陕西宝鸡市男男性行为人群规模估计及哨点监测结果

目的估计宝鸡市男男性行为人群规模,分析该人群艾滋病病毒感染现状、性行为及防治知识,为制订有防治策略提供科学依据。方法以发放免费艾滋病快速检测试剂为载体,采用捕获—再捕获法对宝鸡市男性同性人群规模进行估计;按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》开展对男男性行为人群问卷调查。结果宝鸡市男男性行为(简称MSM)人群规模估计为926人,占该市相应年龄段人口的百分比为0.06%,MSM人群HIV感染率为3.14%。最近一次安全套使用率为95.00%(380/400),艾滋病知识知晓率为92.00%。结论艾滋病快速检测试剂在男男性行为人群干预中有一定的意义,可提高MSM人群艾滋病自我检测的意识,宝鸡市有一定规模的MSM人群,其艾滋病防治知识知晓率较高,HIV感染率低于全国水平,但HIV感染的风险依然存在,需采取多种综合防控措施,防止艾滋病在MSM人群中的传播。     

2020年河南省艾滋病自愿咨询检测门诊男男性行为就诊者HIV感染情况

目的 掌握河南省艾滋病自愿咨询检测门诊就诊男男性行为者人群特征及HIV与梅毒感染状况,为男男性行为(men who sex with men,MSM)人群艾滋病防治策略制定提供科学依据.方法 应用艾滋病防治工作信息系统检测咨询数据,分析MSM人群社会人口学特征以及HIV和梅毒感染状况,应用非条件Logistic回归分析...     

北京市朝阳区男男性行为者艾滋病相关知识和性行为及血清学调查

目的了解北京市朝阳区男男性行为者(MSM)中艾滋病相关知识、性行为和HIV感染情况,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法以男男性行为者作为种子,采用滚雪球的方法招募研究对象,通过问卷对男男性行为者进行性行为调查。用ELISA方法对研究对象进行HIV、梅毒的血清学检测。结果 1 008名MSM人群年龄轻、学历高、未婚者居多。对艾滋病防治知识知晓率为87.8%,不同职业、不同文化程度的调查对象艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中56.2%的调查对象同时有男女性伴,女性临时性伴中一夜情和/或网友/客人的占72.2%,且安全套从不使用率高达28.8%。1 008人中HIV感染率5.8%,梅毒感染率16.5%。结论 MSM人群对艾滋病/性病存在明显的知识、行为分离情况,性行为的安全套使用率低,对大专以上文化程度的MSM人群宣传干预是今后艾滋病防控重点。     

男男性行为者HIV自检意愿及影响因素的网络调查结果分析

目的了解男男性行为者(MSM)性行为、HIV自检意愿及影响因素、HIV自检试剂使用情况。方法2016年5月至2017年2月通过QQ群、微信群、Blued等发布调查信息,采用QQ直接调查及问卷星自填问卷的方式调查MSM的性行为、HIV自检意愿。结果 385名MSM中,4.94%(19/385)的调查对象报告感染HIV;334名MSM愿意使用HIV自检试剂检测,自检试剂使用受文化程度(χ~2=7.98,P=0.046)、与女性性伴数量(χ~2=41.63,P=0.000)、与Money Boy(MB)性伴数量(χ~2=7.33,P=0.03)等因素影响。47.01%(181/385)从未进行过HIV检测;11.16%的MSM最近3个月和同性性伴发生肛交时从不使用安全套,18.18%(70/385)的MSM最近3个月与女性发生过性行为,其中48.57%未使用安全套。结论积极推广HIV快速自检、加强医院VCT门诊服务建设,以满足MSM对HIV检测服务的需求,同时加大艾滋病防治知识健康教育宣传力度,提高知晓率及检测知识,从而扩大MSM人群HIV检测的覆盖面。     

佛山市男男性接触者HIV感染状况和高危行为调查

目的了解佛山市男男性接触者（MSM）HIV感染状况、艾滋病知识知晓情况及高危性行为特征,为制定目标人群艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法采用现场调查和自愿咨询检测相结合的方法,于2008—2009年在佛山市MSM人群的大型聚会（120人以上）对MSM人群进行问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口学、艾滋病知识和高危性行为特征,同时抽血检测HIV抗体,对不愿在现场接受调查和抽血的MSM指导其自愿到VCT门诊进行问卷调查和抽血检测。结果共收集有效问卷532份,抽血检测389人。HIV感染率为4.63%（18/389）。艾滋病知识知晓率为85.9%（457/532）。平均同性性伴侣数10.57人,中位数9人。与同性发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例为40.8%（217/532）。42.1%（224/532）的被调查者与女性有过性接触,与异性发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例为37.1%（83/224）。11.8%（63/532）的MSM有过商业性性行为,发生商业性性行为时仅有49.2%的人每次都使用安全套。结论佛山市MSM人群普遍存在艾滋病高危性行为,正在成为艾滋病流行的桥梁人群和高危人群,应积极探索和采取有效的干预措施,遏制艾滋病的在此人群中的传播和向一般人群扩散。     

聊城市男男性行为大中学生艾滋病知识态度行为及HIV感染状况

目的了解聊城市青年学生男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病知识态度行为及HIV感染状况,为制定该人群艾滋病防治策略及效果评价提供科学依据。方法采用分类滚雪球抽样方法、男男性行为人群活动场所和网络招募法选择106名大中专学生作为调查对象,自行设计问卷进行艾滋病知识态度行为的面对面匿名调查及HIV抗体检测。结果艾滋病知识知晓率为84.66%;首次性行为平均年龄为(17.91±1.60)岁,首次同性性行为平均年龄为(18.21±1.70)岁;73.58%的调查对象最近6个月发生过同性性行为,最近6个月性伴数有2个以上的占73.00%;最近6个月发生同性性行为时坚持使用安全套的比例为15.38%,最近1次同性性行为时使用了安全套的比例为28.21%;互联网、酒吧/会所、足疗、公园/公厕是寻找同性伙伴的主要场所。检测出1人HIV抗体阳性。结论大中学生MSM人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率高、多性伴且不稳定、安全套使用率低,存在知识与行为明显分离现象。     

西藏主要城市男男性行为人群HIV感染及高危行为状况调查

目的了解西藏地区主要城市男男性行为（MSM）人群HIV感染状况及性行为特征,为制订当地艾滋病预防控制措施提供理论依据。方法按照中国疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病预防控制中心制定的《男男性行为人群艾滋病综合防治试点现场工作手册》的要求,组织专业人员培训,现场问卷调查、采血,结果录入Epidata数据库统计分析。结果在西藏拉萨市、日喀则市调查MSM人群20人,HIV抗体检测阳性1人,阳性率为5%;性行为以男女双性恋为主,占80%;初次发生插入性性行为最小年龄为17岁（与女性）和18岁（与男性）。结论在西藏主要城市调查到的MSM人群中,HIV抗体阳性率较高,虽然艾滋病预防知识知晓率较高,但是无保护性行为仍较为常见,多性伴和双性性行为发生比例较高,并且对自身HIV感染状况的了解也不够重视,是今后艾滋病预防控制工作的重点人群。     

湖州市男男性行为人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解湖州市男男性行为(MSM)的艾滋病相关知识知晓程度及高危行为发生情况,为落实艾滋病防治措施提供依据。方法通过艾滋病自愿咨询检测或QQ群等招募最近12个月有同性性行为的15~65岁男性,调查艾滋病防治相关知信行水平并检测HIV、梅毒和丙肝(HCV)。结果共调查MSM 400人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为73.50%。调查对象最近6个月与同性发生过肛交行为的占75.50%;坚持使用安全套的占40.40%;接受过HIV抗体检测并知晓检测结果的占52.75%。调查对象HIV抗体阳性率为2.50%(95%CI:0.96%~4.03%),梅毒阳性率为1.50%(95%CI:0.30%~2.69%),未检出HCV抗体阳性者。结论湖州市MSM人群存在明显的艾滋病防治知行分离现象,安全套使用率较低,感染艾滋病/性病的风险较高。     

734例男男性行为者行为特征调查

目的通过对南京市男男性行为(MSM)人群艾滋病调查资料分析,了解MSM人群艾滋病流行动态,为今后在该人群中开展行为干预及卫生行政部门制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法采取整群抽样方法收集资料;采用SPSS17.0软件对MSM人群监测资料进行统计分析。结果 734例调查问卷显示,74.11%的调查对象最近6个月与同性发生肛交性行为,49.91%的调查对象最近6个月与同性发生性行为时每次使用安全套,75.14%的调查对象最近一次与同性发生性行为时使用安全套,MSM人群HIV感染率为12.80%,梅毒感染率为21.80%。结论如何才能使MSM者进行安全性行为,将成为今后控制MSM人群艾滋病流行的重点。     

2010年太原市男男性行为人群艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV感染情况调查

[目的]了解太原市男男性行为（MSM）人群中艾滋病高危行为特征、艾滋病防治知识知晓情况及艾滋病/性病感染状况。[方法]2010年4～8月,对在太原市MSM人群聚集的活动场所对MSM进行问卷调查,同时检测艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体、梅毒抗体和丙型肝炎抗体。[结果]调查MSM 272人,平均年龄25.72岁,高中以上文化占84.93%;15～25岁占59.93%;未婚占84.93%。总的艾滋病知识知晓率为43.75%。272人中,最近6个月有79.78%的人与男性发生过肛交性行为,性行为时每次使用安全套的占44.24%,其中13.82%与同性发生过商业性行为,性行为时每次使用安全套的占73.33%;有27.57%的MSM与女性发生过性行为,性行为时每次都使用安全套的占40.00%。检测272人,HIV抗体阳性23例,阳性率8.46%;梅毒阳性37例,阳性率13.60%;丙型肝炎阳性1例,阳性率0.37%。[结论]太原市MSM人群艾滋病/性病感染率较高,高危行为较普遍。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.