化妆品中防腐剂IPBC的测定

目的：建立气相色谱测定化妆品中的防腐剂IPBC的方法。方法：用甲醇提取化妆品中的IPBC，用气相色谱法（GC-FID）定量。气相色谱-质谱法（C-C／MS）确证。结果：方法检出限为0．18ng；在10～100μg／ml范围内呈良好线性，相关系数大于0．995；回收率92．2％；相对标准偏差2．33％。结论：本方法适用于化妆品中IPBC的测定，简便，灵敏度高，特异性强。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中孔雀石绿及其代谢产物隐性孔雀石绿的方法研究

目的：建立液相色谱一串联质谱法快速、灵敏、准确地检测水产品中孔雀石绿（MG）及其代谢产物隐性孔雀石绿（LMG）的方法。方法：样品前处理采用液-液萃取、浓缩过中性氧化铝小柱，吹干定容，以乙腈＋0．05mol／L乙酸胺为流动相，进行梯度洗脱，用Diamonsil C18柱进行分离，同位素氘代孔雀石绿和氘代隐性孔雀石绿作为内标，采用液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱正离子方式，同时测定孔雀石绿及隐性孔雀石绿。结果：该方法孔雀石绿及隐性孔雀石绿的平均回收率分别为97．1％和106％，相对标准偏差分别为4．6％和3．8％。水产品中孔雀石绿及其代谢产物隐性孔雀石绿检测的线性范围为0．5～10μg／kg，定量检测下限为0．5μg／ks。结论：该方法操作简便，测定准确，灵敏度高。     

化妆品中苯酚和氢醌的气相色谱测定法

目的提出-种用气相色谱FID检测器,以SE-54毛细管柱测定化妆品中苯酚、氢醌的可行性。方法样品经乙醇提取后用具有FID检测器的气相色谱仪分离测定。结果该方法对苯酚和氢醌的检出浓度分别为0．17和0．61μg／g;最低定量浓度分别为0．58和2．02μg／g,方法的重复性（RSD％）为2．01％-2．25％,实际样品的加标回收率苯酚为95．3％-101．4％,氢醌为97．2％-103．6％。结论该方法灵敏度高,精密度和准确度均满足要求,适用于化妆品中苯酚、氢醌的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定水产品中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物

目的：利用反相高效液相色谱研究水产品中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物隐性孔雀石绿、隐性结晶紫的同时测定。方法：用PbO2-硅藻土柱为柱后氧化柱，用不同比例的乙腈-乙酸铵缓冲溶液-冰醋酸体系分析，确定58＋14＋28的乙腈-乙酸铵缓冲溶液-冰醋酸体系为最佳流动相。结果：孔雀石绿、隐性孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐性结晶紫的加标回收率分别为84．6％，85．8％，89．8％，88．5％，相对标准偏差分别为5．0％，4．7％，4．3％，4．6％，检测限均小于2μg/kg。结论：该方法简单、可靠，结果令人满意。     

化妆品中6-甲基香豆素的高效液相色谱测定法

目的 建立化妆品中6-甲基香豆素的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法 样品用乙醇提取,以乙腈 0．02moL／L磷酸二氢钠(pH=3．5,35：65)为流动相,C18柱分离,二级管阵列检测器测定6-甲基香豆素。结果 线性范围为1．0—25．0mg／L．最低检出限为0．0001％(取样1．0g),相对标准偏差为2．0％-4.4％,回收率为96．6％-99．2％。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于化妆品中6-甲基香豆素的测定。     

化妆品中的氢醌、苯酚确认方法

目的：建立二极管阵列检测器高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中氢醌、苯酚的确认方法。方法：用甲醇溶解、超声波提取样品后，在适当的色谱条件下，用紫外吸收谱图和保留时间定性测定。结果：回收率为：氢醌107％；苯酚114％。检出限：氢醌12．7μg／g；苯酚11．5μg/g。结论：方法分离效果好、简便快速、灵敏度高、定性准确，适合于各类化妆品中氢醌、苯酚测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中姜黄素的含量

目的：建立保健食品中姜黄素的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法：采用ODS色谱柱，流动相为甲醇：5％醋酸=65：35，流速为1．0ml／min，检测波长为254nm，外标法测定姜黄素含量。结果：该方法姜黄素在10．0-100μg／ml浓度范围内线性关系良好，相关系数0．9999；相对标准偏差1．4％；回收率为93．3％-98．4％，最低检出限为0．02μg。结论：本方法操作简便，是保健食品中姜黄素准确而快捷的测定方法。     

液质联用快速测定饲料中的莱克多巴胺和克伦特罗

目的：建立高效液相色谱电喷雾质谱测定饲料中莱克多巴胺和克伦特罗的方法。方法：采用丙酮提取样品，选用ZOBAX SB C18色谱柱，流动相0．02mol／L醋酸胺：乙腈(80：20)，通过质谱对样品确证。结果：方法对莱克多巴胺和克伦特罗的平均回收率分别为76．4％和78．5％，方法的最低检出限分别为15．3μg／kg和30．7μg/kg。结论：本法操作简便，结果准确，可用于测定饲料中莱克多巴胺和克伦特罗的含量。     

《化妆品卫生规范》中紫外线吸收剂检测方法的改进

[目的]为了对《化妆品卫生规范》中所提供的紫外线吸收剂的高效液相色谱检测方法进行完善，以便对化妆品市场进行有效的监督管理。[方法]采用反相高效液相色谱法。[结果]实验证明，通过对标准液配制及样品前处理方法的修改，方法准确度和回收率提高近一倍；同时通过改变测试条件，可以有效的排除4－甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯（Eusolex1000)在测定时对3－（4－甲基亚苄基）－d-1-樟脑（Eusolex 6300)产生的干扰，该方法准确性好，相对标准偏差RSD＜5％，样品加标回收率范围为89．5％－104．0％，测定结果令人满意。[结论]修改后的方法是对目前《化妆品卫生规范》中紫外线吸收剂检测方法的必要补充。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测蛋类食品中的苏丹红四号

目的：应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定蛋类食品及蛋制品中的苏丹红四号。方法：用固相萃取法对样品提取液进行净化处理，利用液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析苏丹红四号。结果：该方法相对标准偏差在1．21％-2．56％之间，回收率在88．0％-96．3％之间，线性相关系数r〉0．9993。结论：本方法准确可靠，可应用于蛋类食品及蛋制品中苏丹红四号的测定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.