肝癌动脉化疗栓塞效果的病理评价

目的研究肝细胞癌经动脉化疗栓塞治疗后癌肿的变化，探索提高疗效的方法。方法对动脉化疗栓塞治疗后行手术的３９例肝癌和１１例对照标本进行坏死程度与包膜、治疗次数、病理类型、分化、血管损伤及淋巴细胞浸润诸因素相关性的分析。结果完全坏死者６例，３０％＿９５％坏死者１４例，仅５％坏死及无坏死者１９例，１１例ＤＳＡ无坏死。癌肿坏死程度与肿癌分化、治疗次数、淋巴细胞浸润无关，而与病理类型、包膜、血管损伤有关。结论肝癌动脉化疗栓塞是中晚期肝癌目前唯一可取的治疗方法。对于有包膜的肝细胞癌，只要治疗能达到癌肿部位，即使一次治疗，也可收到明显的效果。对于如何使每例都达到彻底的癌肿坏死是值得进一步探讨的。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌的疗效及影响因素

目的观察肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗对原发性肝癌的疗效及影响因素．方法单纯化疗（Ａ组）；化疗加碘油栓塞（Ｂ组）；化疗加碘油加明胶海绵栓塞（Ｃ组）．结果５年内肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗中、晚期肝癌４２８例，３８６例经２个月～５０个月随访．肿瘤缩小率：Ａ组１４％，Ｂ组５５％，Ｃ组７９％（三组间Ｐ＜００１）．肿瘤基本消失：Ｃ组５％，Ａ，Ｂ两组无１例消失．生存时间：１年生存率Ａ组０％，Ｂ组１０％，Ｃ组４５％，其中１２例患者获Ⅱ期手术切除，切除标本病理检查见肿瘤区癌细胞全部或部分凝固坏死，瘤旁癌细胞稀疏．结论影响疗效因素与肿瘤的病理类型及血供情况，门静脉主干瘘和癌栓、肝动脉插管治疗方式有关．     

肝细胞癌术后复发的临床病理

目的探讨影响人肝细胞癌术后复发和预后的临床病理危险因素．方法应用单因素或多因素显著性检验及Ｗｉｌｃｏｘｏｎｃｏｘ回归检验，对１５６例治疗性切除人肝细胞癌病例进行回顾性临床病理学（包括性别、瘤数、瘤大小、肝包膜浸润及门静脉累及等）分析．结果肝细胞癌１５６例中，首发癌７３例，复发癌８３例，术后复发率５３２％，其中亚临床可再切除复发肝癌６５例，再切除率为７８３％（６５／８３）．全组病例１、２、３、４、５年术后生存率分别为６８４％，５７３％，４６７％，３１５％和２８６％．肝癌术后复发相关的临床病理因素主要是：男性，多个，瘤体大（直径＞５ｃｍ），包膜浸润和门静脉累及等，术后复发率高，无瘤活存时间短（Ｐ＜００５）．结论肝细胞癌术后复发的危险因素为男性，多个（＞２个），体积大（直径＞５ｃｍ），包膜癌浸润和肝门血管癌栓形成等．肝细胞癌术后复发主要为单中心性，肝右前叶为术后复发多发肝段．     

原发性肝癌患者肝动脉化疗栓塞后的临床与病理观察

地行肝动脉化疗栓塞（ＴＡＣＥ）治疗并手术切除癌瘤的７２例癌患者进行临床与病理分析。结果：（１）ＴＡＣＥ可使肝癌患者腹痛消失，腹胀缓解，体重增加，无严重并发症。（２）ＴＡＣＥ可使９６．２％的ＡＦＰ阳性肝癌患者ＡＦＰ降低，转阴才占２８．３％。（３）ＴＡＣＥ后Ｂ超示肿瘤均缩小。（４）ＴＡＣＥ能促进肝癌坏死和包膜形成。提示ＴＡＣＥ治疗肝癌疗疗较好。     

介入治疗原发性肝癌96例

目的观察介入治疗原发性肝癌的临床效果．方法肝癌患者96例，男66例，女30例，年龄28岁～70岁，平均年龄48．2岁．肝癌体积占肝脏55％以下，门脉无癌肿侵犯者．应用同轴导管系统，超导选择技术，介入治疗，药物选择：丝裂霉素20mg，表阿霉素50mg，5－FU500mg，配成40％的碘油冲注后，再进行栓塞术，对发现AFP回升肿瘤增大，栓塞动脉再通者再进行化疗栓塞，治疗问隔2mo～6mo不等，通过临床表现，影像学资料、生升指标进行临床评价．结果96例患者中，30例经一次治疗后病情稳定，20例患者进行第二次化疗栓塞，10例进行三次化疗栓塞，临床症状改善占70％，病灶缩小车55％，甲胎球下降率65％，术中1例瘤体破裂死亡，发热反应占30％，恶心、呕吐占35％，肝功能异常者占20％，1a存活率占70％，2a占15％，5a存活率1．2％．结论介入治疗原发性肝癌对不能手术切除患者提供了一种新的治疗手段，提高了肝癌患者的生存率．     

选择性盆腔动脉插管栓塞化疗治疗晚期妇科恶性肿瘤

采用改良的Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ插管技术对６６例经病理证实的晚期妇科恶性肿瘤患者进行选择性盆腔动脉插管栓塞化疗。其中９例为手术前患者，因盆腔肿瘤粘连严重先行插管治疗，术中证实癌块明显缩小，盆腔粘连软化，且癌肿表面覆有０．１￣０．７ｃｍ厚灰白色坏死组织；８例为术后复发患者，经插管化疗后，复发癌块直径多缩小一半以上，症状明显减轻，余４９例为已手术者，辅以插管楷疗巩固疗效。化疗反应轻，无明显毒副作用。     

胆道癌肿的DSA诊断和介入性治疗

目的研究数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）对胆道癌肿的诊断及其介入性治疗的临床意义．方法胆道癌肿５７例，男４５例，女１２例．年龄３５岁～６８岁，平均５５１岁．均施行ＤＳＡ诊断，并对其中５２例施行经肝动脉灌注化疗（应用ＭＭＣ、ＥＡＤＭ与５ＦＵ）加栓塞（应用４０％碘化油与明胶海绵）治疗．结果ＤＳＡ诊断均经手术及病理证实，诊断符合率为８４２％，治疗有效率为７５０％．结论ＤＳＡ对胆道癌肿有特殊的诊断价值，对病程了解、预后估计与治疗方案的选择有很大帮助，并可提高化疗疗效．     

胃动脉插管化疗栓塞联合腹腔化疗治疗进展期胃癌

目的不少胃癌患者就诊时已属晚期或因有手术禁忌不宜手术治疗，为进一步探讨该类患者的合理治疗方法，探讨晚期进展期胃癌动脉化疗栓塞并腹腔化疗双途径给药的可行性及临床疗效，对1990／1996住院的98例胃癌患者进行了临床观察．方法98例胃癌患者依性别、年龄、病理类型、临床分期随机分为三组，A组行胃动脉化疗栓塞合并腹腔化疗；B组行腹腔化疗；C组行静脉化疗其中胃动脉栓塞组行内镜随访胃粘膜变化．结果A，B，C三组有效率分别为71．88％，38．7％，14．3％．中位生存期分别为回6，10，8mo．A组与B，C组有明显差异（P＜0．01）．不良反应以胃肠道毒性、骨髓抑制为主内镜检查发现A组术后2wk内胃粘膜有损伤，2wk后开始修复，4wk后可恢复正常．结论胃动脉化疗栓塞并腹腔化疗双途径给药是治疗晚期进展期胃癌的有效方法．     

胃癌术前介入治疗后血管变化与癌组织坏死的关系

目的探讨胃癌术前选择性动脉插管化疗的作用机制．方法观察４０例胃癌患者术前经腹腔动脉或胃左动脉插管化疗后癌组织的血管形态和组织病理学变化，并与４０例未化疗者进行对比．化疗方案为５ＦＵ５００ｍｇ／ｍ２～７５０ｍｇ／ｍ２，ｅｐｉｒｕｂｉｃｉｎ４０ｍｇ／ｍ２和ＭＭＣ１０ｍｇ／ｍ２．结果治疗组８７５％（３５／４０）出现不同程度的坏死，以中－重度为主，（６０％），对照组４２５％（１７／４０）表现出轻度坏死．治疗组变性坏死８２５％（３３／４０）发生在血管周围，对照组肿瘤坏死发生在远离血管的肿瘤浅表层；介入治疗引起的坏死与肿瘤自然坏死的区别是，坏死多沿血管轴发生，在肿瘤实质部分出现大片多灶性凝固性坏死，有的呈梗死表现．术前介入治疗对血管的影响主要表现在血管壁的炎性水肿（９５％），血管内膜增厚（９０％），血栓形成（７７５％）．结论介入治疗可以通过高浓度的化疗药物产生小血管和间质炎症，使管腔狭窄或形成血栓，影响肿瘤血供，产生病理性坏死，达到一定的治疗作用．     

肝动脉门静脉分期化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌50例疗效分析

肝动脉门静脉分期化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌５０例疗效分析潘承恩，王居，宋蔚青，刘青光现代肝脏外科的发展和进步，并未能真正改变已不能切除肝细胞癌病人的恶劣预后。肝动脉栓塞使其中部分病人癌块缩小，症状缓解生存期延长，但在手术切除的标本上，虽然主要肝癌结节全部...     

Evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization prior to percutaneous tumor ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) may reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence when performed before percutaneous tumor ablation (PTA), either percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). We conducted a randomized, controlled trial comparing the use of TAE combined with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (TAE/PEIT) to the use of PEIT only to assess the effects on HCC recurrence and survival. We continued the study after the introduction of RFA and compared TAE combined with RFA (TAE/RFA) with RFA only. METHODS: Between March 1997 and April 2001, 42 HCC patients were enrolled who satisfied the following inclusion criteria: (1) uninodular HCC as determined by angiography under computed tomography, (2) arterial hypervascularity, and (3) no prior history of HCC treatment. Twenty-two patients were treated with TAE/PTA (PEIT, 12; RFA, 10) and 20 patients with PTA only (PEIT, 14; RFA, 6). RESULTS: There were four cases of local recurrence in the PTA-only group and none in the TAE/PTA group (P=0.043). The four patients with local recurrence were treated with PEIT. None of the patients treated with RFA showed local recurrence. The effect of TAE on overall recurrence was not significant (P=0.4179). In the multivariate analysis, prior TAE was not significant for survival (P=0.514). CONCLUSIONS: TAE has a limited use in suppressing local recurrence when performed before PEIT but not before RFA.     

Hemobilia immediately after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using drug‐eluting beads for hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic bile duct invasion

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used as a palliative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Recently, a novel drug delivery–embolic agent, the drug‐eluting bead (DEB), was introduced for TACE. There are a few reports of tumor hemorrhage after TACE using DEB (DEB‐TACE) for HCC. However, there have not been any reports of hemobilia immediately after DEB‐TACE for HCC with intrahepatic bile duct invasion. Here, the first such case is reported. A 71‐year‐old woman was admitted to our hospital to undergo DEB‐TACE for multiple HCCs with worsening left intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. She was diagnosed with HCC that extensively invaded the left hepatic duct. After DEB‐TACE through the left hepatic artery, a hepatic arteriogram showed extra flow of the contrast agent to the left hepatic and common bile ducts. Therefore, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of the responsible vessel was carried out using coils, and no extra flow of the contrast agent was identified. The patient was discharged 14 days after TAE without deterioration of liver function. Although hemobilia immediately after DEB‐TACE is rare, there may be increased potential for hemobilia when DEB‐TACE is carried out for HCC with extensive bile duct invasion. We suggest that DEB‐TACE may be contraindicated for such cases.     

Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial embolization: an unusual case

Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a complication of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is very rare. An unusual rupture of HCC after TAE was treated with successful surgical resection. A 65 year-old woman with liver cirrhosis developed multiple HCC in both lobes of the liver. TAE was attempted for the HCCs, but the original left hepatic artery, obliterated due to the previous repeated TAEs, was replaced by the left gastric artery. Right hepatic arteries were embolized while preserving the replaced left hepatic artery. Nine days after TAE, the patient presented a rupture of HCC in the left lateral segment of the liver, in which no deposit of Lipiodol was recognized. Since additional TAE to achieve hemostasis failed, left lateral segmentectomy was carried out with concern for the poor hepatic functional reserve. The patient was discharged 3 weeks after surgery without any complication. This is the first case of ruptured HCC in the non-embolized part of the liver after TAE, which was resected successfully.     

血清ALD和sE-Cad检测在TAE治疗原发性肝癌中的意义

为探讨血清1,6-二磷酸果糖醛缩酶（ALD）和可溶性上皮型钙粘蛋白（sE-Cad）检测对行经皮肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术（TAE）治疗原发性肝癌疗效的临床价值,对46例原发性肝癌行TAE术后监测各阶段患者血清ALD、sE-Cad及甲胎蛋白（AFP）的变化并进行比较,结果显示,ALD活性变化反映了肝癌组织的坏死程度,sE-Cad及AFP水平随治疗进行呈下降趋势,ALD活性及sE-Cad水平术前、术后比较均有显著性差异P＜0.05,血清ALD活性及sE-Cad水平检测均可用于TAE治疗原发性肝癌的疗效评价,特别是对AFP阴性的肝癌患者的疗效判断有较大的临床应用价值.     

肝癌LP-TAE术后结合中医治疗的临床观察

探讨肝癌经动脉注射碘油加抗癌药物混悬剂治疗术(LP-TAE)术后健脾理气药的应用价值。方法观察肝癌患者180例,随机分为两组,对照组单纯行LP-TAE,治疗组行LP-TAE结合中医治疗,观察近期疗效,肝功能、免疫指标及生存率的变化等。结果两组近期疗效无显著差异,而肝功能、免疫指标及生存率的变化差异有显著性意义。结论肝癌的LP-TAE术后结合中医治疗是一种有效的方法。     

Transcatheter arterial embolization or lipiodolization raises the production of tumor necrosis factor activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

To investigate the effect of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) or lipiodolization (Lip) on additional tumoricidal activities and the immune system, we studied the serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity before and after either TAE or Lip in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). No significant differences in the serum basal TNF activities were observed before TAE or Lip among either the normal controls, patients with cirrhosis (LC) or patients with HCC. The serum TNF activities increased in four of 15 patients with HCC after the treatment. On the other hand, the TNF production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in five patients with HCC increased from 9.0 ± 3.8 U/ml to 18.8 ± 8.7 U/ml (P < 0.05) after the treatment. It is well known that the anti-tumor effect of TAE or Lip is based mainly on ischemia and the effect of anti-cancer drugs. In the present study, the activation of TNF production by TAE or Lip was also suggested to cause an anti-tumor effect.     

Radiation therapy for portal venous invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To clarify the efficacy and safety of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3-D CRT) for this disease and to specify patient subgroups suitable for this treatment. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with HCC received PVI-targeted radiation therapy from January 1995 through December 2003. Portal venous invasion (PVI) was found in the second or lower order branches of the portal vein in 6 patients, in the first branch in 24 patients and in the main trunk in 22 patients. Child classifications of liver function before radiation therapy were A, B, and C for 19, 24 and 2 patients, respectively. All patients received three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with a total dose ranging from 39 to 60 Gy (57.0 Gy in average). RESULTS: Overall survival rates at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 45.1%, 25.3%, 15.2%, 10.1%, and 5.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that Child status, the number of tumor foci, tumor type, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) after radiation therapy were statistically significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of tumor foci and TAE after radiation therapy were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study strongly suggest the efficacy of 3-D CRT as treatment for PVI in HCC. 3-D CRT is recommended in combination with post-radiation TAE for PVI of HCC with 5 tumor foci or less in the liver and with Child A liver function.     

Postmortem Survey of Bile Duct Necrosis and Biloma in Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Therapy: Relevance to Microvascular Damages of Peribiliary Capillary Plexus

The present study was aimed at determining the incidence of bile duct necrosis and biloma in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transcatheter arterial embolization therapy (TAE) or hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAI), and also clarifying the relationship between these duct injuries and the peribiliary capillary plexus (PBP). These bile duct injuries were found in seven (12.5%) of the 56 consecutive autopsy livers with HCC and a history of TAE or HAI, whereas they were not in the 48 consecutive autopsy livers with HCC but without such a history ( p < 0.02). There was a close relation between the areas of TAE and bile duct injuries. These complications were restricted to the intrahepatic large or septal bile ducts. The inner layer vessels of PBP were considerably reduced in the HCC cases with a history of TAE or HAI, irrespective of these bile duct injuries. We concluded that bile duct necrosis or biloma was not uncommon in cirrhotic livers with HCC after TAE or HAI, and that TAE or HAI might cause the reduction of the inner layer vessels of PBP which may be necessary but was insufficient for the induction of bile duct necrosis or biloma.     

Alpha-fetoprotein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial embolization

To assess the usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in monitoring treatment effects of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, a total of 31 sets of AFP levels after TAE in 21 HCC patients were analysed by linear regression between logarithmic AFP levels and days. Eleven sets of AFP data with poor linear declination were accompanied with poor TAE results except in one patient who had chronic hepatitis with acute exacerbations. Twenty sets of data with good linear declination in the first month after TAE indicated good TAE results. Seven of them showed no evidence of tumour recurrence nor elevated AFP levels within a follow-up of 6 months. The mean, standard deviation and range of half-lives of AFP in the non-recurrent group were 5.0, 1.6 and 2.9-7.2 days, respectively. The others experienced late tumour recurrence that was detected by rebound of AFP levels except one who had another non-AFP-secreting HCC. Thus, the results might be used as a reference in monitoring the treatment effects of TAE and the timing selection of repeated TAE.