144例头颈部游离组织瓣移植患者的临床分析

目的:探讨采用头颈部游离组织瓣移植行头颈部重建的效果。方法:对1999年5月～2000年10月采用游离组织瓣移植行头预部重建的144例患者作回顾性研究,分析采用组织瓣的类型、受区血管、血管吻合方式和技术、组织瓣成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况。结果:前臂皮瓣、腓骨瓣和腹直肌瓣为最常用的行头颈部重建的游离组织瓣,占全部皮瓣的94.7％;游离组织瓣移植的成功率为98％,术后血栓的发生率为6％,抢救成功率为66.7％;受区和供区总的并发症发生率为34％,但大多数并发症均不严重,没有造成明显的后果;吸烟、饮酒、放疗和患者年龄等均非影响游离组织瓣移植成功的重要因素。结论:头颈部游离组织瓣移植安全可靠,且优于传统的带蒂组织瓣移植,是头颈部重建的合理选择。     

儿童患者头颈部游离组织瓣移植的临床分析

目的　探讨儿童患者头颈部游离组织瓣移植的安全性、可靠性和应用价值。方法　对同一手术小组完成的28例15岁以下儿童患者的30块头颈部游离组织瓣移植作回顾性研究。分析患者的一般情况、头颈部缺损的部位和类型、采用游离组织瓣的类型、受区血管、游离瓣成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况,并分析有可能影响游离瓣成活的各种因素。结果　28例患者一共采用了4种游离瓣,即腓骨瓣19块、前臂皮瓣5块、肩胛皮瓣和腹直肌皮瓣各3块。其游离瓣的临床成功率为93·3%(28/30),1块腓骨瓣和1块腹直肌皮瓣失败;受区和供区总的并发症发生率为36·7%,但并发症均不严重,没有造成严重的后果。结论　儿童患者头颈部游离组织瓣移植安全可靠,与成年患者相比其成功率和并发症无明显差别,值得进一步推广和应用。     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

游离肩胛骨皮瓣修复头颈部组织缺损：皮瓣选择对并发症的影响

由于组织的多样性,肩胛骨皮瓣是修复头颈部复合组织缺损的常用皮瓣,由于其血管蒂很少发生粥样硬化,如果术中发现其他组织瓣由于血管问题不能选用,则肩胛骨皮瓣也可作为重建缺损的第二选择。该文旨在应用回顾性研究方     

头颈部肿瘤皮瓣修复术后上消化道出血死亡病例2例分析

上消化道出血为临床上较为常见的急症,急性发作的发病率约为每年(60~150)/10万,死亡率约为 5%~10%。随着游离皮瓣移植手术在不同单位开展得越来越多,提高口腔颌面外科医师对头颈部肿瘤皮瓣重建术后上消化道出血并发症的了解和重视越来越显必要。本文旨在通过对我科2例头颈部肿瘤皮瓣重建术后出现急性上消化道出血致死病例的分析和总结,提高口腔颌面外科医师对该并发症的重视,更好地保护患者的切身利益,提高医疗质量。     

游离大腿前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步观察

目的探讨游离大腿前外侧皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用。方法回顾研究2002年1月至2006年1月完成的22例游离大腿前外侧皮瓣移植。分析采用组织瓣的设计、穿支血管的数目和类型、受区血管、血管吻合方式和技术、游离瓣成活情况及术后并发症，并分析有可能影响组织瓣成活的各种因素。结果22例中，皮瓣面积（7cm×5cm）～（16cm×8cm），平均11．1cm×6．9cm，除4块皮瓣携带2个穿支外，其余18块皮瓣均携带1个穿支。26个穿支中，20个为肌皮穿支，另外6个为隔皮穿支。1例游离瓣术后48h出现静脉危象，经抢救未成功后去除皮瓣。其余皮瓣术中、术后均未出现血管危象，并且全部成活。所有供区均直接拉拢缝合，除1例供区术后创口感染致二期愈合外，其余供区均一期愈合。结论游离大腿前外侧皮瓣克服了传统的前臂皮瓣和腹直肌皮瓣的缺点，在头颈部缺损的修复中具有较大的灵活性，值得进一步应用和观察。     

对提高头颈部游离组织瓣移植成功率的探讨

目的：探讨如何提高头颈部游离组织瓣移植的成功率。方法：2004年1月至2004年12月间，由同一手术小组完成的连续194例患者的200块游离组织瓣移植．分析所采用组织瓣的类型、受区血管、游离瓣成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况，并探讨提高游离瓣可靠性的重要环节。结果：本组共采用7种游离瓣，包括腓骨瓣、前臂皮瓣、大腿前外侧皮瓣、空肠瓣、腹直肌皮瓣、肩胛瓣和背阔肌皮瓣。游离瓣的临床成功率为99．5％，术后血管危象的发生率为2％，抢救成功率为75％：受区和供区总并发症发生率为24．2％。结论：合理选择游离瓣、熟练的游离瓣制备技术、选择理想的受区血管、简化实用的血管吻合技术及游离瓣术后的有效监测，是提高头颈部游离瓣移植成功率的重要环节。如果各个环节处理得当。头颈部游离组织瓣移植的成功率应当接近100％。     

影响头颈部游离皮瓣移植成活的因素分析

目的：分析影响头颈部游离皮瓣移植成活的相关因素。方法：对我院2005.9—2009.11期间进行的124例游离皮瓣移植资料进行回顾,分析年龄,吸烟和（或）饮酒、手术技术及抗凝药物和扩血管药物等因素对游离皮瓣移植成功的影响。采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行连续性校正χ2检验和Fisher确切检验。结果：皮瓣移植的成功率为97.5%（121/124）,与手术技术有明显相关性,而与年龄、是否吸烟和（或）饮酒、是否有高血压和（或）糖尿病以及是否全身应用抗凝药物等无相关性;术后皮瓣危象发生率为4.0%（5/124）,静脉栓塞是主要原因（80%）,手术探查3例,抢救成功2例,成功率为66.7%。结论：精良的显微外科技术以及血管蒂的处理和保护是提高皮瓣游离移植成功率的关键,而性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒及全身应用抗凝药物和扩张血管药物等均不是影响头颈部游离皮瓣移植成活的关键因素。     

微血管吻合器在头颈部游离皮瓣移植动脉吻合中的初步应用

目的 探讨在头颈部缺损游离皮瓣移植手术中应用微血管吻合器吻合动脉的可靠性。方法 选择2013—2014年间行游离皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤切除后缺损的患者21例,分别采取腓骨肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、前臂皮瓣同期修复缺损。动脉均采用微血管吻合器做端-端吻合,动脉吻合共应用21枚吻合器,观察其吻合时间及吻合后血管通畅情况。结果 21例患者术中吻合口均通畅无渗血;1例于术后第1天因皮瓣苍白行手术探查,术中见动脉血栓形成,重新行手工吻合,吻合后血管通畅。应用吻合器吻合时间较手工缝合明显缩短,平均约4~6 min。结论 微血管吻合器在适宜情况下可用于头颈部缺损游离皮瓣修复中的动脉端-端吻合,能够明显缩短吻合时间,操作简便,吻合质量可靠。     

应用折叠的双皮岛游离前臂皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

目的探讨折叠的双皮岛游离前臂皮瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的可靠性和应用价值。方法应用折叠的双皮岛游离前臂移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例33例，分析缺损的部位、范围、所采用组织瓣的设计、受区血管、血管吻合方式和技术、皮瓣成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况，并分析有可能影响皮瓣戍活的各种因素。结果33例患者中，10例为颊部的洞穿缺损，15例为上颌骨切除术后的缺损，6例为腭部洞穿缺损，2例为先天性腭裂术后巨大腭瘘，全部患者的33块前臂皮瓣均成活，无一例发生全部或部分坏死，全部皮岛均获得成活并完成修复目的。皮瓣术后血管危象的发生率为3．0％，抢救成功率为100％。结论折叠的双皮岛游离前臂皮瓣在口腔颌面部洞穿缺损的修复中具有很大的灵活性，其血供可靠并且制备简便，值得进一步推广和应用。     

Free flap reconstruction in paediatric patients with head and neck cancer: clinical considerations for comprehensive care

Free flap reconstruction after resection in paediatric patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) has various clinical challenges, which have not yet been fully investigated. This retrospective study was implemented to investigate these factors. Paediatric patients (≤14 years old) who underwent free flap reconstructions following surgery for HNC at a tertiary referral centre during the years 2009–2018 were included. Clinical, pathological, and imaging data were collected and analysed. Overall, 47 patients were included, 26 male and 21 female. Thirty-four patients were ASA status I and 13 were ASA status II. The median operative time was 415 minutes, while the median intraoperative blood loss was 500 ml. Seventeen patients had a tracheotomy. Fourteen medical complications (six pulmonary infection, six diarrhoea, two pulmonary aspiration) and six surgical complications (one haematoma beneath flap, two wound dehiscence, one salivary fistula, one effusion, one tracheotomy haemorrhage) were observed. Tracheotomy was associated with medical complications (P = 0.003) and total complications (P = 0.024). It was confirmed that microvascular reconstruction can be adopted in paediatric HNC patients, while tracheotomy and nasal feeding tubes should be used with caution. Comprehensive preoperative assessment, gentle handling of the tissues during operative procedures, and appropriate postoperative management will reduce the risk of complications.     

Outcomes of free flap reconstructive surgery in head and neck cancer patients over 80-years old

An increasing elderly population in the United Kingdom has led to an increasing number of older patients with head and neck cancer, resulting in a greater demand for complex head and neck reconstructive surgery in this potentially high-risk age group. A possible perceived poorer tolerance to such major treatment risks under-treating some of these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes in the elderly population (older than 80 years) who had undergone free flap reconstruction following head and neck cancer resection. A retrospective review of 127 patients was performed. Eighteen patients were 80 or older (14.2%) and 109 under 80 (85.8%). The elderly group experienced increased number of postoperative medical complications (p = 0.01), but the surgical complications were not significantly different in the two groups (p = 0.4). The average length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the older group (p = 0.01). There was one flap failure during the study period, which belonged to the younger group of patients. Elderly patients undergoing free flap reconstruction experience an increased rate of postoperative medical complications resulting in an increased length of hospital stay. However, good surgical outcomes can still be achieved in this age group, and therefore age alone should not be considered as a primary factor in head and neck cancer management.     

Long-term outcomes of implant-based dental rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients after reconstruction with the free vascularized fibula flap

The study aimed at evaluating, comprehensively, implant-based dental rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients after maxillofacial reconstruction with a vascularized free fibula flap (FFF).Data were obtained by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of patients treated in Amsterdam UMC-VU Medical Center. Dental implant survival and implant success according to the Albrektsson criteria were analyzed. Additionally, prosthetic-related outcomes were studied, with a focus on functional dental rehabilitation.In total, 161 implants were placed in FFFs, with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range 0.2–23.4). Implant survival was 55.3% in irradiated FFFs and 96% in non-irradiated FFFs. Significant predictors for implant failure were tobacco use and irradiation of the FFF. Implant success was 40.4% in irradiated FFFs and 61.4% in non-irradiated FFFs, mainly due to implant failure and non-functional implants. Implant-based dental rehabilitation was started 45 times in 42 patients, out of 161 FFF reconstructions (27.9%). Thirty-seven patients completed the dental rehabilitation, 29 of whom achieved functional rehabilitation. Irradiation of the FFF negatively influenced attainment of functional rehabilitation. For patients with functional rehabilitation, the body mass index varied at different timepoints: FFF reconstruction, 24.6; dental implantation 23.5; and after placing dental prosthesis, 23.9.Functional implant-based dental rehabilitation, if started, can be achieved in the majority of head and neck cancer patients after FFF reconstruction. Actively smoking patients with an irradiated FFF should be clearly informed about the increased risk for implant and prosthetic treatment failure.     

Retrospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of free flap monitoring with the Cook-Swartz-Doppler probe in head and neck reconstruction

The Cook-Swartz-Doppler probe is an easy to handle and reliable tool for free flap monitoring. In the head and neck region different confounders can affect the read out. We therefore analyzed the use of the Doppler probe regarding these potential difficulties and to compare the diagnostic accuracy in arterial or venous monitoring of free flaps in the head and neck region.A retrospective study was performed in which all patients were included who underwent free flap surgery in the head and neck region in the Department of Plastic Surgery and the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of our institution between 2010 and 2018 and were monitored with an implanted Doppler probe.147 free tissue transfers were included. No significance was found for arterial and venous placement of the Doppler probe for sensitivity (artery 83.3%; vein 84.6%; p = 0.87), specificity (artery 89.2%; vein 96.1%; p = 0.17) and negative predictive value (artery 96.7%; vein 94.2%; p = 0.55). A better positive predictive value for placing the Doppler probe around the artery (82.7%) than the vein (61.1%) was found in our study (p = 0.056).The better positive predictive value in arterial monitoring suggests that this is the more reliable measuring method to assess flap perfusion in the head and neck region.     

The anterolateral thigh flap in head and neck reconstruction: “Pearls and pitfalls”

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has found a permanent and highly valued place in head and neck reconstruction because of its versatility, two-team method of operating, and favourable donor site. The principal disadvantages are related to unpredictable vascular anatomy and the need to meticulously dissect the perforator. With these issues in mind we present a series of practical “pearls and pitfalls”. Our experience has not only given us more confidence to use this flap in an increasing variety of defects, but also given us a new perspective on the applicability of chimeric flaps and perforator techniques in a wide range of donor sites.     

锁骨上动脉岛状瓣在头颈部修复重建中的应用

因肿瘤切除引起的头颈部软组织缺损或畸形,常采用各种带蒂或游离组织瓣移植,恢复其外形和功能。锁骨上动脉岛状瓣因具有皮瓣质地和颜色与头颈部相近、厚度适中、制备简便和供区并发症少等优点,近年来日益受到人们的关注。该文对锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的历史、应用解剖、组织瓣设计和制备及其在头颈重建外科中的应用作一综述。     

Outcomes of anastomotic venous flow couplers in head and neck free flap reconstruction – five-year experience in a single centre

Flow couplers for venous anastomosis, which enable the invasive monitoring of free flaps during the postoperative period with a continuous venous signal audible immediately after completion of the anastomosis, have been reported to be reliable, sensitive, and specific as anastomotic flap monitoring adjuncts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and outcomes of surgical exploration, and the impact on free-flap survival of the venous anastomotic flow coupler for microvascular head and neck reconstruction in a consecutive series of patients. This is a retrospective review of consecutive patients treated in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery who underwent reconstruction of a head and neck defect using venous anastomosis with a flow coupler-vascularised free flap between October 2015 and December 2020. A total of 189 patients had free-flap reconstruction of head and neck defects. We compared the venous flow coupler group (n = 72) with patients who had free flaps with hand-sewn anastomoses over the same period (n = 117). There were no false positive/negatives associated with the flow coupler as an implantable flap monitor. The flow coupler cohort had a significantly higher flap salvage rate compared with free flaps that were monitored clinically (p = 0.04). The venous flow coupler has been shown to be a reliable microvascular anastomotic and invasive flap monitor that enables accurate and timely detection of flap compromise and prompt, successful free-flap salvage.     

Infrahyoid myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyse the literature on the infrahyoid myocutaneous flap (IHMCF) and evaluate its clinical outcomes. The MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched (inception to December 31, 2021). Meta-analyses were then conducted to estimate the overall rates of partial flap loss, total flap loss, salivary fistula, and surgical revision. The 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria included 768 patients undergoing head and neck reconstruction with 773 IHMCF. The oral cavity (77.7%) and oropharynx (13.0%) were the most reconstructed sites. The meta-analyses estimated a pooled partial flap loss rate of 10.4% (99% confidence interval (CI) 5.4–16.7%), total loss rate of 1.8% (99% CI 0.8–3.2%), salivary fistula rate of 3.0% (99% CI 1.3–5.3%), and surgical revision rate of 1.9% (99% CI 0.7–3.7%). Fast flap harvesting and low donor site morbidity were other flap features. Previous thyroid surgery or neck dissection and advanced lymph nodal stage were considered contraindications to IHMCF reconstruction by most authors, while prior neck radiotherapy was reported as a relative contraindication. This pedicled cervical flap is a versatile and reliable reconstructive option for medium-sized head and neck defects. Careful preoperative assessment of the neck condition allows for its safe use.