浙江汉族群体2D～5D手指长度的比值分析

目的对浙江省汉族群体手指长度进行测量,探讨浙江省汉族群体指长比的特点。方法参照人体测量学方法,直接测量了浙江省汉族健康人群860例(男性:318例,女性:542例)左右侧手指长度(拇指除外),计算指长比值并对数据进行分析。结果指长比呈现为2D:3D﹤2D:4D﹤3D:4D﹤2D:5D﹤4D:5D﹤3D:5D;浙江省汉族群体2D:4D均值大于辽宁汉族、宁夏汉族、宁夏回族,与其他国家指长比之间也存在差异;浙江汉族群体指长比存在性别、侧别差异。结论浙江汉族群体指长比具有性别、侧别差异,且与其它国家、民族、地区、人种存在差异。     

新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长及指长比的特点

背景:在人类胚胎期的前3个月指长比值就基本确定,指长及指长比具有性别和侧别差异,指长比可能还存在民族、地区及人种差异,至今尚未有人进行过新疆哈萨克族成人指长比方面的研究。目的:探讨新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长比的特点。方法:随机选择18-25岁健康新疆哈萨克族青年200例(男100例,女100例),进行双手后前位X射线拍片,分别测量指骨长度,同时测量身高,将所得数据用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析处理。结果与结论:新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长均呈现3D4D2D5D;男性指长比具有3D∶5D4D∶5D2D∶5D3D∶4D2D∶3D2D∶4D趋势,女性指长比具有3D∶5D2D∶5D3D∶4D4D∶5D2D∶4D2D∶3D趋势;左右手2D∶3D,3D∶4D,4D∶5D指长比均值男性大于女性,左右手2D∶4D,2D∶5D,3D∶5D指长比均数女性大于男性,男女性左右手指长比2D∶4D和4D∶5D的差异有显著性意义(P0.05);不同性别中,左侧指长比3D∶5D差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结果说明,新疆哈萨克族指长比具有侧别差异性,其中以2D∶4D和4D∶5D最为显著;性别差异性3D∶5D最为显著。     

指长波动性不对称与冠心病的相关性

目的 探讨指长波动性不对称（FA）与宁夏汉族男性冠心病的相关性。方法 采用体质测量法,探讨宁夏汉族男性304例（正常对照组152例,冠心病患者152例）指长FA（2FA、3FA、4FA、5FA）及复合FA(CFA)的均值,并比较其均值的差异性。结果 宁夏汉族男性正常对照组与冠心病患者组各指长FA均值均呈现2FA＞4FA＞3FA＞5FA的趋势;冠心病患者组各指长FA均值均高于正常对照组,2FA（P≤0.001）、3FA（P<0.05）、4FA（P<0.05）、CFA（P≤0.01）有显著性差异,且2FA差异最显著;冠心病患者组2FA在|L-R|≥0.04组显著增高（P<0.05）;冠心病患者组2FA均值与发病年龄呈负相关（P<0.001）。结论 FA尤其是2FA水平可能是冠心病早期筛查的重要参考指标之一。     

新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长及指长比的特点CSCD

背景:在人类胚胎期的前3个月指长比值就基本确定,指长及指长比具有性别和侧别差异,指长比可能还存在民族、地区及人种差异,至今尚未有人进行过新疆哈萨克族成人指长比方面的研究。目的:探讨新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长比的特点。方法:随机选择18-25岁健康新疆哈萨克族青年200例(男100例,女100例),进行双手后前位X射线拍片,分别测量指骨长度,同时测量身高,将所得数据用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析处理。结果与结论:新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长均呈现3D>4D>2D>5D;男性指长比具有3D∶5D>4D∶5D>2D∶5D>3D∶4D>2D∶3D>2D∶4D趋势,女性指长比具有3D∶5D>2D∶5D>3D∶4D>4D∶5D>2D∶4D>2D∶3D趋势;左右手2D∶3D,3D∶4D,4D∶5D指长比均值男性大于女性,左右手2D∶4D,2D∶5D,3D∶5D指长比均数女性大于男性,男女性左右手指长比2D∶4D和4D∶5D的差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);不同性别中,左侧指长比3D∶5D差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结果说明,新疆哈萨克族指长比具有侧别差异性,其中以2D∶4D和4D∶5D最为显著;性别差异性3D∶5D最为显著。     

宁夏回族和汉族群体指长比的研究

目的研究宁夏回、汉族群体指长比,比较分析宁夏两种不同民族、不同性别群体左右手及不同民族指长比均值的分布特点。方法采用体质测量法,研究宁夏回族412例(男:219例,女:193例)、汉族439例(男:241例,女:198例)左右手指长比(2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D、3D:4D、3D:5D、4D:5D)。结果指长比均值呈现2D:3D<2D:4D<3D:4D<2D:5D<4D:5D<3D:5D的趋势;同一民族左右手指长比均数女性高于男性,且2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D有显著性差异(P<0.05);同一性别不同民族左右手指长比无显著性差异。结论指长比在性别间存在差异,2D:4D具有明显的性别差异。     

拉萨藏族青少年左手指长比和指长／身高的特点

目的:探讨拉萨藏族指长比和指长/身高的特点,获得该地区此方面体质人类学数值.方法:知情同意原则下,随机抽取拉萨地区年龄7～20岁藏族青少年1 365例(男性682例,女性683例),拍摄左手X线片并测量身高,X线测量2D、3D、4D、5D指长,计算指长比和指长/身高.结果:指长比、指长/身高在个体生长发育中保持稳定;指长比表现为3D∶5D＞4D∶5D＞2D∶5D＞3D∶4D＞2D∶4D＞2D∶3D,性别差异有统计学意义,表现为男性低于女性;4D∶H、5D∶H表现为男性高于女性的性别差异,2D∶H女性高于男性,但差异无统计学意义.结论:X线测量拉萨藏族人群各指长比、4D∶H、5D∶H性别差异有统计学意义.     

指长比与冠心病的相关性研究

目的 研究宁夏男性指长比与冠心病的相关性. 方法 采用体质测量法,研究宁夏汉族男性304例(正常对照152例,冠心病患者152例)左右手指长比(2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D、3D:4D、3D:5D、4D:5D),探讨其与冠心病的相关性. 结果 宁夏汉族男性正常对照组与冠心病患者组指长比均值呈现2D:3D<2D:4D<3D:4D<2D:5D<4D:5D<3D:5D的趋势;冠心病患者组指长比均值高于正常对照组,2D:3D(左手P<0.05)、2D:4D有显著性差异(左手P<0.01;右手P<0.05),2D>4D的比例高于对照组;冠心病患者组指长比均值与发病年龄呈负相关(P<0.001). 结论 指长比,尤其是左手2D:4D可能是冠心病早期筛选的重要参考指标之一.     

大连汉族群体的指长比特点

目的 采用直接测量的方法,对大连地区汉族成人群体指长比进行调查分析,以明确大连地区汉族成人指长比均值的分布特点,为国内开展此项研究积累资料. 方法 抽取大连市430名(男220,女210)健康汉族成人,采用人体测量学方法测量了其左右手第2～5指长度(掌侧),计算各手指间的指长比值,并作性别差异和地区差异比较. 结果 1.指长比:大连汉族群体2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、4D∶5D值左右侧男性分别为0.899 5、0.901 1、0.965 0、0.965 9、1.207 4、1.206 3、1.073 1、1.072 2,1.343 1、1.339 4、1.252 2、1.249 9;女性分别为0.906 5、0.907 9、0.976 6、0.975 3、1.223 0、1.222 6、1.078 1、1.075 4、1.352 7、1.350 2、1.255 1、1.255 8.男女性均表现为3D∶5D>4D∶5D>2D∶5D>3D∶4D >2D∶4D>2D∶3D.2.性差:左右手指长比均值女性高于男性,并且2D∶3D、2D∶4D和2D∶5D有显著性差异(P<0.05).3.2D∶4D的百分比分布:男女性的左右手都以2D<4D占主导,2D>4D次之,2D=4D最少.但2D>4D的百分比女性明显大于男性.4.2D∶4D地区差:大连汉族群体男女性均表现为低指长比,明显低于英格兰、英国利物浦、匈牙利、波兰和西班牙,高于其他地区(国家)及民族. 结论 大连汉族群体指长比有其独特性,2D∶4D具有明显的性别差异和地区及民族差异.     

浙江汉族群体指长比与寻常性痤疮的相关性

目的探讨浙江汉族群体指长比与寻常性痤疮(AV)的相关性。方法采用直接测量法,用电子游标卡尺测量浙江汉族AV患者和健康人群左右手掌侧第2~5手指长度(拇指除外),AV严重程度分级标准采用国际分类法。结果对浙江汉族261例AV患者组(女性占74.3%)和381例健康对照组(女性占59.6%)、年龄在18~25岁的数据进行了分析,健康组和AV患者组的左右手指长比均值趋势都为2D∶3D2D∶4D3D∶4D2D∶5D4D∶5D3D∶5D,AV患者组中女性患者2D∶4D、3D∶4D比值低于女性健康组,差异具有显著性(P0.01或P0.05),女性的AV患者2D∶3D、2D∶5D、4D∶5D、3D∶5D比值与女性健康组无差异;男性的AV患者与男性健康组之间各指长比值差异不显著。结论浙江汉族女性2D∶4D、3D∶4D指长比低比值与寻常性痤疮的发病有关。     

福建闽南地区汉族女性指长比与子宫肌瘤的关系

目的:研究福建闽南地区汉族女性指长比与子宫肌瘤的关系。方法:采用体质测量法,分析福建闽南地区汉族女性303例(子宫肌瘤患者组152例,对照组151例)指长比(2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、4D∶5D)的差异性。结果:子宫肌瘤组指长比均值高于对照组,其中左侧2D∶3D、2D∶4D及右侧2D∶4D差异有统计学意义;子宫肌瘤组与对照组2D∶4D指长比分布构成比差异有统计学意义,子宫肌瘤组两侧2D∶4D指长比以高2D∶4D为主,对照组以低2D∶4D为主;子宫肌瘤组及对照组的2D∶4D指长比与年龄之间无相关关系。结论:福建闽南地区汉族女性两侧2D∶4D指长比可能是子宫肌瘤早期筛选的重要参考指标之一。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.