Microvascular patterns of the hard palatine mucosa in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Detailed investigations were made of the microvasculature of the mucous membrane, especially the transverse palatine plicae, of the hard palate of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) utilizing the plastic injection method. The microvascular patterns obtained were compared with those of the cat and other mammals. The incisive papilla was located at the anterior end of the median line of the hard palate, and seven or eight transverse palatine plicae were observed symmetrically from this papilla posteriorly at similar intervals. Each plica arched bilaterally in a wide M. The heights of the plicae decreased gradually at their lateral ends. The whole palate was supplied by two arteries. The minor palatine artery supplied the soft palate and the major palatine passed forwards to supply the hard palate, sending off numerous, medical and lateral branches. The plical branches diverging from both these branches formed a primary arterial network (submucous arterial network), and arterioles diverging superiorly from this network formed a second arterial network (arterial network in the lamina propria). Fine twigs diverging from the latter network formed a subepithelial capillary network immediately beneath the epithelium. Capillary loops sprouted out of the above network in the lamina propria. The descending crus of each loop drained via the subepithelial capillary network of the venous side into a venous network located in the same layer as the arterial network. These vessels finally drained into the submucous venous network (palatine venous plexus). In conclusion, the transverse palatine plicae in M. fuscata were formed from a thickening or eminence of the lamina propria, as opposed to the submucous tissue in the cat. Accordingly, the presence of such submucous tissue has been not observed in M. fuscata except in a limited area of the hard palate. The microvascular patterns of the hard palate of M. fuscata were similar to those of the cat.     

十二指肠大乳头的扫描电镜形态特征

对3例成人十二肠大乳头进行扫描电镜观察，结果为大乳头口附近的粘膜皱襞呈纵横交错，并围成大小不等的窦腔，本从胚胎发生及临床应用进行了讨论。     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat kidney: occurrence, sensitivity to capsaicin, and stimulation of adenylate cyclase

The occurrence, effects and sensitivity to capsaicin and stimulation of adenylate cyclase of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat kidney have been investigated. CGRP-like immunoreactivity was higher in the medulla than in the papilla and the cortex. Capsaicin pretreatment significantly reduced CGRP-like immunoreactivity in the medulla and papilla while a small reduction was found in the cortex. CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were observed surrounding blood vessels and occasionally in the vicinity of renal tubules and between the collecting ducts in the papilla. Some CGRP-immunoreactive fibres were also seen in kidneys from capsaicin-pretreated rats. Infusion of capsaicin (1 microM) through the renal artery of isolated and perfused rat kidney increased the CGRP-like immunoreactivity outflow from the venous effluent. This effect exhibited desensitization at the second challenge with the drug. Infusion of either capsaicin (1 microM) or CGRP (1 microM) reduced the increase of perfusion pressure induced by norepinephrine in isolated perfused rat kidney. Plasma protein extravasation was studied in the various regions of the rat kidney following infusion of capsaicin. No significant change was observed in the medulla, papilla or cortex after capsaicin administration. Adenylate cyclase activity was studied in membrane preparations from cortex, medulla and papilla of rat kidney. Cortical and medullary adenylate cyclase was stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner by salmon calcitonin, rat calcitonin and rat CGRP. Salmon calcitonin in these two areas showed half-maximal effective concentration approximately 1000 times lower and maximal stimulation only slightly higher than those of rat calcitonin and rat CGRP. However, in the papilla, only rat CGRP was able to induce a 60% increase of enzyme activity (half-maximal effective concentration, 19 +/- 1.6 nM). It is concluded that CGRP contained in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve may exert a local function in discrete areas of the rat kidney.     

Microangioarchitecture of the guinea pig common bile duct and duodenal papilla: A scanning electron and light microscopic study

Background: The microvascular pattern of the duodenal papilla is unknown. Since the duodenal papilla is located in the transition zone between the stomach and duodenum, and because it regulates bile transfer into the duodenum, a particular microangioarchitecture can be expected. Therefore, we examined the microvasculature of the papilla using guinea pigs as a model. Methods: The microvascularization of the duodenal papilla and common bile duct was studied in 26 adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), using scanning electron microscopy of microvascular corrosion casts and critical point dried specimens, and light microscopy of tissue sections. Results: The duodenal papilla is located in the cranial portion of the duodenum, approximately 5 mm beyond the pyloric valve. At the most luminal aspect of the cast papilla, ring-shaped capillaries, resembling those of the cast gastric mucosa, are present. Deeper parts of the papilla are provided with villi. Subepithelial capillaries of the papilla are 15 μm thick in average. These capillaries have a dual blood supply either via the straight long arterioles arising from the submucosa or by the pericryptal capillaries. The common bile duct comprises numerous mucoid glands with their pits surrounded by ring-shaped capillaries in corresponding casts. Conclusions: The special arrangement of different capillary patterns, together with their luminal size and the dual blood supply, favor their protective role from the gastric chyme. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

氯胺酮对小儿甲襞微循环的影响

本文通过34例小儿单纯氯胺酮麻醉时甲襞微循环观察,发现氯胺酮可引起小儿甲襞微循环紊乱。表现为毛细血管输入枝收缩、输出枝扩张、乳头下静脉丛扩张淤血、微血流速度减慢、红细胞聚集及管襻周围渗出等。提示在临床上应用氯胺酮对小儿麻醉时,应注意氯胺酮对微循环的影响,必要时可行甲襞微循环监测。     

Vein Preservation: An Algorithmic Approach to Vascular Access Placement in Patients With Compromised Renal Function

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have become ubiquitous in the current management of chronic inpatient and outpatient conditions. Many hospitals have developed practice patterns that allow placement ofPICC lines by teams of nurses at the bedside. This practice has led to a proliferation of these central venous access devices, and their use has expanded. One of the consequences of a nurse-based placement team is the decrease in physician involvement in decisions regarding the placement of PICC lines. In some settings, PICC placement can become so routine that the type of access needed or the other clinical conditions affecting an individual patient may be overlooked. One example of this problem is the situation in which a patient with chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease needs venous access for a nondialysis reason, such as antibiotics, cancer therapy, or total parenteral nutrition. The author discusses ramifications of this problem as well as ways to reduce the chances of mistakes.     

学龄前与学龄期正常儿童甲襞微循环比较

对学龄前（３～６岁）和学龄期（７～１２岁）二组正常儿童甲襞微循环进行比较，结果表明：学龄前组管袢数目较学龄组少（Ｐ＜０．０５），而乳头下静脉丛出现率较学龄组高（Ｐ＜０．０１），其余指标二组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），指出不同年龄组的儿童甲襞微循环正常值存在一定差异     

Adenomyoma of the papilla of Vater

An adenomyoma of the papilla of Vater that caused biliary obstruction resulted in an extensive surgical resection because of the clinical and roentgenographic suspicion of carcinoma. Benign neoplasms of the papilla and extrahepatic bile ducts are exceedingly rare, but their recognition is of clinical importance. Histologically, the adenomyoma, characterized by lobules of ducts and ductules with interlacing bundles of smooth muscle, was similar to the adenoleiomyomatous hamartoma of the intestines and to lesions of the gallbladder or extrahepatic ducts known as adenomyomas or adenomyomatous hyperplasia. The presumed rapid recent growth of the present lesion, as roentgenographically documented by the recent onset of dilatation of the common bile duct in an elderly woman, as well as the lack of gallstones or inflammatory disease of the biliary tract, might support the contention that the present lesion was neoplastic. On the other hand, the possibility that the lesion represents a hamartoma or diverticulosis of the saccules of Beale cannot be excluded.     

Vascular network in papillae of dog oral mucosa using corrosive resin casts with scanning electron microscopy

The purpose of this study was to undertake a three-dimensional analysis of the vascular network of the lamina propria in the gingiva, alveolar mucosa, buccal mucosa, palate, and lingual mucosa of the dog. Using the corrosive resin casting technique, casts of the vascular network were prepared and examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the oral mucosa, larger arteries in the submucosa divide into smaller branches that enter the lamina propria. These branches form one or more layers of vessels at the base of the papillae of the lamina propria, the so-called subpapillary vascular network. Here the vessels divide again and enter the papillae to form a subepithelial capillary network. The configuration of the capillary loops within each papilla of the lamina propria is determined by the shape of the papilla. The characteristic shape of the loops resembles a hairpin. The capillary loops in the lingual papillae are larger and more complex than capillary loops found elsewhere in the oral mucosa. The mucosa of the posterior portion of the hard palate, the soft palate, and the tongue contain many venous valves.     

Physiological importance of the conjugation of the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus

The author considers of utmost importance the anatomical arterial-venous conjugation represented by the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, as well as the carotid venous plexus which covers the internal carotid artery within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. He believes that besides protecting the vascular arterial wall in acute episodes of hypertension, it can also contribute to the mechanism of carotid blood flow. This hypothesis is based on consideration of the physiological conditions of the cavernous sinus in relation to those of other dural venous sinuses, and of the endocranial venous system and its cavernous constitution, which differs from other venous blood canals, which have their own venous physiology and different functions. He attempts to compare it with the rest of the body areas where cavernous plexuses are located and where venous pressure reaches high values, and with other regions without this morphologic constitution. He establishes a correlation resulting from a cerebrovascular resistance mechanism, the participation of which he considers to differ from those of other dural sinuses and encephalic veins. He also emphasizes physiologically the carotid siphon and believes that its participation in the hemodynamics of a hypotensive patient who is lying down, facilitates blood access to the brain, thus avoiding anoxia and brain damage, within certain limits, and constitutes an additional means of body defense.     

Anatomical features of the minor duodenal papilla in pancreas divisum

Background Clinical expression of pancreas divisum is often explained as a consequence of relative or true stenosis of the minor papilla with dorsal duct obstruction. This anatomo-functional study of the minor papilla in pancreas divisum has included its topographical, functional and structural features.Materials and methods The study was carried out on 37 human autopsy specimens of duodenopancreas, which underwent pancreatography, manometrically controlled perfusion and light microscopy.Results One pancreas divisum was detected in the study group. In this case, the distances between the minor and the major papilla was 24.0 mm, and between the minor papilla and the superior duodenal flexure 27.4 mm. The minor papilla was patent when perfused under pressure of 10 mmHg, and its light microscopy revealed regular global histological organization with only light fibrosis and no cellular atypia.Conclusions The structure and position of the minor papilla in pancreas divisum did not significantly differ from the ones in fused pancreases.     

Kidney lesions in copper-deficient rats

Rats fed a diet deficient in copper were found, in comparison to control rats, to have lesions in the cortex, medulla and papilla of the kidney. Within the cortex, the lesions consisted of mild atrophy of the convoluted tubules, thickening of their basement membranes and fragmentation of the reticulin framework. In the medulla and papilla, selected zones of the loop of Henle were disorganized, with their epithelia appearing atrophied and their basement membranes fragmented and irregular. The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules were atrophied and vacuolated and their basement membranes thickened. Throughout the kidney, blood vessels were distented and engorged with large numbers of erythrocytes. The most likely explanation for these lesions is vascular underperfusion which could be due to a primary effect of copper deficiency on the kidney or could be secondary to the other cardiovascular lesions that are known to occur in copper deficiency.     

Endolymphatic and intracellular resting potential in the alligator lizard cochlea

Summary Endolymphatic potential (EP) and intracellular resting potentials (RPs) in the cochlea of the alligator lizard were measured with micropipets. The EP (defined as the dc electric potential recorded between the endolymph in scala media and the perilymph in scala tympani or scala vestibuli) had a mean value of +16 mV (in 96 ears). The RPs (defined as the de potentials recorded between the intracellular and perilymphatic spaces) were different in the distal portion of the cochlear nerve (range to-56 mV, mean of –23 mV in 158 cells) from those in the region of the basilar papilla (range to-154 mV, mean of-73 mV in 623 cells). In identified cells in the region of the basilar papilla, the mean values of RPs of hyaline epithelial cells (-113 mV in 7 cells) and supporting cells (-93 mV in 13 cells) were more negative than of hair cells (-73 mV in 5 cells). Differences in measured RPs could reflect differences in the resting potentials of these cells and/or their source resistances. RPs measured in the basilar papilla of the alligator lizard are compared with those obtained in other vertebrate hair cell organs.     

Developmental change of alpha-gustducin expression in the mouse fungiform papilla

Developmental changes in the distribution pattern of taste buds in newborn mouse have not been previously elucidated, and little work has been done to examine the postnatal alteration of the expression of α-gustducin in the mouse taste buds. In the present paper, we delineated the development and frequency distribution of the taste buds as well as the immunohistochemical expression of α-gustducin, a G protein closely related to the transduction of taste stimuli in the fungiform papilla from the birthday till the age of week 9. At birth, more than 45 taste buds (with or without pores) were observed on the fungiform papilla, then the number of mature taste buds increased rapidly, and resulted in 66% (80.2 ± 0.6 of 122.2 ± 1.3) of fungiform papilla taste buds containing taste pores at week 3. By age the total counts of pored taste buds continuously increased and their morphological features became quite discernible. They became ellipse in shape, characterized by distinct pores. Quantitative analysis of α-gustducin expression at different postnatal ages revealed a significant increase in the number of immunolabeled taste buds and α-gustducin-positive cells in single taste buds from week 1 to 7, by week 7, the number reached the value found in adults (99.3 ± 0.9 and 8.3 ± 0.3, respectively). These results indicated that taste buds within fungiform papilla play an important role in the detection of nutrients in the postnatal mouse. Grant sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China; Grant number: 30060025.     

Developmental change of α-gustducin expression in the mouse fungiform papilla

Developmental changes in the distribution pattern of taste buds in newborn mouse have not been previously elucidated, and little work has been done to examine the postnatal alteration of the expression of α-gustducin in the mouse taste buds. In the present paper, we delineated the development and frequency distribution of the taste buds as well as the immunohistochemical expression of α-gustducin, a G protein closely related to the transduction of taste stimuli in the fungiform papilla from the birthday till the age of week 9. At birth, more than 45 taste buds (with or without pores) were observed on the fungiform papilla, then the number of mature taste buds increased rapidly, and resulted in 66% (80.2 ± 0.6 of 122.2 ± 1.3) of fungiform papilla taste buds containing taste pores at week 3. By age the total counts of pored taste buds continuously increased and their morphological features became quite discernible. They became ellipse in shape, characterized by distinct pores. Quantitative analysis of α-gustducin expression at different postnatal ages revealed a significant increase in the number of immunolabeled taste buds and α-gustducin-positive cells in single taste buds from week 1 to 7, by week 7, the number reached the value found in adults (99.3 ± 0.9 and 8.3 ± 0.3, respectively). These results indicated that taste buds within fungiform papilla play an important role in the detection of nutrients in the postnatal mouse.     

根尖乳头干细胞与牙周膜干细胞的生物学行为比较

BACKGROUND: Stem cells from the apical papilla are a new kind of mesenchymal stem cells, and whether it can  be used in root regeneration is the key to the present study. OBJECTIVE: To culture rat stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro, and to compare the biology behaviors of these two kinds of cells, thereby providing experimental basis for the application of stem cells from the apical papilla in root regeneration. METHODS: The apical papilla, as well as the periodontal ligament tissues from the healthy mandibular teeth of young rats were digested and cultured. Immunophenotypes of stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells were detected by immunofluorescence technique. Then, cell growth curves were determined by MTT method and mineralized nodule formation was observed by alizarin red staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells were both positive for STRO-1. Stem cells from the apical papilla were positive for CD90 and weakly positive for CD146. Periodontal ligament stem cells were positive for CD146 and weakly positive for CD90. The absorbance values of stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells increased with the increasing of time and became stable at 8 days. Since the 4th day, the proliferation capacity of stem cells from the apical papilla was significantly stronger than that of periodontal ligament stem cells (P < 0.05). Both of stem cells are visible to have mineralized nodule formation. Compared with the periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from the apical papilla were stained obviously deeper and had more mineralized nodules. These results show that stem cells from the apical papilla have stronger proliferation capacity and mineralization ability than periodontal ligament stem cells.      

On the function of the mammalian renal papilla and the peristalsis of the surrounding pelvis

This is an informal personal review of the development over time of my ideas about the concentrating mechanism of the mammalian renal papilla. It had been observed that animals with a need to produce a concentrated urine have a long renal papilla. I saw the function of the long papilla in desert rodents as an elongation of the counter-current concentrating mechanism of the inner medulla. This model led me to overlook contrary evidence. For example, in many experiments, the final urine has a higher osmolality than that of the tissue at the tip of the papilla. In addition, we had observations of the peristalsis of the renal pelvis surrounding the papilla. The urine concentration falls if the peristalsis is stopped. I was wrong; together, these lines of evidence show that the renal papilla is not just an elongation of the inner medulla. We are left without a full explanation of the concentrating mechanism of the mammalian renal papilla. It is hoped that other researchers will tackle this interesting problem.     

Morphology of the lingual papillae in the sitatunga

We examined the dorsal lingual surfaces of an adult sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) by scanning electron microscopy. Filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were observed. The filiform papillae consisted of a larger main papilla and smaller secondary papillae. The filiform papilla contained connective tissue core consisting of several processes. The fungiform papillae were round in shape. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papilla was flower-bud shaped. Lenticular papillae were limited on the torus lingua. The connective tissue core of the lenticular papilla consisted of numerous small spines, or these spines and rod-shaped processes. The vallate papillae were flattened-oval shaped and the papillae were surrounded by a circular trench. The connective tissue core of the vallate papilla was covered with numerous small spines. These findings indicate that the tongue of the sitatunga is similar to that of the blackbuck and Barbary sheep.     

The induction of enamel and dentin complexes by subcutaneous implantation of reconstructed human and murine tooth germ elements

Tooth induction by xenogenic graft of reconstructed human tooth germ components has never been attempted. Here we report our first attempt at a transplantation of human tooth germ components, heterologously recombined with mouse dental epithelia, into immunocompromised animals. Human third molar tooth germs enucleated from young patients as prophylactic treatment for orthodontic reasons were collected. The whole or minced human dental papilla was reconstructed with human- or mouse molar enamel epithelium, and transplanted in the dorsal aspect of C.B-17/Icr-scid Jcl mice. The transplant of human dental papilla reconstructed with human enamel epithelium formed thin dentin and immature enamel layers by 3 to 4 weeks, but remained extremely small in quantity due to a shortage of epithelial components in the graft. The addition of E16 mouse molar enamel organs (n=10-12) to each graft augmented the formation of tooth germ-like structures, but the differentiation of mouse molar ameloblasts was suppressed. However, once a solid layer of mineralized dentin was established, mouse ameloblasts accelerated their differentiation, and completed the enamel matrix formation and maturation within the following 4 weeks, whereas human ameloblasts, which had interacted with human dental papilla, remained in the stage of matrix formation during the same period. These data imply that, in reconstructed transplants, the differentiation of mouse dental epithelia is restrained by putative suppressive factors derived from human dental papilla until they are separated by mineralized dentin layers that serve as a diffusion barrier. The mouse enamel organ nevertheless retains its own phenotypic characteristics and intrinsic timing of cell differentiation and function.     

Establishment of cadherin-based intercellular junctions in the dermal papilla of the developing hair follicle

During hair follicle development, mesenchymal cells aggregate to form the dermal papilla with hair-inducing activity. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the aggregative behavior of dermal papilla cells are less known. The present study demonstrates that cadherin-based intercellular junctions interconnect dermal papilla cells in developing hair follicles of mice. It is shown that as mesenchymal cells aggregate to be surrounded by epithelium in developing hair follicles, cadherin-11 comes to exhibit the dotted patterns of distribution. The appearance of the dot-like distribution of the molecule is concomitant with the formation of intercellular junctions in the mesenchymal aggregate, which make a tightly packed population of cells with little extracellular space. At later stages of the development, although extracellular space reappears in the dermal papilla, the cells remain interconnected by well-developed intercellular junctions, where cadherin-11 as well as beta-catenin is localized. Taking into consideration the normal hair development in cadherin-11 mutant mice, it might be that multiple cadherins are responsible for the establishment of intercellular junctions in the dermal papilla and serve to maintain the aggregative behavior of the cells.