痴呆患者的行为和心理症状的识别和治疗

人们早已观察到,痴呆患者存在精神障碍。阿尔茨海默(Alzheimer)于1906年介绍首例51岁女性病例时,就描述该患者除了有认知功能损害外,还伴有妄想、偏执观念、吵闹和活动过多等精神症状。但长期以来,有关痴呆精神障碍的研究较少。1992年起,人们对痴呆的精神障碍逐渐重视,而且     

Management of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia

More than 50% of people with dementia experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). BPSD are distressing for patients and their caregivers, and are often the reason for placement into residential care. The development of BPSD is associated with a more rapid rate of cognitive decline, greater impairment in activities of daily living, and diminished quality of life (QOL). Evaluation of BPSD includes a thorough diagnostic investigation, consideration of the etiology of the dementia, and the exclusion of other causes, such as drug-induced delirium, pain, or infection. Care of patients with BPSD involves psychosocial treatments for both the patient and family. BPSD may respond to those environmental and psychosocial interventions, however, drug therapy is often required for more severe presentations. There are multiple classes of drugs used for BPSD, including antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anxiolytics, cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA modulators, but the evidence base for pharmacological management is poor, there is no clear standard of care, and treatment is often based on local pharmacotherapy customs. Clinicians should discuss the potential risks and benefits of treatment with patients and their surrogate decision makers, and must ensure a balance between side effects and tolerability compared with clinical benefit and QOL.     

Characteristics of cognitive function,behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease versus behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia

正Objective To compare the differences in cognitive function and behavioral and psychological symptoms between patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD)and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia(bv FTD).Methods Thirty-six AD patients and 20 bv FTD patients on mild-to-moderate stage,who were biomarkerconfirmed by positron emission tomography(PET),were     

痴呆及其心理、行为症状与血浆同型半胱氨酸水平关系

目的 探讨痴呆及痴呆心理和行为症状(Psychological and behavioral symptoms of dementia，BPSD)的可能发病机制，研究血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine，Hcy)水平与痴呆及BPSD的关系。方法 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer Disease，AD)、混合性痴呆(Mixed dementia，MD)、血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia，VD)和正常对照组各30例参加本研究。采用Alzheimer病行为症状评定量表(The Behavioral Pathlology in Alzheimer Disease Rating Scale，BEHAVE-AD)评定痴呆患者BPSD。采用高压毛细血管电泳紫外检测法测定经2，4-二硝基氟苯(2，4-dimntrifluorobenzen，DNFB)衍生后的血浆Hcy水平。结果 AD、MD和VD患者血浆Hcy浓度均显著高于正常对照组，血浆高Hcy水平的痴呆患者BEHAVE-AD总分较高。结论 血浆高Hcy水平不仅与痴呆的发生发展有关，且在痴呆患者BPSD的发病机制中扮演了一个重要角色。     

Assessment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia by family caregivers

This study was designed to test the performance and related factors of a self-administered instrument in assessing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) by family caregivers. We recruited 173 patients with dementia and major caregivers from two neurological clinics. Information about clinical diagnosis, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Inventory (DBDI), and global caregivers’ strain were collected from interview and chart review. We found that DBDI has acceptable construct validity and good internal consistency reliability. BPSD was more frequently found in patients with advanced dementia, poor cognitive function and highly correlated to caregivers’ strain. Multivariate analysis revealed that female patients and caregivers, advanced CDR stages, patient-caregiver relationship, types of dementia and MMSE score were related to the increase of frequency and disturbance index of DBDI. We concluded that BPSD could be evaluated by family caregivers using a self-administered instrument. Further study is indicated to clarify how caregiver characteristics affect the report of behavioral symptoms, and its clinical importance.     

阿尔茨海默病患者精神行为症状与照料者负担的相关性分析

目的分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者精神行为症状(BPS)的临床特点与照料者负担的关系。方法连续纳入江苏省苏北人民医院2015年11月~2017年11月确诊的AD患者43例及其照料者,采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和认知障碍简明评价量表(Cog-12)评估AD患者的认知功能;采用神经精神量表问卷(NPI-Q)评估AD患者BPS;采用照料者负担量表(CBI)评估照料者负担,并进行Pearson相关性分析。结果入选的AD患者MMSE总分(17.3±5.9)分,MoCA总分(13.1±6.4)分,Cog-12总分(24.3±10.6)分,NPI-Q评估患者BPS总严重程度为(2.51±2.26)分;照料者总苦恼程度为(3.23±3.07)分,AD患者照料者的CBI总分为(24.70±13.34)分。NPI-Q评估AD患者BPS严重程度和照料者苦恼程度总分与MMSE评分和MoCA及Cog-12总分不相关(P>0.05)。NPI-Q评估AD患者BPS严重程度总分与时间依赖负担、社交负担、情感负担、CBI总分呈正相关(r=0.439,0.330,0.319和0.386,P<0.05);NPI-Q评估BPS照料者苦恼程度总分与时间依赖负担和CBI总分呈正相关(r=0.417和0.306,P<0.05)。结论AD患者BPS增加照料者的时间依赖负担、社交负担及情感负担。     

Impact of adult day services on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia

PURPOSE: This study explored whether adult day service (ADS) use was associated with reductions in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in individuals with dementia. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a quasi-experimental design to compare a group of 133 persons with dementia (PWDs) who initially enrolled in an ADS program to a control group not using these services (n = 68). Caregivers used a 24-hour log on multiple, consecutive days to report on five domains of BPSD. RESULTS: We used growth-mixture modeling techniques to model change in the BPSD domains over a 2-month period as well as to handle the preponderance of zeros that were inherent in the data. Results showed a relationship between ADS use and caregivers' report of fewer nighttime sleep-related problems for their PWDs. We found trends for other domains, specifically depressive symptoms and agitated behavior, but no significant group differences emerged for these and the other domains. IMPLICATIONS: The findings of ADS use on PWDs' duration of nighttime sleep problems provide some evidence of the benefits of ADS; the findings also support its utility as part of the continuum of care for PWDs and their caregivers. For other behavior domains, enhanced or more targeted behavioral strategies coupled with ADS might offer caregivers and their PWDs the best possible combination for ameliorating BPSD.     

A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics in patients with psychological and behavioral symptoms of dementia

Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved atypical antipsychotics for use in patients with dementia, they are commonly prescribed in this population. Recent concerns about increased risk of cerebrovascular events and mortality have led to warnings. A systematic review was conducted to assess the benefits and harms of atypical antipsychotics when used in patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Electronic searches (through March 2005) of the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO were supplemented with hand searches of reference lists, dossiers submitted by pharmaceutical companies, and a review of the FDA Website and industry-sponsored results database. Using predetermined criteria, each study was assessed for inclusion, and data about study design, population, interventions, and outcomes were abstracted. An overall quality rating (good, fair, or poor) was assigned based on internal validity. The evidence for olanzapine and risperidone supports their effectiveness compared with placebo. Short-term adverse events were similar to placebo. Risperidone had no advantage over haloperidol on efficacy measures in the better-quality studies. Risperidone had an advantage over haloperidol on some measures of extrapyramidal symptoms. Evidence for the other atypical antipsychotics is too limited to assess efficacy and safety. Trials were short term and conducted in highly selected populations. The potential for increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events and mortality is a serious concern. To make judgments about when the benefits of atypical antipsychotics outweigh the potential harms, clinicians need more information. Additional data from existing trials and more-complete reporting of trial results could provide this information.     

利培酮对阿尔茨海默病患者行为和精神症状干预的研究

目的 探讨利培酮(商品名维思通)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的行为和精神症状的临床疗效.方法 60例AD患者随机分为两组,分别服用维思通或奋乃静12周,用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、AD行为症状量表(BEHAVE-AD)、日常生活能量表(ADL)评定疗效,并记录临床用量.结果 维思通和奋乃静组的每天平均治疗剂量分别为(0.80±0.45)mg和(1.60±0.90)mg,治疗后BEHAVE-AD评定表减分率＞30%者分别为82%和80%;不良反应发生率分别为18%和28%.结论 小剂量维思通和奋乃静可以明显改善AD患者行为和精神症状,维思通耐受性和安全性优于奋乃静.     

Herbal medicine for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A protocol for systematic review

Background:Dementia is becoming a major public health problem worldwide with the aging of the world''s population. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), associated symptoms of dementia, not only predicts the poor prognosis of patients with dementia, but is also a major factor causing the care burden on caregivers, especially informal caregivers. For BPSD management, an alternative to existing psychotropic drugs is needed, given the benefit-harm ratio. Therefore, in this systematic review, we will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of herbal medicine for BPSD.Methods and analysis:Thirteen electronic databases will be comprehensively searched. Clinical studies reporting the efficacy (or effectiveness) and safety of herbal medicines in BSPD management published from their inception to December 2020 will be included. The primary outcome will be BPSD symptoms assessed by the validated tool. Moreover, total effective rate, daily living activities and quality of life of patients, burden and quality of life of caregiver, placement in a long-term care facility from home, and safety data will be regarded as the secondary outcome. Two independent researchers will perform the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment process. To assess the methodological quality of the included studies, validated tools according to its design, such as the Cochrane Collaboration''s risk of bias tool will be used. To perform meta-analysis, RevMan version 5.3 will be used, with mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratio for binary outcomes, and 95% confidence intervals. According to the heterogeneity and number of included studies, a fixed- or random-effects model will be used,Registration number:OSF (URL: https://osf.io/3u8ch), PROSPERO (CRD42020211000) (URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020211000).     

Effect of ferulic acid and Angelica archangelica extract on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies

Aim: The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia place a heavy burden on caregivers. Antipsychotic drugs, though used to reduce the symptoms, frequently decrease patients' activities of daily living and reduce their quality of life. Recently, it was suggested that ferulic acid is an effective treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms. We have also reported several patients with dementia with Lewy bodies showing good responses to ferulic acid and Angelica archangelica extract (Feru‐guard). The present study investigated the efficacy of Feru‐guard in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies. Methods: We designed a prospective, open‐label trial of daily Feru‐guard (3.0 g/day) lasting 4 weeks in 20 patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia with Lewy bodies. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks after the start of treatment, using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Treatment with Feru‐guard led to decreased scores on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory in 19 of 20 patients and significantly decreased the score overall. The treatment also led to significantly reduced subscale scores on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (“delusions”, “hallucinations”, “agitation/aggression”, “anxiety”, “apathy/indifference”, “irritability/lability” and “aberrant behavior”). There were no adverse effects or significant changes in physical findings or laboratory data. Conclusion: Feru‐guard may be effective and valuable for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 309–314.