高血压病患者的冠心病危险因素分析

目的　探讨高血压患者发生冠心病的危险因素。方法　 15 9例中男 89例 ,女 70例 ,平均年龄 (5 9.6± 9.2 3)岁 ,有典型心绞痛或不典型胸痛的高血压病患者以性别、年龄、体重指数 (BMI)、坐位舒张压、空腹血糖、总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL C)、纤维蛋白原、吸烟量、冠心病家族史等多种危险因素及冠状动脉狭窄程度评分 (冠脉评分 )进行多变量分析 ,患者均行冠脉造影 ,84例冠状动脉造影狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,诊断为冠心病。结果　多元逐步回归及多元lo gistic回归分析显示 :纤维蛋白原、空腹血糖、舒张压、吸烟等级与冠心病独立相关 ,冠心病的相对危险率(OR)分别为 :纤维蛋白原 >5g L为≤ 5g L的 4 .36 2倍 ;空腹血糖 >6 .1mmol L为≤ 6 .1mmol L 7.6 5 4倍 ;舒张压≥ 90mmHg为 <90mmHg的 2 .6 77倍 ;吸烟级别 =3级为 <3级的 6 .5 0 2倍。回归分析结果显示纤维蛋白原、空腹血糖、舒张压、吸烟等级与冠心病独立相关 ,纤维蛋白原、总胆固醇与冠脉狭窄评分独立相关。结论　高血压病患者的纤维蛋白原、空腹血糖、吸烟等级、舒张压与冠心病独立相关 ,纤维蛋白原、总胆固醇与冠脉病变程度有关     

Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity

CONTEXT: Based on observational and interventional data for middle-aged cohorts (aged 40-64 years), serum cholesterol level is known to be an established major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, findings for younger people are limited, and the value of detecting and treating hypercholesterolemia in younger adults is debated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term impact of unfavorable serum cholesterol levels on risk of death from CHD, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all causes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Three prospective studies, from which were selected 3 cohorts of younger men with baseline serum cholesterol level measurements and no history of diabetes mellitus or myocardial infarction. A total of 11,017 men aged 18 through 39 years screened in 1967-1973 for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA); 1266 men aged 25 through 39 years examined in 1959-1963 in the Peoples Gas Company Study (PG); and 69,205 men aged 35 through 39 years screened in 1973-1975 for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific mortality during 25 (CHA), 34 (PG), and 16 (MRFIT) years of follow-up; mortality risks; and estimated life expectancy in relation to baseline serum cholesterol levels. RESULTS: Death due to CHD accounted for 26%, 34%, and 28% of all deaths in the CHA, PG, and MRFIT cohorts, respectively; and CVD death for 34%, 42%, and 39% of deaths in the same cohorts, respectively. Men in all 3 cohorts with unfavorable serum cholesterol levels (200-239 mg/dL [5.17-6.18 mmol/L] and >/=240 mg/dL [>/=6.21 mmol/L]) had strong gradients of relative mortality risk. For men with serum cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dL or greater (>/=6.21 mmol/L) vs favorable levels (<200 mg/dL [<5.17 mmol/L]), CHD mortality risk was 2.15 to 3.63 times greater; CVD disease mortality risk was 2.10 to 2.87 times greater; and all-cause mortality was 1.31 to 1.49 times greater. Hypercholesterolemic men had age-adjusted absolute risk of CHD death of 59 per 1000 men in 25 years (CHA cohort), 90 per 1000 men in 34 years (PG cohort), and 15 per 1000 men in 16 years (MRFIT cohort). Absolute excess risk was 43.6 per 1000 men (CHA), 81.4 per 1000 men (PG), and 12.1 per 1000 men (MRFIT). Men with favorable baseline serum cholesterol levels had an estimated greater life expectancy of 3.8 to 8.7 years. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a continuous, graded relationship of serum cholesterol level to long-term risk of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality, substantial absolute risk and absolute excess risk of CHD and CVD death for younger men with elevated serum cholesterol levels, and longer estimated life expectancy for younger men with favorable serum cholesterol levels. JAMA. 2000;284:311-318     

Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)

The 356,222 men aged 35 to 57 years, who were free of a history of hospitalization for myocardial infarction, screened by the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) in its recruitment effort, constitute the largest cohort with standardized serum cholesterol measurements and long-term mortality follow-up. For each five-year age group, the relationship between serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) death rate was continuous, graded, and strong. For the entire group aged 35 to 57 years at entry, the age-adjusted risks of CHD death in cholesterol quintiles 2 through 5 (182 to 202, 203 to 220, 221 to 244, and greater than or equal to 245 mg/dL [4.71 to 5.22, 5.25 to 5.69, 5.72 to 6.31, and greater than or equal to 6.34 mmol/L]) relative to the lowest quintile were 1.29, 1.73, 2.21, and 3.42. Of all CHD deaths, 46% were estimated to be excess deaths attributable to serum cholesterol levels 180 mg/dL or greater (greater than or equal to 4.65 mmol/L), with almost half the excess deaths in serum cholesterol quintiles 2 through 4. The pattern of a continuous, graded, strong relationship between serum cholesterol and six-year age-adjusted CHD death rate prevailed for nonhypertensive nonsmokers, nonhypertensive smokers, hypertensive nonsmokers, and hypertensive smokers. These data of high precision show that the relationship between serum cholesterol and CHD is not a threshold one, with increased risk confined to the two highest quintiles, but rather is a continuously graded one that powerfully affects risk for the great majority of middle-aged American men.     

The benefits of reducing cholesterol levels: the need to distinguish primary from secondary prevention. 2. Implications for heart disease prevention in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of coronary heart disease (CHD) events arising from the primary and secondary prevention populations of middle-aged Australian men, and the potential impact in each setting of lipid-lowering therapy on death from CHD. DESIGN: Analysis based on results of a meta-analysis of drug trials to lower cholesterol levels and data from the Hunter Region Heart Disease Prevention Programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Death from CHD. RESULTS: Over a five-year period, 1520 fatal CHD events would be expected in a population of 100,000 men aged 35 to 69 years. Approximately 52% would arise from subjects already known to suffer from CHD. We predict that treating everyone in the secondary prevention group who has a blood cholesterol level of greater than 5.2 mmol/L (approximately 5000 subjects) would prevent 118 deaths, compared with 51 deaths prevented by treating those in the primary prevention group who have cholesterol levels of greater than 6.2 mmol/L (approximately 30,000 subjects). The outcome is maintained in several sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of persons in whom death from CHD might be prevented by treatment to lower cholesterol levels can be identified by targeting subjects for secondary prevention. Therapy in the secondary prevention setting is much more efficient than in primary prevention.     

Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and the prevalence of risk for coronary heart disease in Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To report population reference values for blood lipids, to determine the prevalence of lipid risk factors and to assess their association with other risk factors. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional surveys. Survey participants were interviewed at home and provided a blood sample at a clinic. All blood lipid analyses were done in the Lipid Research Laboratory, University of Toronto. The laboratory is standardized in the National Heart, Lung Blood Institute-Centres for Disease Control Standardization Program. SETTING: Nine Canadian provinces, from 1986 to 1990. PARTICIPANTS: A probability sample of 26,293 men and women aged 18 to 74 was selected from the health insurance registers for each province. Blood samples were obtained from 16,924 participants who had fasted 8 hours or more. OUTCOME MEASURES: Concentration of total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in blood samples from fasting participants. MAIN RESULTS: Of the study population, 46% had total plasma cholesterol levels above 5.2 mmol/L, 15% had LDL-cholesterol levels above 4.1 mmol/L, 15% had triglyceride levels above 2.3 mmol/L and 8% had HDL-cholesterol levels below 0.9 mmol/L. Total plasma cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels rose with age in men to a maximum in the 45-54 age group; in women there was little change with age up to ages 45 to 54, at which time the level of each of these lipids increased appreciably. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity was positively associated with elevation of total plasma cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the need for a multifactorial approach in health promotion efforts to lower blood cholesterol levels and reduce other risk factors in the population. A considerable number of adults were found to be at risk at all ages in both sexes. In the short term, men aged 34 and older and women aged 45 and older might benefit most from prevention programs.     

Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women

CONTEXT: Three major coronary risk factors-serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, and smoking-increase incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and related end points. In previous investigations, risks for low-risk reference groups were estimated statistically because samples contained too few such people to measure risk. OBJECTIVE: To measure long-term mortality rates for individuals with favorable levels for all 3 major risk factors, compared with others. DESIGN: Two prospective studies, involving 5 cohorts based on age and sex, that enrolled persons with a range of risk factors. Low risk was defined as serum cholesterol level less than 5.17 mmol/L (<200 mg/dL), blood pressure less than orequal to 120/80 mm Hg, and no current cigarette smoking. All persons with a history of diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), or, in 3 of 5 cohorts, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, were excluded. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: In 18 US cities, a total of 72144 men aged 35 through 39 years and 270671 men aged 40 through 57 years screened (1973-1975) for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT); in Chicago, a total of 10025 men aged 18 through 39 years, 7490 men aged 40 through 59 years, and 6229 women aged 40 through 59 years screened (1967-1973) for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) (N = 366559). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific mortality during 16 (MRFIT) and 22 (CHA) years, relative risks (RRs) of death, and estimated greater life expectancy, comparing low-risk subcohorts vs others by age strata. RESULTS: Low-risk persons comprised only 4.8% to 9.9% of the cohorts. All 5 low-risk groups experienced significantly and markedly lower CHD and cardiovascular disease death rates than those who had elevated cholesterol level, or blood pressure, or smoked. For example, age-adjusted RRs of CHD mortality ranged from 0.08 for CHA men aged 18 to 39 years to 0.23 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for all cardiovascular disease mortality ranged from 0.15 for MRFIT men aged 35 through 39 years to 0.28 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years. The age-adjusted RR for all-cause mortality rate ranged from 0.42 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years to 0.60 for CHA women aged 40 through 59 years. Estimated greater life expectancy for low-risk groups ranged from 5.8 years for CHA women aged 40 through 59 years to 9.5 years for CHA men aged 18 through 39 years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these very large cohort studies, for individuals with favorable levels of cholesterol and blood pressure who do not smoke and do not have diabetes, MI, or ECG abnormalities, long-term mortality is much lower and longevity is much greater. A substantial increase in the proportion of the population at lifetime low risk could contribute decisively to ending the CHD epidemic.     

Obesity and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of weight and abdominal obesity among Canadian adults and to determine the association of obesity with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional surveys. Survey nurses administered a standard questionnaire and recorded two blood pressure measurements during a home visit. At a subsequent visit to a survey clinic two further blood pressure readings were made, anthropometric measurements recorded and a blood specimen taken for plasma lipid determination. SETTING: Nine Canadian provinces, from 1986 to 1990. PARTICIPANTS: A probability sample of 26,293 men and women aged 18 to 74 years was selected from the health insurance registration files of each province. Anthropometry was performed on 17,858 subjects. OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI), ratio of waist to hip circumference (WHR), mean plasma lipid levels, prevalence of high blood pressure (diastolic greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg or patient on treatment) and self-reported diabetes mellitus. MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 27) increased with age and was greater in men (35%) than in women (27%). Abdominal obesity was likewise higher in men and increased with both age and BMI. The prevalence of high blood pressure was greater in those with higher BMI, especially in those with a high WHR. Although total plasma cholesterol levels increased only modestly with BMI, levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased steadily, while HDL-cholesterol decreased consistently with increasing BMI. High total cholesterol levels (greater than or equal to 5.2 mmol/L) were more prevalent among people with high BMI, especially those with a high WHR. The prevalence of diabetes increased with BMI among those 35 years or older, especially those with abdominal obesity. About half of men and two-thirds of women who were obese were trying to lose weight. CONCLUSION: Obesity remains common among Canadian adults. There is a need for broad-based programs that facilitate healthy eating and activity patterns for all age groups. Health professionals should incorporate measurement of BMI and WHR into their routine examinations of patients to enhance their evaluation of health risk.     

洛阳市383例冠心病患者多种危险因素达标率分析

目的了解已诊断为冠心病患者各种危险因素治疗达标率情况。方法以383例已被诊断为冠心病的患者为调查对象,依据中国成人血脂防治指南对各种危险因素的控制建议分析该群患者的治疗控制情况。结果总胆固醇〈4．14mmol／L的比率为9．92％（38／383）,甘油三酯〈1．70mmol／L的比率为20．6％（79／383）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）〈2．59mmol／L的比率为10．7％（41／383）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）〉1．04mmol／L的比率为70．8％（271／383）;收缩压〈140mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）的比率为44．9％（172／383）,舒张压〈90mmHg的比率为39．7％（152／383）,血压（BP）〈140／90mmHg的比率为26．4％（101／383）;空腹血糖〈6．1mmol／L的比率为73．4％（281／383）,餐后2h血糖〈7．8mmol／L的比率为76．9％（302／383）;男性腰围〈90cm的比率为19．9％（40／201）,女性腰围〈85cm的比率为17．6％（32／182）;不吸烟的比率为94．3％（361／383）。将LDL—C〈2．59mmol／L,BP〈140／90mmHg,空腹血糖〈6．1mmol／L,男性腰围〈90cm,女性腰围〈85cm,不吸烟定义为全面达标,全面达标率为4．96％（19／383）。结论洛阳市某区冠心病患者的全面达标率较低,应加强综合防治。     

Reevaluation of serum-plasma differences in total cholesterol concentration

We measured total cholesterol levels in serum and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) plasma samples obtained from 84 healthy medical students during their entrance physical examinations and 48 adults from a cholesterol screening program who were resampled because they had initial values of 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or higher. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were 4.7% lower than those in serum samples. The plasma and serum values were highly correlated (r = .994), however, suggesting that measurements in EDTA plasma can be converted readily to equivalent serum concentrations. Thus, the negative bias in EDTA plasma was greater than the 3% value cited in the National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines, probably because the amount of EDTA now provided in evacuated blood collection tubes is 50% greater than in those used when the 3% value was established. These findings are relevant to the interpretation of both cholesterol screening measurements and follow-up lipoprotein analyses.     

Apparent protective effect of high density lipoprotein against coronary heart disease in the elderly

Background This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) death and to explore the protective effect of HDL against CHD in the elderly Chinese.Methods Started from 1986, 1211 retirees (92% males) were enrolled consecutively and studied prospectively. The average starting age was 70±9 years, and that at the end of the study was 80±9 years. During the follow-up study, all the participants received yearly physical examination and blood chemistry survey from 1986-2000. The average duration of the follow up study was 11.2 years. The end point of this study was either attacks of AMI or death due to CHD and other causes. CHD risk factors were screened by logistic regression analysis. According to their HDL-C levels, cases were divided into low (&lt;1.03 mmol/L), medium (or normal, 1.03-1.56 mmol/L) and high (&gt;1.56 mmol/L) level groups, the differences in incidence of AMI and CHD death in each group were analyzed.Results The cumulative attacks of acute coronary syndrome (mostly AMI) were 214 cases, including 89 cases of coronary death and 308 death caused by other diseases during the follow up study. AMI occurrence and CHD death in normal HDL-C group were lower than those in the low HDL-C group by 40% and 53%; and those in the high HDL-C group were lower than in the normal group by 56% and 50%, respectively. Statistical analysis on normal lipid cases （411 cases, total cholesterol&lt;5.17mmol/L, triglyceride&lt;1.69 mmol/L） revealed that the cases at low HDL-C level had similar rates of AMI events and CHD mortality as those of the entire group (including hyperlipidemia); however, AMI attacks and CHD deaths decreased significantly at the normal and high HDL-C levels. The results demonstrated that the protective effect of HDL against coronary artery disease is more prominent in people with low lipid level.Conclusion Low HDL is an important independent risk factor for AMI attacks and CHD death in the elderly; high HDL has significant protective effect against coronary artery disease.     

中国福建地区汉畲人群血脂现况分析

目的：研究福建地区汉畲族人群的血脂现况。方法在2009年4-9月期间,通过多阶段整群分层随机抽样在福建地区选择代表性样本8815例,最终参与分析的共8090例,年龄16～86岁,其中包括4831例畲族样本和3260例汉族样本。结果汉畲样本的总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）以及甘油三酯（TG）的均值分别为4．84vs4．94,1．28vs1．47,2．87vs3．18及1．52vs1．38mmol/L。汉畲样本中处于TC正常高值（5．18～6．21mmol/L）及高TC（≥6．22mmol/L）的比率分别为24．7％vs26．6％和9．6％vs10．1％;HDL-C＜1．04mmol/L在汉畲样本中分别为25．7％vs5．2％;LDL-C（3．37～4．13;4．14～4．91;≥4．92mmol/L）3个分组中,汉畲样本的比例各是18．0％vs25．0％,6．6％vs9．1％和2．4％vs3．5％;汉畲样本在TG正常高值（1．70～2．25mmol/L）和高TG（≥2．26mmol/L）的比例分别是13．1％vs10．3％和15．4％vs11．4％。汉畲族血脂异常的患病率分别为39．7％vs26．4％。汉畲族血脂异常共有的危险因素包括：年龄、BMI、2hPG、高血压,而吸烟也是汉族人群血脂异常的危险因素之一。结论汉族血脂异常患病率高于畲族,畲族人群血清TC、LDL-C的水平高于汉族人群,应及时采取相关措施进行防控。     

Lipids and lipoproteins in patients undergoing coronary-artery surgery

Fasting blood samples were obtained from 290 patients who were undergoing elective coronary-artery graft procedures, and cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured. The 1983 National Heart Foundation of Australia's Risk Factor Prevalence Study was used as a source of age- and sex-matched "control" data. Of these patients, 80% had cholesterol levels of greater than 5.5 mmol/L; in 55% of patients, the level exceeded 6.5 mmol/L. Only 4% of patients who received a graft showed hypertriglyceridaemia alone (triglyceride level, greater than 2 mmol/L). Combined hyperlipidaemia (cholesterol level, greater than 5.5 mmol/L and triglyceride level, greater than 2.0 mmol/L) was present in 52% of subjects. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels exceeded 3.5 mmol/L in 69% of men and in 71% of women. In terms of five 10-year age intervals, mean plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were elevated significantly in patients who had undergone a coronary-artery grafting procedure compared with those of subjects in the National Heart Foundation study. The mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were markedly-lower compared with those of the subjects in the National Heart Foundation study. Of those patients whose plasma cholesterol levels were less than 5.5 mmol/L, 97% of patients had high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that were less than the mean level for subjects in the National Heart Foundation study. Thus, a very-high proportion of patients who underwent coronary-artery bypass surgery had lipid abnormalities which required intervention postoperatively.     

The benefits of treating hyperlipidemia to prevent coronary heart disease. Estimating changes in life expectancy and morbidity.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the lifetime benefits of reducing total serum cholesterol levels to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). DESIGN--We developed a CHD primary prevention computer model to estimate the benefits associated with lifelong risk factor modification. We validated the model by comparing the computer estimates with the observed results of three primary CHD prevention trials. PATIENTS--Men and women age 35 to 65 years who are free of CHD, with total serum cholesterol levels ranging from 5.2 to 7.8 mmol/L (200 to 300 mg/dL), with or without additional CHD risk factors. INTERVENTIONS--Serum cholesterol reduction through dietary modification or diet and medications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Changes in life expectancy and the delay of symptomatic CHD. RESULTS--The computer forecasts for CHD end points closely matched the observed results of the Lipid Research Clinics Trial, the Helsinki Heart Study, and MRFIT. We then applied the computer model to low-risk and high-risk men and women with total serum cholesterol levels between 5.2 and 7.8 mmol/L (200 and 300 mg/dL) and estimated that, after reducing serum cholesterol levels 5% to 33%, the average life expectancy would increase by 0.03 to 3.16 years. We also forecast that the average onset of symptomatic CHD would be delayed among these patient groups by 0.06 to 4.98 years. CONCLUSION--We conclude that this computer model accurately estimates the results of clinical trials and can be used to forecast the changes in life expectancy and morbidity (the development of CHD) associated with specific CHD risk reduction interventions. The wide variation surrounding these estimates underscores the need to better define which groups of individuals will gain the most from cholesterol reduction.     

Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial

CONTEXT: A low plasma level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). A secondary prevention study, the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), demonstrated that CHD events were significantly reduced during a median follow-up of 5.1 years by treating patients with the fibric acid derivative gemfibrozil when the predominant lipid abnormality was low HDL-C. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the reduction in major CHD events with gemfibrozil in VA-HIT could be attributed to changes in major plasma lipid levels. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from September 1991 to August 1998. SETTING: The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program, in which 20 VA medical centers were participating sites. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2531 men with a history of CHD who had low HDL-C levels (mean, 32 mg/dL [0.83 mmol/L] ) and low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (mean, 111 mg/dL [2.88 mmol/L]). INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to receive gemfibrozil, 1200 mg/d (n = 1264), or matching placebo (n = 1267). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relation of lipid levels at baseline and averaged during the first 18 months of gemfibrozil treatment with the combined incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death. RESULTS: Concentrations of HDL-C were inversely related to CHD events. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that CHD events were reduced by 11% with gemfibrozil for every 5-mg/dL (0.13-mmol/L) increase in HDL-C (P =.02). Events were reduced even further with gemfibrozil beyond that explained by increases in HDL-C values, particularly in the second through fourth quintiles of HDL-C values during treatment. During gemfibrozil treatment, only the increase in HDL-C significantly predicted a lower risk of CHD events; by multivariable analysis, neither triglyceride nor LDL-C levels at baseline or during the trial predicted CHD events. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of HDL-C achieved with gemfibrozil treatment predicted a significant reduction in CHD events in patients with low HDL-C levels. However, the change in HDL-C levels only partially explained the beneficial effect of gemfibrozil.     

纤维蛋白原是冠心病的独立危险因素之一

目的研究纤维蛋白原（Fbg）等危险因素在冠心病（CHD）中的作用。方法对1017例CHD组和470例对照者组分别进行血浆Fbg浓度及其相关基因（（Hae Ⅲ多态性）测定分析。外周血白细胞抽提脱氧核糖核苷酸（DNA），采用酚／氯仿方法；多聚酶链反应（PCR）加酶切技术检测Fbg（Hae Ⅲ多态性。血浆Fbg浓度（200～400mg／dl）测定采用凝血酶法。血脂测定采用标准酶法。高血压病、糖尿病入选标准：①既往有明确高血压病、糖尿病病史者；②本次入院确诊者。每日吸烟1支以上超过1年定为吸烟者。所有数据采用SPSS11．0统计软件进行统计分析。结果（1）年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、血清胆固醇、三酰甘油和血浆Fbg水平是CHD危险因素；（2）Pearson相关分析显示年龄、高血压、糖尿病、血清胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、Fbg（Hae Ⅲ多态性和吸烟对血浆Fbg水平有明显影响。结论除已公认的CHD危险因素外，血浆Fbg浓度增高可能也是CHD的独立危险因素之一，并明显受其基因（HaeⅢ多态性和吸烟等诸多因素的影响。     

Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in men with low levels of serum cholesterol: the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study

CONTEXT: Few studies have examined the interactive effects of smoking and serum cholesterol level on morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular dieseases. In East Asia, where the prevalence of smoking is among the highest in the world, morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) is rapidly escalating. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a population that has relatively low levels of serum cholesterol, and to determine whether serum cholesterol levels modify the risk relationship between smoking and ASCVD. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of 6 years (1993-1998). SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A total of 106745 Korean men aged 35 to 59 years who received health insurance from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation and who had biennial medical evaluations in 1990 and 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital admissions and deaths from IHD, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and total ASCVD. RESULTS: At baseline, 61389 (58%) were current cigarette smokers and 64482 (60%) had a total cholesterol level of less than 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL). Between 1993 and 1998, 1006 IHD events (176 per 100000 person-years), 1364 CVD events (238 per 100000 person-years), and 716 other ASCVD events (125 per 100000 person-years) occurred. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models controlling for age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, current smoking increased the risk of IHD (risk ratio [RR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-2.8), CVD (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.8), and total ASCVD (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.8). For each outcome, there were significant dose-response relationships with amount and duration of smoking. Throughout the range of serum cholesterol levels, current smoking significantly increased the risk of IHD and CVD. In the lowest quartile of serum cholesterol levels (<4.42 mmol/L [171 mg/dL]), the RR from current smoking was 3.3 (95% CI, 1.7-6.2) for IHD and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.3) for CVD. There was no evidence of an interaction between smoking and serum cholesterol (P for interaction = .75, .87, and .92 for IHD, CVD, and total ASCVD, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that in Korea smoking is a major independent risk factor for IHD, CVD, and ASCVD and that a low cholesterol level confers no protective benefit against smoking-related ASCVD.     

高密度脂蛋白对老年人冠心病的保护作用

目的　分析高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)水平与急性心肌梗死 (AMI)及冠心病 (CHD)死亡的关系 ,及高HDL水平对CHD的保护作用。方法　长期随访 12 11例老年离休干部 ,平均年龄入组时为 70± 9岁 ,终点 80± 9岁。随访时间为 1986～ 2 0 0 0年 ,平均随访 11 2年。按HDL C水平分为低 (<1 0 3mmol/L)中 (正常 ,1 0 3～ 1 5 6mmol/L)及高 (>1 5 6mmol/L) 3组 ,比较各组中AMI事件及CHD死亡率的差异。结果　随访期间累计发生CHD事件 (大都为AMI) 2 14例 ,其中死亡 89例 ,其他原因死亡 30 8例。HDL C从低水平组升至正常水平组时 ,AMI减少 4 0 % ,CHD死亡减少 5 3% ;从正常水平组升至高水平组时 ,AMI减少 5 6 % ,CHD死亡减少 5 0 %。单独将血脂正常 (总胆固醇 <5 17mmol/L、甘油三酯 <1 6 9mmol/L)的病例 (4 11例 )做统计分析 ,虽然低HDL C的致病作用仍很明显 ,但HDL C在正常与高水平时 ,发病与死亡数减少极明显。结论　对于老年人的AMI发病和CHD死亡 ,低HDL C仍是明显的独立危险因素 ,高HDL C水平对冠状动脉病的保护作用极为显著。在血脂不高的情况下 ,HDL对冠状动脉的保护作用更强。     

冠心病易感基因载脂蛋白E、低密度脂蛋白受体多态性与烟、酒的交互作用的研究

目的　探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)、低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDL R)基因多态性与烟、酒对汉族人群冠心病的交互影响。方法　采用病例 -对照研究方法 ,ApoE基因多态性检测用多重特异性扩增突变系统快速分型法 ,LDL R基因AvaⅡ位点多态性采用多聚酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性 ,血脂测定在全自动化分析仪上进行 ,资料分析用Logistic回归模型等。病例组 14 6人 ,平均年龄6 4岁±11岁 ;对照组 340人 ,平均年龄 6 3岁± 12岁。结果　 (1)病例组收缩压和舒张压 (132mmHg± 2 1mmHg ,81mmHg± 13mmHg ,1mmHg =0 133kPa)均显著高于对照组 (12 3mmHg± 17mmHg ,77mmHg±11mmHg) ,P <0 0 1;与对照组相比 ,病例组血清甘油三酯水平显著增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白 胆固醇有增高趋势 ,但差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。 (2 )病例组ApoEE4 /3基因型 (2 4 0 % )和ε4等位基因型 (13 4 % )频率显著高于对照组 (12 9% ,7 2 % ) ;LDL RAvaⅡ位点 3种基因型和 2种等位基因型频率分布两组间差异无显著意义 ,但病例组携带ε4等位基因者同时携带AvaⅡ 位点的比例 (6 0 % )显著高于对照组 (31 8% ) ,P <0 0 5。 (3)调整年龄、性别、血压、体重指数后 ,两基因与烟、酒对冠心病发生的交互作用有显著意义的OR     

The effect of filtered-coffee consumption on plasma lipid levels. Results of a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE.--To determine the effect of filtered-coffee consumption on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy men. DESIGN.--Randomized controlled trial with an 8-week washout period followed by an 8-week intervention period during which men were randomly assigned to drink 720 mL/d of caffeinated coffee, 360 mL/d of caffeinated coffee, 720 mL/d of decaffeinated coffee, or no coffee. SETTING.--Outpatient clinical research center in a university medical center. PARTICIPANTS.--One hundred healthy male volunteers. OUTCOME MEASURE.--Changes in plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels during the intervention period. RESULTS.--Men who consumed 720 mL of caffeinated coffee daily had mean increases in plasma levels of total cholesterol (0.24 mmol/L, P = .001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.17 mmol/L, P = .04), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.08 mmol/L, P = .03). No significant changes in these plasma lipoprotein levels occurred in the other groups. Compared with the group who drank no coffee the group who drank 720 mL/d of caffeinated coffee had increases in plasma levels of total cholesterol (0.25 mmol/L, P = .02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.15 mmol/L, P = .17), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.09 mmol/L, P = .12) after adjustment for changes in diet. CONCLUSION.--Consumption of 720 mL/d of filtered, caffeinated coffee leads to a statistically significant increase in the plasma level of total cholesterol, which appears to be due to increases of both low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.     

Predicting coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older persons. The Framington study

Of 1,025 men and 1,445 women, aged 49 to 82 years, who were free of coronary heart disease (CHD), 79 men and 63 women subsequently had CHD. Using a risk function based on cholesterol in the high density and low density lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetes, less than 2% of the subsequent CHD cases were found in the lowest decile of risk, whereas 25% of the cases for men and 37% for women were found in the highest decile. Predictability held for each specific age group. This predictability was at least as good as that obtained by the usual CHD risk profile at younger ages.