超声内镜引导下胆汁引流治疗ERCP治疗失败的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者疗效初步研究

目的 探讨采用超声内镜引导下胆汁引流术(EUS-BD)和经皮肝胆管引流术(PTBD)再治疗经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗失败的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的有效性及安全性。方法 2013年1月～2018年12月我院收治的经ERCP治疗失败的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者75例,术前经B超、CT或MRCP等影像学检查证实存在恶性胆管梗阻,其中胰腺癌15例、壶腹部癌12例、胆管癌27例、胆囊癌9例、胃肠道恶性肿瘤侵犯11例和非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例。其中40例接受EUS-BD治疗,35例接受PTBD治疗。结果 在40例EUS-BD治疗患者中,采用超声内镜引导下对接技术完成治疗16例(40.0%),在超声内镜引导下顺行技术完成治疗24例(60.0%),其中37例(92.5%)操作成功,在35例PTBD治疗患者中,28例(80.0%)操作成功,EUS-BD治疗患者操作时间为治疗后,EUS-BD治疗患者血清总胆红素水平为(138.7±50.2)μmol/L,显著低于PTBD治疗患者的(162.4±60.2)μmol/L,而血清白蛋白水平为(34.8±3.7)g/L,显著高于PTBD治疗患者的(32.1±4.6)g/L,P<0.05];EUS-BD治疗患者术后并发症发生率为7.5%(3/40),其中胆道出血2例(5.0%),急性胆管炎1例(2.5%),PTBD治疗患者术后并发症发生率为22.9%(8/35,P<0.05),其中胆道出血3例(8.6%),肝包膜下出血1例(2.9%),胆汁性腹膜炎1例(2.9%),胆漏1例(2.9%),胆道感染2例(5.7%)。结论 在ERCP治疗失败的恶性胆道梗阻患者,可选择EUS-BD或PTBD进行补救治疗,或许可消退黄疸,暂时减轻病情。     

经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流治疗内镜难治性恶性胆道梗阻

目的探讨经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)对梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗的意义。方法23例梗阻性黄疸患者,男14例,女9例,年龄61～88岁,平均(72.6±10.9)岁,其中胆管癌10例(术后5例),胰头癌3例,胃癌术后7例,十二指肠乳头癌2例,肝癌1例,不宜行十二脂肠镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)或ERCP失败,经皮肝穿刺放置引流管或内支架。结果全部PTBD成功,其中外引流6例,内外引流13例(3例左右胆管双引流),金属内支架4例。引流术前血清总胆红素(321.6±132.1)μmol/L,引流术后1周血清总胆红素(88.6±10.1)μmol/L,较前明显下降(P<0.05),直接胆红素从(252.3±36.3)μmol/L降至(53.3±9.4)μmol/L(P<0.05)。结论PTBD对梗阻性黄疸是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

An autopsy case of granulocytic sarcoma of the porta hepatis causing obstructive jaundice

We describe an extremely rare case of granulocytic sarcoma of the porta hepatis causing obstructive jaundice. The patient was an 84-year-old man admitted because of obstructive jaundice. Ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the abdomen disclosed a mass about 2.5 cm in diameter near the neck of the gallbladder, and thickening of the gallbladder wall. Based on these findings, gallbladder carcinoma was suspected. After endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) was performed, the jaundice resolved. However, blast cells were detected in the peripheral blood 51 days after admission, and laboratory studies disclosed acute myelocytic leukemia (AML: French-American-British [FAB] type M0). We treated him conservatively, with antibiotics and ERBD but he died of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Autopsy showed that the suspected gallbladder carcinoma was actually a granulocytic sarcoma arising in association with AML and causing obstructive jaundice. The largest tumor involved the porta hepatis. It should be kept in mind that granuloctyic sarcoma is a possible cause of obstructive jaundice, even in patients with no evidence of AML. (Received July 7, 1997; accepted Oct. 30, 1997)     

梗阻性黄疸患者经皮经肝胆管引流术后应用异甘草酸镁治疗肝损害的疗效观察

目的评价梗阻性黄疸患者经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTCD)后使用异甘草酸镁治疗肝功能损伤的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择2009年6月-2011年4月收治的梗阻性黄疸的患者共62例,在PTCD术后配合应用维生素B6、维生素C、复合辅酶静脉点滴的基础上,随机分为治疗组32例,加用异甘草酸镁100 mg;对照组30例,加用还原型谷胱甘肽1200 mg。治疗1周后,比较ALT、AST、Alb、GGT、ALP、TBil、DBil及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α、NF-κB的变化情况;观察与药物相关的不良反应。结果治疗1周后,治疗组与对照组TBil、DBil、ALT、AST、ALP、TNFα、NF-κB较治疗前均明显下降(P0.05);与对照组相比,治疗组TBil、DBil、ALT、AST、ALP、TNFα、NF-κB下降明显(P0.05);但对Alb、GGT的改善两组治疗前后比较及组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论梗阻性黄疸患者PTCD术后经异甘草酸镁治疗肝功能损伤对尽快恢复肝功能,消退黄疸,有促进作用,有更好的疗效和安全性。     

Effectiveness of endoscopic biliary drainage for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma associated with obstructive jaundice

Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with obstructive jaundice remains controversial because of the short survival of these patients. To evaluate the effectiveness of this procedure, we retrospectively studied 18 patients who had unresectable HCC with obstructive jaundice and underwent EBD with poly-ethylene stents, over a 10-year period. Nine patients with tumor thrombus involving the first branches of the portal vein or portal trunk (Vp3) formed group A and the other 9 (Vp0–Vp2) formed group B. The serum albumin level and serum total bililubin level differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, Student's t-test), but prothrombin time did not. The obstructive jaundice was mainly caused by direct tumor invasion in 6 patients from group A and 3 from group B, by blood clots and/or tumor fragments in 2 patients from group A and 3 from group B, by the tumor protruding into the common hepatic duct in 2 patients from group B, and by tumor compression of the common bile duct in 1 patient from each group. Drainage was successful in 4 patients (44%) from group A and in all 9 patients (100%) from group B. Among the 5 patients with unsuccessful drainage in group A, 4 had obstruction of both the left and right hepatic ducts and 3 had multiple tumors in both lobes. The mean survival time (mean ± SD) after EBD was 47 ± 44 days in group A and 181 ± 70 days in group B. In group A, the average survival time was only 85 days in the 4 patients with successful drainage. However, an improvement in the quality of life after EBD was observed in one-third of the Vp3 patients and in all of the Vp0–Vp2 patients. In summary, satisfactory palliation is possible with successful EBD, but this is difficult in most patients with Vp3 portal thrombus, direct tumor invasion involving both hepatic ducts, and multiple tumors in both lobes. It is important to determine the site, extent, and nature of the obstruction, as well as liver function and the presence of portal thrombus, before performing EBD. Received: May 28, 2000 / Accepted: October 20, 2000     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影与超声、多排螺旋CT、磁共振胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸诊断价值的比较

目的比较内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)与超声、多排螺旋CT(MSCT)及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)对梗阻性黄疸的部位及病因诊断的准确率。方法 128例患者行超声、MSCT及ERCP检查,其中35例患者行MRCP检查。结果在梗阻部位的诊断上,四种方法对肝内胆管和胰头部的诊断准确率差异无统计学意义;ERCP对肝外胆管梗阻的诊断准确率与MRCP差异无统计学意义,但显著高于超声和MSCT;在病因诊断上,对于胆系结石、胆管炎和胰头癌的诊断准确率,四种方法差异无统计学意义;MRCP、ERCP和MSCT对于胆管癌诊断准确率均优于超声;此外,ERCP在诊断乳头部肿瘤、十二指肠乳头旁憩室时优于超声和MSCT。结论 ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的部位(尤其是肝外胆管和十二指肠乳头部)及病因(胆管癌、十二指肠乳头部肿瘤)的诊断具有重要价值。     

Short-term effects of external and internal biliary drainage on liver and cellular immunity in experimental obstructive jaundice

Background/Purpose

The effects of preoperative biliary drainage for obstructive jaundiced patients are controversial. Although experimental studies have proven the benefit of internal biliary drainage (ID) over external biliary drainage (ED), ID has several clinical problems, such as clogging or tube replacement. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were any differences in T-cell function, liver function, and histology, between rats in ID and ED groups in short-term experiments.

Methods

Following bile duct ligation (BDL) for 14 days, rats in the ED and ID groups had 7 days of ED and 7 days of ID, respectively. Normal rats were used as negative controls (control group). For positive controls, we used a group with BDL and no drainage (BDL group). Serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, splenic T-cell proliferation was assayed to check cellular immunity, and liver histology was examined.

Results

Recovery of bilirubin and ALT was similar in the ED and ID groups. Recovery of AST was worse in the ID group than in the ED group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Levels of ALP in the BDL and ID groups were significantly higher than those in the control and ED groups. Rats in the BDL group showed a significant decrease in T-cell function compared to the control group. The ED group showed better recovery of T-cell function than the ID group in the 7 days after relief of obstructive jaundice. The livers in the ID group demonstrated histologically moderate interface hepatitis with periportal inflammation and lymphocyte infiltration, which strongly suggested incomplete tube obstruction, but those in the ED group showed minimal change.

Conclusions

ED is superior to ID concerning the recovery of cellular immunity and liver inflammation in the short-term after relief from biliary obstruction in this model. As the patency of the tube is well maintained in ED compared to ID, patency of the tube is essential to obtain good recovery of cellular immunity, irrespective of the drainage method.

     

磁共振胰胆管造影、超声内镜与逆行胰胆管造影诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值

目的：比较磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、超声内镜（EUS）与内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值。方法：39例阻塞性黄疸患者分别行MRCP、EUS和ERCP。MRCP采用重T2加权及超快速自旋回波水成像技术进行,EUS和ERCP按常规进行。结果：MRCP、EUS与ERCP诊断准确率分别为87．2％（34／39例）、94．9％（37／39例）和97．4％（38／39例）;对恶性狭窄的诊断准确率分别为61．5％（8／13例）、84．6％（11／13例）和92．3％（12／13例）;对胆总管结石的诊断准确率均为100．0％（21／21例）。结论：MRCP为无创性检查,在明确阻塞性黄疸病因时可作为首选方法,目前尚不能取代ERCP。EUS作为诊断胆、胰系统疾病的重要方法,与MRCP和ERCP结合,能提高阻塞性黄疸诊断 的准确率。     

全程多维度皮肤管理对老年恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后压力性损伤的预防分析

目的 分析全程多维度皮肤管理对老年恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)行经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)患者术后压力性损伤发生的预防效果.方法 随机选择2019年7月至2020年9月于我院收治的老年恶性梗阻性黄疸行ERCP患者98例为研究对象,其中对照组48例,试验组50例.对照组采用ERCP围术期常规护理,试验组在对照组护理...     

Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2015: Pancreaticobiliary update

This update critiques the key abstracts relevant to endoscopic evaluation or interventions in pancreatic and biliary diseases that were presented at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2015. We selected 20 abstracts based on their clinical significance, relevance to endoscopic practice and impact on patient management     

Risk of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic biliary drainage

Background:

Pancreatitis is the most common and serious complication to occur after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is often associated with additional diagnostic modalities and/or treatment of obstructive jaundice. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis associated with pancreaticobiliary examination and endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD).

Methods:

A total of 740 consecutive ERCP procedures performed in 477 patients were analysed for the occurrence of pancreatitis. These included 470 EBD procedures and 167 procedures to further evaluate the pancreaticobiliary tract using brush cytology and/or biopsy, intraductal ultrasound and/or peroral cholangioscopy or peroral pancreatoscopy. The occurrence of post-ERCP pancreatitis was analysed retrospectively.

Results:

The overall incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis was 3.9% (29 of 740 procedures). The risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis were: being female (6.5%; odds ratio [OR] 2.5, P= 0.02); first EBD procedure without endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) (6.9%; OR 3.0, P= 0.003), and performing additional diagnostic procedures on the pancreatobiliary duct (9.6%; OR 4.6, P < 0.0001). Pancreatitis after subsequent draining procedures was rare (0.4%; OR for first-time drainage 16.6, P= 0.0003). Furthermore, pancreatitis was not recognized in 59 patients who underwent ES. Seven patients with post-EBD pancreatitis were treated with additional ES.

Conclusions:

Invasive diagnostic examinations of the pancreaticobiliary duct and first-time perampullary biliary drainage without ES were high-risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy may be of use to prevent post-EBD pancreatitis.     

Single-stage intraoperative ERCP combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus preoperative ERCP Followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of cholecystocholedocholithiasis: A meta-analysis of randomized trials

ObjectivesThe optimal treatment strategy for cholecystocholedocholithiasis is still controversial. We conducted an up-to-date meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of the intra- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) + LC procedure with the traditional pre-ERCP +  laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) procedure in the management of cholecystocholedocholithiasis.MethodsWe searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases up to September 2020. Published randomized controlled trials comparing intra-ERCP + LC and pre-ERCP + LC were considered. This meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager Version 5.3, and outcomes were documented by pooled risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsEight studies with a total of 977 patients were included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding CBD stone clearance (RR = 1.03, P = .27), postoperative papilla bleeding (RR = 0.41, P = .13), postoperative cholangitis (RR = 0.87, P = .79), and operation conversion rate (RR = 0.71, P = .26). The length of hospital stay was shorter in the intra-ERCP + LC group (MD = −2.75, P < .05), and intra-ERCP + LC was associated with lower overall morbidity (RR = 0.54, P < .05), postoperative pancreatitis (RR = 0.29, P < .05) and cannulation failure rate (RR = 0.22, P < .05).ConclusionsIntra-ERCP + LC was a safer approach for patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis. It could facilitate intubation, shorten hospital stay, and lower postoperative complications, especially postoperative pancreatitis, and reduce stone residue and reduce the possibility of reoperation for stone removal.     

Endoscopic management of hepatic hydatid cyst with biliary communication

Background and Aim: A serious complication of hepatic hydatid cyst disease is communication between the cyst and the biliary tree. Surgical management of biliary fistulas is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We carried out a prospective study of endoscopic management of hydatid cysts communicating with bile ducts in 28 patients. Methods: Presence of biliary fistula was suspected by jaundice and/or persistent external biliary fistula after surgical excision and was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Patients underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy, and either biliary stenting or nasobiliary drainage. Nasobiliary drains were removed when bile leakage stopped and closure of the fistula was confirmed by cholangiography; stents were removed after 4–6 weeks. Results: Of 120 patients with hepatic hydatid cyst seen over a 10‐year period, 28 patients developed fistula between the hepatic hydatid cyst and intrahepatic bile ducts (right intrahepatic bile ducts in 20 patients, left intrahepatic bile ducts in eight patients). Nine of 28 patients had persistent external biliary fistula after surgery. Ten patients showed membranes in bile ducts on cholangiography. We carried out either sphincterotomy with insertion of a nasobiliary drain (n = 6) or sphincterotomy with biliary stenting (n = 22). In 10 patients, the membranes were removed from bile ducts during ERCP. Fistulas healed in all patients after a median time of 11 days (range 5–45 days) after endoscopic treatment. We were able to remove nasobiliary drainage catheters and stents 8–45 days after placement. Conclusions: Endoscopic therapy is an effective mode of treatment for biliary fistulas complicating hepatic hydatid cyst.