邻苯二甲酸二丁酯暴露对青春期雌性大鼠卵巢P450scc基因表达的影响

目的:探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对青春期雌性大鼠的生殖毒性作用及作用机制.方法:21d龄SPF级雌性SD大鼠,随机分为DBP250 mg/kg、500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg3个染毒组和溶剂对照组(玉米油),连续8周灌胃染毒.染毒结束后,在动情前期对大鼠实施处死,取动脉血,利用放射免疫荧光法检测血清中孕酮(P)水平;取卵巢组织提取mRNA,实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测大鼠卵巢组织细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)mRNA表达水平.结果:各处理组间大鼠血清P水平有统计学差异(F=4.306,P=0.014),与对照组比较,DBP 1 000 mg/kg剂量组大鼠血清P水平降低(P＜0.05),与对照组比较,250mg/kg及500mg/kg剂量大鼠血清P水平无统计学差异.各处理组间大鼠卵巢P450scc mRNA表达水平有统计学差异(H=15.591,P＜0.01),与对照组比较,DBP 250 mg/kg、500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg剂量组大鼠卵巢P450scc mRNA表达水平降低(P＜0.01),各剂量组间卵巢P450scc mRNA表达水平比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:DBP可使青春期雌性大鼠卵巢P450scc表达降低,提示DBP对雌性大鼠产生生殖毒性.     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯联合染毒对青春期大鼠精子生成的影响

目的:探讨邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)联合染毒对青春期大鼠精子生成的影响。方法:6周龄SD大鼠(56只)随机分为染毒[375、750和1 500 mg/(kg.d)]组[予等质量DEHP和DBP混合物(溶解于玉米油中)灌胃]和对照组(予等量玉米油),每组14只。两组2、4周末断头各处死7只,并观察生精功能和附睾组织学改变。结果:染毒2周,750、1 500 mg/(kg.d)组睾丸内精子头数目、每日精子生成量和附睾精子总数及精子畸形率与对照组比有统计学意义(P<0.05);染毒4周,1 500 mg/(kg.d)组睾丸内精子头数目、每日精子生成量和附睾精子总数及精子畸形率与对照组比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。染毒2、4周,染毒组附睾管厚度与对照组比有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:DEHP和DBP联合染毒对青春期大鼠有明显的生殖毒性作用,可严重影响精子生成数量和质量,且对附睾有一定的毒害作用。     

三氯乙烯致大鼠肾脏氧化损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene,TCE)对大鼠肾脏组织的脂质过氧化损伤效应及一氧化氮(NO)表达的影响。方法:32只大鼠随机分为对照组和500、1 000、2 000 mg/kg TCE三个染毒组,每组8只,每天1次,连续7 d皮下注射染毒,染毒结束后计算肾脏脏器系数,制备肾组织匀浆,测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、NO的含量。结果:染毒第4天大鼠体重增加量,500 mg/kg组均高于1 000 mg/kg组和2 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05和P<0.01);各组肾脏及脏器系数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,肾组织匀浆中SOD活力500、1 000、2 000 mg/kg TCE染毒组均低于对照组(P<0.01和P<0.05);TCE 3个染毒组中MDA含量均高于对照组(P<0.05～P<0.01);500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg TCE染毒组NO水平均高于对照组(P<0.05～P<0.01)。结论:三氯乙烯对肾脏有一定的损伤作用,使肾脂质过氧化作用增强。     

维生素C对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯雄性大鼠生殖毒性的保护作用

目的 观察邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(di-butylphthalate，DBP)所致雄性生殖毒性效应，并探讨维生素C(vitamin C，Vit C)对DBP所致SD雄性大鼠生殖功能受损的干预调节作用。 方法 将60只SD雄性大鼠随机分组，分别为正常对照组，DBP低、中、高剂量组(DBP 100、500、1 000 mg/kg体重)，VitC对照组(30 mg/kg体重)与VitC与DBP高剂量联合干预组。灌胃干预21 d，检测大鼠脏器重量及血液生化各项指标，大鼠精子活力、浓度、畸形率，以及检测血清睾酮(T)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平。 结果 与正常对照组相比，DBP高剂量组大鼠睾丸减轻，睾丸脏体比下降，部分血生化指标异常，精子活力下降、畸形率升高，血清T、LH、FSH水平显著下降，差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)；与DBP高剂量组相比，VitC干预组大鼠睾丸组织损伤有不同程度的恢复，精子活力、畸形率，以及血清T、LH、FSH水平差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01)。 结论 DBP可致大鼠睾丸萎缩，精子活力下降，精子畸形率增高；DBP可致血清T、LH、FSH水平降低。VitC可提高血清LDH水平和T、LH、FSH水平，改善DBP所致大鼠精子活力下降，降低精子畸形率，为进一步开展DBP生殖毒性的预防干预提供理论依据。      

氯化钠的大鼠亚慢性毒性观察

目的 探索氯化钠的大鼠亚慢性经口毒性.方法 将80只SPF级SD大鼠按体质量随机分为对照组,氯化钠低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组20只,雌雄各半.低、中、高剂量组染毒剂量分别为100 mg/kg、500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg,采取灌胃方式染毒,连续染毒90d,对照组给予纯水.试验期间观察大鼠临床表现,记录大鼠体质量和摄食量,染毒结束后将大鼠麻醉,经腹主动脉采血分别用于检测血液生化、血常规和电解质.解剖主要脏器称量脏器重量计算脏器系数并进行组织病理学检查.结果 试验结束后各组大鼠的体质量、血常规指标、食物利用率和脏器系数均无明显变化(P＞0.05);血生化结果显示,对照组与低剂量组各项生化指标均无明显变化(P＞0.05),中、高剂量组大鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平低于对照组(P＜0.05),总胆红素(TBIL)和钙含量升高(P＜0.05).组织病理学结果显示,中、高剂量组大鼠出现肝脏局灶性炎细胞侵润、海绵状变性和淤血,雄性大鼠出现肾小管钙化、胸腺及淋巴结出血,对照组和低剂量组大鼠未见明显病理损伤.结论 氯化钠亚慢性经口染毒可能引起雄性大鼠的血液循环障碍和肾脏钙盐沉积.     

伊维菌素原药对大鼠的亚急性吸入毒性研究

目的研究伊维菌素原药对大鼠亚急性吸入毒性,求出最大无作用剂量。方法采用SPF级Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,共72只,随机分成6组,每组12只,雌雄各半。设190、380、750 mg/m3等3个剂量组和1个溶剂对照组(0.03%吐温-80溶液),另设1个空白对照和1个附加组(750 mg/m3)。采用动式(口鼻式)吸入染毒,每天染毒1次,持续4 h,每周染毒5 d,直至28 d,附加组动物停止染毒后继续观察14 d。试验结束后,分别对动物作血液常规、生化、体重及脏器系数等测定,并进行组织病理学检查。结果 750 mg/m3剂量组雌雄大鼠在染毒后期出现被毛蓬松、呆滞、流涎、震颤等中毒反应。750 mg/m3剂量组雌鼠食物利用率下降,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平升高(P0.01),肝脏器系数(脏体比)升高(P0.05),且病理组织学检查发现部分大鼠肝细胞混浊肿胀现象;750 mg/m3剂量组雄鼠染毒第4周的体重下降,血清尿素氮(BUN)和ALT水平升高(P0.01),总胆固醇(CHOL)水平下降(P0.05)。结论伊维菌素原药对大鼠亚急性吸入毒性试验的最大无作用剂量雌、雄性均为380 mg/m3(4 h/d)。     

孕期染毒PFOS对雄性胎鼠生殖系统的影响

目的评价孕鼠染毒全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对胚鼠生殖系统的影响。方法取孕鼠16只随机分为4组:0.05%TW-20(对照组)、5 mg/(kg.d)低剂量灌胃组、10 mg/(kg.d)中剂量灌胃组、20 mg/(kg.d)高剂量灌胃组,各4只。SD大鼠从怀孕第11天开始灌胃给予PFOS,第19天结束灌胃,第20天处死孕鼠取组织。观察测量平均妊娠胎鼠数、胎鼠雌雄比例和雄性胎鼠体质量、睾丸重量,采用real-time聚合酶链反应法测定睾丸Cyp17α1的相对表达量。结果四组孕鼠平均妊娠胎鼠数、雄性胎鼠体质量、睾丸重量比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与正常对照组比较,各给药组睾丸内Cyp17α1 mRNA表达明显下降(P<0.01)。结论孕期染毒PFOS对胚胎发育和雄性生殖系统有毒性作用,不同剂量具有不同的效应。     

DBP对雄性小鼠睾丸标志酶活性的影响

目的观察邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）对雄性小鼠睾丸标志酶活性的影响。方法选择健康成年雄性昆明种小鼠130只,随机分为13组,每组10只。分别对小鼠进行相同作用时间、不同剂量及相同剂量、不同作用时间的DBP腹腔注射染毒。相同作用时间、不同剂量染毒组5组,即0（对照组）、250、500、1000和2000mg/（kg.bw）,1次/d,连续染毒3d。相同剂量[4000mg/（kg.bw）]、不同作用时间染毒组共8组,即0（对照组）、0.5、4、12、24、36、48和72h。测量小鼠脏器湿重、睾丸细胞乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G-6-PD）。结果DBP可引起小鼠睾丸组织匀浆中LDH、G-6-PD活性升高;DBP一次进入体内所引起的睾丸标志酶活性变化可在72h恢复正常水平。结论DBP对雄性小鼠具有一定的生殖毒性。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和二(2-乙基已基)酯对大鼠尿液中超氧化物歧化酶酶活力和丙二醛含量的影响

目的探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)一次性单独及一次性联合染毒对雄性SD大鼠尿液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量影响。方法选取60只体质量200 g左右SD雄性大鼠,测量其体质量并随机分为10组,分别是阴性对照组(芝麻油)、DBP单独染毒组(低剂量:30 mg/kg;中剂量:100 mg/kg;高剂量:300 mg/kg)、DEHP单独染毒组(低剂量:50 mg/kg;中剂量:150 mg/kg;高剂量:450 mg/kg)以及DBP和DEHP联合染毒组(低剂量:DBP 30mg/kg+DEHP 50 mg/kg;中剂量:DBP 1 00 mg/kg+DEHP 1 50 mg/kg;高剂量:DBP 300 mg/kg+DEHP 450 mg/kg),每组6只。采用灌胃的方式进行一次性染毒,灌胃量为2 ml。染毒后收集24、48、72、96 h尿液,并测定其尿液中SOD酶活性和MDA含量。结果 DBP、DEHP单独和联合染毒均能在不同程度上降低大鼠24 h尿液中SOD酶活力,增加24 h尿液中MDA含量,但对大鼠48、62、96 h尿液中SOD酶活力和MDA含量的影响则无显著性差异;各组大鼠随着饲养天数的增加尿液中SOD酶活力有所回升,MDA含量有所下降。结论 DBP、DEHP单独和联合染毒均能在短期内对大鼠肾脏造成显著的氧化损伤,且联合染毒效应更高。     

无患子皂苷对自发性高血压大鼠的血压调节机制研究

目的 探讨无患子皂苷对自发性高血压大鼠的血压调节机制.方法 40只自发性高血压大鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组、无患子皂苷低剂量组、无患子皂苷中剂量组、无患子皂苷高剂量组,每组8只.8只健康SD大鼠设为对照组.对照组、模型组大鼠每日灌胃生理盐水,10 mL/(kg·d),连续灌胃14 d.阳性对照组每日灌胃替米沙坦,20 mg/(kg·d),连续灌胃14 d.无患子皂苷低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组,分别每日灌胃无患子皂苷20 mg/(kg·d)、50 mg/(kg·d)、70 mg/(kg·d),连续灌胃14 d.各组大鼠分别于每日给药前、给药后1、2、3 h测定尾动脉收缩压.各组大鼠分别于末次给药后1 h,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、血栓素A2(thromboxane A2,TXA2)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平.结果 给药后,阳性对照组、无患子皂苷各组收缩压值均显著低于给药前和模型组(P<0.05).给药后,无患子皂苷各组的大鼠尾动脉收缩压值与阳性对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05).阳性对照组、无患子皂苷各组的血清NO水平显著高于模型组(P<0.05),血清ET-1、TXA2水平均显著低于模型组(P<0.05).无患子皂苷剂量越高,血清NO水平越高,血清ET-1、TXA2水平越低.结论 无患子皂苷对自发性高血压的降压作用明显,其作用机制可能与改善血管内皮功能、降低机体炎症水平有关.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.