青少年抑郁症状与清晨觉醒唾液皮质醇水平的相关性

探讨青少年抑郁症状与清晨觉醒唾液皮质醇水平的关联,为青少年抑郁症状的有效防控提供参考.方法 招募安徽省马鞍山市3所小学二至五年级学生共1 552名,收集其清晨即刻唾液,采用酶联免疫测定法测定皮质醇质量体积浓度;抑郁症状使用情绪与心境问卷量表评价,同时收集体力活动、视频时间、睡眠时间、父母文化程度、青春期发育情况、家庭经济状况等信息,并测量身高和体重.采用Logistic回归模型评价唾液皮质醇水平与抑郁症状的关联.结果 青少年抑郁症状的检出率为16.4%,抑郁症状组皮质醇水平中位数(374.38 ng/mL)高于非抑郁症状组(339.42 ng/mL),差异有统计学意义(u=29.38,P<0.01).控制性别、父母文化程度、家庭经济情况等混杂因素后,相比于皮质醇水平位于P25~ P75组青少年,P75组青少年抑郁症状检出率较高(OR=1.47,95%CI=1.07~2.01).结论 青少年清晨唾液高水平皮质醇浓度与青少年抑郁症状检出率高度关联.     

青少年抑郁症状与饮食习惯的关联性研究

目的 探究不同食物消费频次与青少年抑郁症状的关联性,为实施针对性干预措施提供参考。方法 采用学生健康状况及影响因素调查表和流调中心用抑郁量表,评估学生不同食物消费频次和抑郁症状检出情况,分析两者间关联。结果 共调查2 128人,年龄11～23岁,抑郁症状检出率为18.52%,男生(15.05%)低于女生(22.54%),高中生(20.62%)高于初中生(17.65%)、大学生(13.39%),差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为19.67、7.12,P值均<0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示,最近1周高频次的消费甜食(OR=2.65,95%CI:1.55～4.52)和未消费、低频次的消费早餐(OR=3.58,95%CI:1.81～7.11;OR=1.70,95%CI:1.32～2.18)与青少年抑郁症状呈正相关(P值均<0.05)。结论 青少年抑郁症状与饮食习惯存在关联,少吃甜食,坚持吃早餐,可能会降低抑郁症状发生风险。     

青少年生活目标感与抑郁症状及年级的关系

目的 探讨青少年生活目标感与抑郁症状的关系以及年级的调节作用,为了解中国青少年生活目标感的现状提供实证依据。方法 采用方便整群抽样方法在河北、云南共选取1 627名四至九年级青少年为研究对象,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、青少年目标问卷进行调查。运用分层回归进行调节效应分析,并进行简单斜率检验。结果 不同性别、母亲受教育程度、父亲受教育程度、自评家庭经济水平、学习成绩的青少年抑郁得分差异均有统计学意义(t/F值分别为-2.70,3.62,2.82,13.67,13.81,P值均<0.01),不同母亲受教育程度、父亲受教育程度、自评家庭经济水平、学习成绩的青少年生活目标感得分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为3.24,4.27,7.50,9.39,P值均<0.01)。相关分析表明,青少年生活目标感与抑郁症状呈负相关(r=-0.38,P<0.01)。分层回归模型结果显示,青少年生活目标感负向预测抑郁症状(β=-0.19,t=-5.93,P<0.01),年级在生活目标感和抑郁症状之间起调节作用(β=-0.34,t=-7.54,P<0.01)。简单斜率结果显示,小学组(四...     

青少年认知灵活性抑郁与进食态度的相关性

目的探讨青少年认知灵活性、抑郁对进食态度的影响,为完善进食障碍的早期识别与干预提供参考依据。方法采用一般资料问卷、Kutcher青少年抑郁量表11项版(Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale 11-item,KADS-11)、认知灵活性量表(Cognitive Flexibility Inventory,CFI)和进食态度问卷(Eating Attitude Test-26,EAT-26)对日照市1 231名学生进行测评,采用独立样本t检验、非参数检验、Spearman相关分析和Logistic回归分析进行分析。结果不同性别和有无抑郁青少年之间的EAT-26总分差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。有无进食障碍症状青少年之间的CFI总分、灵活控制性因子评分与KADS-11总分差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。青少年EAT-26总分与CFI总分(r=-0.19)及灵活控制性评分(r=-0.23)呈负相关,与KADS-11总分呈正相关(r=0.23)(P值均<0.01)。女生(OR=2.40,95%CI=1.87～3.23)、抑郁症...     

青春早中期不同发育阶段青少年抑郁症状及影响因素分析

  目的  探究重庆市某区青少年各青春发育指标处于不同发育阶段时的抑郁现况,为改善青少年身心健康提供依据。  方法  对重庆市九龙坡区1 001名随访小学高年级和初中学生采用自编问卷和抑郁量表(Children's Depression Inventory, CDI)进行调查,通过描述性统计分析、χ2检验、方差分析和多因素Logistic回归分析统计调查对象的抑郁症状检出率、得分和影响因素等。  结果  青少年抑郁症状的检出率为17.3%,抑郁量表总得分为(12.02±6.72)分,外生殖器、阴毛、腋毛和胡须处于不同发育阶段以及是否发生首次遗精的男生效率低下分量表得分差异均有统计学意义(t/F值分别为7.08,5.46,5.18,4.21,5.84),乳房、阴毛和腋毛处于不同发育阶段以及是否发生月经初潮的女生快感缺乏、效率低下分量表得分差异均有统计学意义(t/F值分别为19.43,4.92,3.98,7.35,P值均 < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男生未出现首次遗精和女生未发生月经初潮与抑郁症状呈负相关(OR=0.60,95%CI=0.36~0.98;OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.22~1.00),女生阴毛处于发育期与检出抑郁症状呈正相关(OR=9.58,95%CI=1.28~71.71)。  结论  青春早中期青少年抑郁症状检出率处于较低水平,已发生首次遗精的男生、阴毛发育较为成熟的女生和已发生月经初潮的女生更易出现抑郁情绪和症状。     

大学生外卖食品消费及家庭影响因素分析

从社会经济角度剖析大学生外卖食品消费的影响因素,为规范和管理当前外卖食品现状提供科学依据.方法 随机选取江西省上饶市某大学2 610名学生,对消费外卖食品频率、食品内容、包装及社会经济影响因素进行调研,采用x2检验和二元Logistic回归分析学生社会经济因素对外卖消费行为的影响.结果 大学生点外卖食品发生率为74.8%,不同学院之间差异有统计学意义(x2=224.72,P<0.01).家庭居住市区的大学生选择外卖食品报告率(81.5%)高于城镇或县城(78.7%)和农村(70.8%);独生子女(81.0%)高于非独生子女(72.5%);每月生活费高水平的(86.0%)高于中等水平(77.2%)和低水平(65.8%);家庭居住地、是否为独生子女、每月生活费间差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为28.36,20.20,62.17,P值均<0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,农村学生(OR=1.81),非独生子女(OR=1.62),每月生活费<1 000元(OR=3.23),父亲学历初中、小学毕业、小学未毕业或没上过学(OR值分别为1.57,1.48,1.90),母亲学历小学毕业、小学未毕业或没上过学(OR值分别为1.58,1.73)的学生更倾向点外卖行为.结论 大学生点外卖行为与家庭居住地为农村、非独生子女、中等消费水平及父母初中以下学历有关,且出现多次复购行为,具有明显的群体特征.     

青少年体力活动与抑郁症状的相关性

目的 分析青少年体力活动与抑郁症状之间的相关性,为前瞻性预防青少年抑郁提供参考。方法 在上海、乌鲁木齐、长沙、昆明4座城市采用随机整群抽样方式抽取8 102名青少年,分别采用“中国7～18岁儿童青少年体力活动水平评价问卷”和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)对青少年进行体力活动调查和抑郁症状评估,采用多因素Logistic回归分析对青少年体力活动与抑郁症状的相关性进行分析。结果 青少年中高强度体力活动(MVPA)达标比例为37.0%,抑郁症状检出率为25.6%。分学段、性别后,MVPA达标组抑郁症状检出率均低于MVPA未达标组(χ²=7.62～34.54,P值均<0.05)。抑郁症状程度严重青少年具有低强度体力活动(LPA)时间长、高强度体力活动(VPA)时间短的特点,抑郁症状程度较轻或无症状青少年MVPA时长更长。不同抑郁症状程度青少年总体LPA、VPA;男生LPA,女生LPA、VPA;初中生LPA、VPA,高中生LPA、中强度体力活动(MPA)、MVPA差异均有统计学意义(H值分别为46.48,10.31,18.06,25.02,29.54,30.25,1...     

江西省某高校大学生外卖食品消费与睡眠不良的相关性

  目的  了解江西省某高校大学生外卖食品消费与不良睡眠状况的相关性,为预防和缓解大学生睡眠不良以及相关干预对策的制定提供理论依据。  方法  2018年5月采用整群分层立意抽样方法,在江西省上饶市某高校大一至大三年级共抽取2 610名大学生,对其外卖食品的消费频率和类型、睡眠质量和嗜睡情况进行调研。  结果  大学生外卖食品消费行为(≥4次/周)检出率为74.8%。大学生睡眠质量差和嗜睡的检出率分别为17.0%,18.3%。不同性别、学院、自测家庭条件、学习负担、体力活动水平、抑郁情况、每天吸烟大学生睡眠质量差检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为4.33,8.67,23.14,39.03,12.89,313.37,15.23,P值均＜0.05)。不同学院、年级、学习负担、体力活动、抑郁情况大学生嗜睡检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为12.81,6.57,20.61,8.42,228.06,P值均＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,外卖食品消费(≥4次/周)类型与睡眠质量差和嗜睡关联均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  大学生外卖食品消费(≥4次/周)类型为米粉面食、麻辣烫、香锅火锅增加其不良睡眠状况发生的风险。学校应加强对大学生的营养健康教育。     

青少年昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症状

青少年期是一个独立性增加、经历新环境且进入社会角色出现的时期,这一时期会经历身体成分的变化、性腺发育和青春期进程,从而影响一系列行为,其中较为突出的行为改变是青少年明显呈现晚睡和晚起转变[1],昼夜节律开始出现延迟[2].青少年期亦是抑郁症状的高发时期[3],世界范围内青少年人群抑郁症状的患病率约为22%~60%[4].越来越多的研究显示,青少年昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症状密切相关[5].笔者总结了昼夜节律紊乱的评价方法,综述昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症状的关联及其可能机制,可为青少年昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症状的关联研究提供参考依据.     

中国青少年饮食行为与心理亚健康的相关性

  目的  了解中国青少年心理亚健康与饮食行为的相关性,为改善青少年心理亚健康提供科学依据。  方法  2015—2017年在中国六大行政区采用分层随机整群抽样方法抽取16 545名13~22岁青少年,采用青少年亚健康多维评定问卷(Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents, MSQA)的心理问卷进行心理亚健康测试,同时进行饮食行为调查。  结果  男生在早餐、零食、碳酸饮料、蔬菜、鱼肉以及乳制品方面“基本都吃/喝”的比例分别为76.2%,20.2%,19.0%,78.4%,52.4%,59.2%,女生分别为79.2%,28.6%,12.6%,78.3%,43.2%,54.9%,除“蔬菜”选项外,其他各项在性别间分布差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为20.79,320.10,229.06,150.27,32.21,P值均 < 0.01)。心理亚健康方面,男生心理亚健康状态、品行亚健康和社会适应亚健康检出率分别为20.7%,26.0%,17.2%,女生分别为18.6%,24.1%,14.8%,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为17.32,7.66,17.46,P值均 < 0.01)。控制年龄和性别后,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,早餐“基本都吃”和“偶尔吃”、蔬菜“基本都吃”和“偶尔吃”、鱼肉“基本都吃”和“偶尔吃”、牛奶、乳制品“基本都喝”和“偶尔喝”与心理亚健康状态的发生均呈负相关(OR值分别为0.60,0.73;0.50,0.65;0.74,0.77;0.73,0.69,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  健康的饮食行为是避免青少年产生心理亚健康的保护因素。建议学校针对家长及学生定期开展膳食营养讲座及发放膳食营养指导手册,学校食堂配备公共营养师指导日常配餐等。     

中国儿童青少年抑郁症状性别差异的流行病学调查

目的 了解中国儿童青少年抑郁症状的流行特征和性别差异。方法 采取整群抽样,在全国9个协作地区选取9．0～18．9岁汉族城乡各年龄组儿童青少年男女生各50人,每个地区最低样本量为2000人。采用儿童抑郁量表(CDI)评定小学四年级至高中三年级青少年的抑郁症 状,评估第二性征(男女童阴毛、女童乳房和男童外生殖器)发育指标。结果 中国青少年抑郁症状总检出率为14．81％,男女生抑郁症状检出率分别为15．35％和14．43％。农村地区儿童青少年抑郁症状检出率(16．41％)高于城市(13．23％)。lO、11岁组男生抑郁症状检出率均高于同龄女生(χ²=11．625,P＜0．005;χ^{2＜0．005),17岁组女生抑郁症状检出率(21．5％)高于同龄男生(17．26％)(χ2＜0．005)。仅在Tanner发育Ⅱ期,男生抑郁检出率(18．4％)高于女生 (15．8％),差异有统计学意义(χ2＜0．005)。结论 在特殊年龄段和特定发育阶段,中国儿童青少年抑郁症状检出率存在性别差异,但还需要进一步纵向研究以证实。}     

The occurrence of Bacillus cereus in fast foods

The rate and the level of contamination by Bacillus cereus in various fast foods were investigated. The strains isolated were differentiated by DNA digestion with restriction enzymes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 90 single servings of foods were purchased in 16 restaurants, cafeterias and buffets in Naples (Italy). Ten samples (11.1%) resulted in contamination by B. cereus. The contamination levels ranged from 10³ to 10⁵ cfu g^-1. The most contaminated foods were the fish dishes (21.4%), with counts ranging between 10⁴ and 10⁵ cfu g^-1. Such rate of contamination is noticeably lower than those reported in other countries. The genomic typing obtained by the PFGE of the restriction digests showed the existence of a high polymorphism also in the B. cereus strains isolated from different ready-to-eat foods purchased together in the same restaurant.     

Prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults

The objective of this work is to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in three groups of adolescents and young adults (aged 16-25) from the city of San Sebastian. For that purpose 188, 189 and 160 young unemployed, students and workers, respectively, were selected by the method of quota. As screening instrument, an Spanish version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression) scale was used. Using the standard criterion of total score of the scale equal to or higher than 16, irrespective of the length of symptoms, a prevalence of 44.68% in unemployed and of 41.79% in students, opposite to 29.37% in workers (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively) was obtained. Taking into account the criterion of total score equal to or higher than 16, starting from symptoms that last three days at least, the rates were 18.08% in unemployed and 14.81% in students, opposite to 9.37% in workers (p less than 0.05 and "not significant", respectively). Stratifying by sex, it was observed that the differences among groups were at the expense of the female sex. These results suggest that a situation of unemployment seems to act as a depression-inducing factor, more important among female adolescents and young than among male adolescents and young.     

Primary prevention of anxious and depressive symptoms in adolescents

This paper describes the design of a large scaled intervention study to prove the effectiveness of a prevention programme for anxiety and depression. In addition the development and application of a programme for the primary prevention of anxiety and depression in adolescents is presented. The treatment targets anxious and depressive symptoms, cognitive distortions and attributional styles as well as social skills in 14 to 18 year old high-school students. First results on the efficacy of the prevention treatment are reported. We found small but positive effects on cognitive and social risk factors over a 6 months period. The effects of the prevention programme depend on the fidelity of the treatment implementation.     

Aspects of alienation and symptom load among adolescents

Background: The purpose was to examine the association betweenaspects of alienation and symptom load among adolescents. Furthermorean integrated purpose was to construct and validate an indexof alienation. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 5205 schoolchildren aged 11–15 years from a random sample of schoolsin Denmark were used. Data stems from the Danish contributionto the cross-national study Health and Behaviour in School-agedChildren (HBSC). Alienation was measured with a new index fulfillingfour criteria: (i) theoretical foundation, (ii) inter-correlationbetween items, (iii) correlation between each of the index'sitems and the outcomes and (iv) no differential item functioning.The final index included three indicators of alienation: helplessness,feeling left out of things and lack of confidentiality withparents. Symptom load was measured by HBSC Symptom Checklistand divided into physical and psychological symptoms respectively.High symptom load was defined as experiencing at least one symptomon a daily basis. Results: The odds-ratio (OR) for high symptomload increased with the degree of alienation. For students withall three indicators of alienation, the OR for high physicalsymptom load was 2.49 (1.05–5.87). The OR for high psychologicalsymptom load for the corresponding degree of alienation was6.50 (3.11–13.56). Conclusion: The index of alienationfulfilled psychometric criteria for scalability. Furthermorethe analyses showed a graded and significant association betweenalienation and high symptom load. This suggests alienation tobe taken into account in future health interventions among adolescents.In school settings this may be done using principles of empowerment.     

重庆市男性大学生昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症状的关联研究

目的  分析重庆市青年男性人群中昼夜节律紊乱是否与抑郁症状存在关联。 方法  采用中文版慕尼黑睡眠时型问卷(Munich chronotype questionnaire, MCTQ)测量社会性时差(用来反映昼夜节律紊乱的指标), 同时测量了平均睡眠时长和反映生物钟特性的睡眠时型指标。采用抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale, SDS)的标准分测量抑郁症状。 结果  研究对象的社会性时差为0.9(0.5, 1.3)h, 其与睡眠时型指标之间呈现较强的相关性(r=0.73, P < 0.001)。社会性时差与SDS标准分呈正相关, 校正睡眠时型、睡眠时长、年龄、体重指数、体育运动、吸烟、饮酒、饮茶等因素后, 社会性时差每增加0.5h, SDS标准分相应增加2.1%(95%CI:0.5%~3.5%, P=0.011)。 结论  社会性时差与SDS标准分呈正相关, 提示昼夜节律紊乱可能与抑郁症状有关。     

Major depressive disorder and dysthymia in young adolescents.

A two-stage epidemiologic study conducted between 1986 and 1988 in the southeastern United States investigated the frequency of major depressive disorder and dysthymia in 12-14 year olds. In stage one, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, a life event schedule, and a family cohesion scale were administered to a community sample of 3,283 adolescents. In stage two, 488 mother-child pairs were interviewed utilizing the Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders in School Age Children. Although mean Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores were significantly higher in females (25.60) than in males (19.50), prevalence estimates based on a summary of mother and child symptom reports for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, major depressive disorder were similar: 9.04% in males and 8.90% in females. The prevalences of dysthymia were 7.98% in males and 5.00% in females. Previous investigations have reported lower rates and a female preponderance of major depression. Disagreement between mothers and children regarding the presence of symptoms may explain this contradiction. Significant odds ratios were found between major depression and not living with both natural parents (odds ratio (OR) = 3.89), undesirable life events (OR = 1.09), and perceived family cohesion (OR = 0.96). Not living with both natural parents (OR = 14.67) and socioeconomic status (OR = 0.44) were significant correlates of dysthymia.     

蛋白质及动物性食物摄入对中国女童初潮年龄的前瞻性影响

目的 探讨初潮前蛋白质及动物性食物摄入对中国女童初潮年龄的前瞻性影响,为预防中国女童初潮年龄提前提供科学依据.方法 利用1997-2015年“中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)”数据库的数据,选取初潮年龄、身高、体重、家庭人均年收入、母亲文化程度信息完整且初潮前1～4年内至少具有1次完整膳食调查数据的683名≥6岁女童作为...