and therapeutic strategies

This article reviews the epidemiology, predisposing risk factors and outcome of systemic Candida spp. infections in the intensive care unit setting. Incidence of systemic Candida infections in patients requiring intensive care has increased substantially in recent years; while diagnosis of serious Candida infection may be difficult, the clinical conditions which predispose patients to these infections are now better understood and effective antifungal therapies are becoming increasingly available. Severe fungal infections are generally associated with poor outcomes in these patients. Patients at highest risk for Candida infection may be potential candidates for early, presumptive therapy. In this article we review antifungal treatment, including the use of polyenes, azoles and echinocandines, and the role of prophylaxis.     

Continuous monitoring of interface pressure distribution in intensive care patients for pressure ulcer prevention

Title.  Continuous monitoring of interface pressure distribution in intensive care patients for pressure ulcer prevention.
Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to examine whether continuous interface pressure monitoring of postoperative patients in an intensive care unit is feasible in clinical practice.
Background.  The interface pressure between skin and surfaces is generally evaluated for pressure ulcer prevention. However, the intensity and duration of interface pressure necessary for pressure ulcer development remains unclear because the conventional interface pressure sensors are unsuitable for continuous monitoring in clinical settings.
Methods.  A total of 30 postoperative patients in an intensive care unit participated in this study in 2006–2007. A sensor was built into a thermoelastic polymer mattress. The whole-body interface pressure was recorded for up to 48 hours. Pressure ulcer development was observed during the morning bed-bath. For analysis, the intensity and duration of the maximal interface pressure was evaluated.
Findings.  The mean age of the study group was 62·0 ± 15·4 years. Two participants developed stage I pressure ulcer and blanchable redness at the sacrum. The longest duration of pressures greater than 100 mmHg were 487·0, 273·5 and 275·7 minutes in the pressure ulcer, blanchable redness and no redness groups respectively.
Conclusion.  Continuous monitoring of the intensity and duration of whole-body interface pressure using the KINOTEX sensor is feasible in intensive care patients.     

肿瘤外科ICU室上性心律失常的发生率及危险因素分析

目的 探讨肿瘤外科ICU室上性心律失常(SVAs)的发生率及危险因素.方法 回顾分析我院ICU 2008年11月至2009年10月间收治570例患者的临床资料,对SVAs可能的影响因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic分析.结果 13例有心房颤动病史的患者被除外,入选557例.SVAs发生率为12.93%(72/557).多因素分析显示年龄(OR=1.066,95%CI:I.034～1.099,P＜0.001)、冠心病病史(OR=2.644,95%CI:1.459～4.790,P＜0.05)、转入时确诊为脓毒症(OR=2.374,95%CI:1.098～5.135,P＜0.05)和胸部外科手术操作(OR=2.322,95%CI:1.061～5.084,P＜0.05)是SVAs发生的独立危险因素.SVAs患者与非SVAs组住ICU时间[2(1～77)、3(1～40)d,Z=-3.505,P＜0.001]和APACHEⅡ评分[9(0～37)、11(3～38)分,Z=-3.332,P=0.001],差异有统计学意义.SVAs组死亡9例(12.5%),非SVAs组死亡19例(3.9%),病死率差异有统计学意义(x2=9.673,P=0.002).结论 肿瘤外科ICU患者术后SVAs的发生率较高,年龄、冠心病病史、转入ICU时确诊有脓毒症和胸部外科手术操作是术后SVAs发生的独立危险因素.SVAs增加患者住ICU时间,是反映患者病情严重性的一种标志.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the incidence and to investigate risk factors of supraventricular arrhythmia (SVAs) in postoperative cancer patients in intensive care unit ( ICU ). Methods Data of 570 patients consecutively admitted to oncologic surgical ICU of Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from Nov. 2008 to Oct. 2009 were retrospectively collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis were conducted for potential factors that influenced SAVs. Results Thirteen patients with a history of atrial fibrillation (AF) were excluded and 557 patients were eligible for the study. SVAs occurred in 72 patients ( 12. 93% ). Multivariate analysis showed four independent predictors of SVAs including age ( OR = 1. 066,95%CI: 1. 034 - 1. 099,P ＜0. 001 ) ,a history of coronary heart diseases ( OR = 2. 644,95% CI: 1. 459 - 4. 790,P ＜ 0. 05), sepsis ( OR = 2. 374,95% CI: 1. 098 - 5. 135, P ＜ 0. 05 ) and intra-thoracic procedure ( OR =2. 322,95 % CI: 1.061 - 5.084, P ＜ 0. 05 ) . ICU length of stay, severity ( APACHE Ⅱ scores in SVAs patients) were significantly greater in patients who were not affected by SVAs ( ICU stay: [2 ( 1 ～ 77 )]vs [3 ( 1 ～ 40 )]days,P ＜ 0. 001; APACHE Ⅱ score: [9 (0 ～ 37 )] vs [11 (3 ～ 38 )], P = 0. 001 ). Nine cases died in SVAs patients ( 12. 5% ) and 19 died in the non-SVAs patients (3.9%), with significant difference between the two groups( x2 = 9. 673, P = 0. 002). Conclusion In oncologic surgical ICU, the incidence of SVAs is high. Age,history of coronary heart diseases, sepsis and intra-thoracic procedure were independent rsik factors of SVAs. SVAs prolong ICU length of stay. SVAs is a marker of critical illness severity.     

Pressure ulcer prevalence in intensive care patients: a cross-sectional study

Background  Pressure ulcers are a potential complication for intensive care patients and their prevention is a major issue in nursing care. Therefore, this study aims to assess pressure ulcer prevalence in intensive care patients, patients' characteristics and preventive measures related to pressure ulcer prevalence in intensive care patients and to determine the most common body sites of pressure ulcers.
Method  The research design was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 1760 patients (298 in 2002, 408 in 2003, 453 in 2004, 368 in 2005 and 233 participants in 2006) from surgical, medical and interdisciplinary intensive care.
Results  The results revealed a mean prevalence rate of ±30% from 2002 to 2005 while it considerably decreased down to 16.2% in 2006. Half of the pressure ulcers were of grade 1. Furthermore, a significant relation was found between the presence of pressure ulcers and age ( P  ≤ 0.022), Braden score ( P  ≤ 0.01) and bowel incontinence ( P  ≤ 0.01).
Conclusion  It is crucial to select appropriate and applicable preventive material/devices and nursing care measures. Moreover, factors related to the presence of pressure ulcers should be taken into consideration in order to prevent development of further pressure ulcers.     

循证护理干预方案在ICU压疮高危患者中的应用

目的探讨循证护理干预方案在ICU压疮预防中的作用。方法将227例Braden评分≤12分的压疮高危患者按照入院的顺序分为对照组102例和观察组125例。对照组采用常规护理方法。观察组进行循证护理干预,予每2h翻身1次,左右30°侧卧位交替进行;平卧位时抬高患者床头不超过30°,足跟处垫软枕;对Braden评分〈7分、颈椎骨折及病情限制翻身的患者必须使用气垫床;在受压皮肤处及可能发生压疮的皮肤区域喷赛肤润;在皮肤受压部位应用康惠尔透明贴;根据患者营养状况给予肠内外营养;保持肛周皮肤干燥。比较2组的压疮发生情况。结果观察组的压疮发生率明显低于对照组,发生时间延迟,压疮严重程度轻。结论在ICU压疮高危患者中应用循证护理干预方案,能体现护理工作的科学性和艺术性,更有效地分配有限的护理资源,减少压疮的发生。     

呼吸重症监护病房院内获得性肺炎病原学特点及多因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）院内获得性肺炎（HAP）病原学特点及多因素Logistic回归分析。 方法选择安徽医科大学第二附属医院于2018年3月至2021年8月入住RICU病房患者160例，并发HAP患者54例。分离培养HAP患者病原菌，采用微生物鉴定系统分离鉴定病原菌；采用纸片法进行药敏试验。采用单因素分析影响HAP相关因素；采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响HAP独立危险因素。 结果HAP感染患者54例中，分离病原菌81株，其中革兰氏阴性菌62株，革兰氏阳性菌6株，真菌13株。肺炎克雷伯杆菌对头孢他啶（85.19%）和头孢唑啉（77.78%）耐药率较高；铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶（94.74%）和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（78.95%）耐药率较高。经单因素分析显示，HAP组与无HAP组性别、体质量指数、吸烟史和高血压史比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；HAP组与无HAP组年龄、糖尿病史、机械通气时间、口腔清洁状况、白蛋白水平、合并肺内疾病、住院时间和广谱抗生素应用比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。将上述单因素分析具有统计学差异的纳入多因素Logistic回归分析显示，年龄＞70岁、机械通气时间＞7 d、糖尿病史、口腔清洁状况、白蛋白＜30 g/L、合并肺内疾病、住院时间和广谱抗生素应用为影响RICU的HAP患者独立危险因素。 结论RICU的HAP患者病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主，其中年龄、机械通气时间、糖尿病史、口腔清洁状况、白蛋白水平、合并肺内疾病、住院时间和广谱抗生素应用为影响RICU的HAP患者独立危险因素。     

Discomfort and factual recollection in intensive care unit patients

Introduction

A stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), although potentially life-saving, may cause considerable discomfort to patients. However, retrospective assessment of discomfort is difficult because recollection of stressful events may be impaired by sedation and severe illness during the ICU stay. This study addresses the following questions. What is the incidence of discomfort reported by patients recently discharged from an ICU? What were the sources of discomfort reported? What was the degree of factual recollection during patients' stay in the ICU? Finally, was discomfort reported more often in patients with good factual recollection?

Methods

All ICU patients older than 18 years who had needed prolonged (>24 hour) admission with tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were consecutively included. Within three days after discharge from the ICU, a structured, in-person interview was conducted with each individual patient. All patients were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 14 questions specifically concerning the environment of the ICU they had stayed in. Furthermore, they were asked whether they remembered any discomfort during their stay; if they did then they were asked to specify which sources of discomfort they could recall. A reference group of surgical ward patients, matched by sex and age to the ICU group, was studied to validate the questionnaire.

Results

A total of 125 patients discharged from the ICU were included in this study. Data for 123 ICU patients and 48 surgical ward patients were analyzed. The prevalence of recollection of any type of discomfort in the ICU patients was 54% (n = 66). These 66 patients were asked to identify the sources of discomfort, and presence of an endotracheal tube, hallucinations and medical activities were identified as such sources. The median (min–max) score for factual recollection in the ICU patients was 15 (0–28). The median (min–max) score for factual recollection in the reference group was 25 (19–28). Analysis revealed that discomfort was positively related to factual recollection (odds ratio 1.1; P < 0.001), especially discomfort caused by the presence of an endotracheal tube, medical activities and noise. Hallucinations were reported more often with increasing age. Pain as a source of discomfort was predominantly reported by younger patients.

Conclusion

Among postdischarge ICU patients, 54% recalled discomfort. However, memory was often impaired: the median factual recollection score of ICU patients was significantly lower than that of matched control patients. The presence of an endotracheal tube, hallucinations and medical activities were most frequently reported as sources of discomfort. Patients with a higher factual recollection score were at greater risk for remembering the stressful presence of an endotracheal tube, medical activities and noise. Younger patients were more likely to report pain as a source of discomfort.