18F-FDG PET/CT对进展期胃癌治疗前评估的可行性

目的:探讨18F-FDG PET/C对进展期胃癌治疗前评估的可行性.方法:回顾性分析40例进展期胃癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT常规检查结果资料,与内镜、手术病理和临床随访作对照;其中14例患者行根治性手术,余行化疗或姑息治疗.根据解剖部位将淋巴结分为N1+N2和N3组,淋巴结有无转移以组为单位.原发灶、淋巴结及其他器官转移灶的判断通过目测分析结合标准化摄取值来确定.结果:PET/CT对胃原发癌的灵敏度为97.5%.PET和CT的灵敏度分别为65%和90%;14例根治手术患者N1、N2淋巴结有无转移PET/CT的确诊率为85.7%,灵敏度为71.4%,特异性为77.8%;对N3淋巴结的灵敏度为100%.PET/CT发现21处临床未怀疑的转移灶:PET/CT检查后40%(16/40)的病例分期发生变化.结论:18F-FDG PET/CT可用于进展期胃癌的治疗前评估.     

18F-FDG PET/CT纳入肝细胞癌肝移植标准的趋势与价值

肝移植是治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)的有效方法,为降低HCC肝移植术后可能出现较高肿瘤复发率,有学者率先提出著名的Milan标准。但该标准过于严格,部分患者因其肿瘤病变较大或多个结节,虽其生物行为相对“温良”,也被排除在等待肝移植名单之外,随之世界各地出现了众多的“扩大Milan版标准”。HCC组织病理学的微血管侵犯(MVI)、肿瘤组织低分化与HCC肝移植术后较高复发率有显著相关性。复习总结了近年来国内外18氟-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET/CT在HCC肝移植方面的应用文献,发现18F-FDG在HCC病变部位不同的摄取程度,反映了肿瘤组织生物学行为特征即侵袭性的差异;18F-FDG高摄取与HCC病变的MVI、低分化呈正相关;18F-FDG还能敏感、准确地发现HCC肝外转移灶。认为术前18F-FDG PET/CT结果对HCC肝移植预后评估有巨大价值,将其结果纳入HCC肝移植标准是趋势所归,也有望统一“扩大Milan版标准”。建议新的肝移植标准可定义为,原则上遵循Milan标准;对超出Milan标准者,满足HCC病变18F-FDG PET/CT阴性,且排除大血管侵犯和肝外转移。     

临床隐匿性胃癌的FDG PET/CT征象

目的:总结临床隐匿性胃癌的氟脱氧葡萄糖(fluorodeoxyglucose,FDG)PET/CT影像表现特点.方法:回顾分析26例临床隐匿性胃癌的临床及PET/CT影像资料.男18例,女8例,年龄41-83岁,平均年龄60.8岁,皆以转移瘤症状为首发症状,经胃镜活检证实24例,经开腹手术证实2例.以目测法分别分析FDG PET和CT影像,依据其异常表现的强度分为强阳性、弱阳性和阴性;再综合PET和CT表现,根据诊断的难易程度分为3型:易诊型、疑诊型和难诊型.结果:PET表现为强阳性者57.7%(15/26),弱阳性者23.1%(6/26),阴性者19.2%(5/26).同机CT表现强阳性者76.9%(20/26),弱阳性者11.5%(3/26),阴性者11.5%(3/26).易诊型为53.8%(14/26),疑诊型为34.6%(9/26),难诊型为11.5%(3/26).结论:临床隐匿性胃癌大约88.4%的患者可通过FDG PET/CT检查发现或提示胃癌.     

^18F-FDG PET／CT显像监测卵巢癌患者术后复发／转移的临床价值分析

目的 探讨18-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）PET／CT显像在卵巢癌术后监测中的价值。方法回顾性分析19例卵巢癌术后患者的全身PET／CT显像结果,并以病理和随访诊断结果为标准计算其诊断卵巢癌复发／转移的灵敏度、特异性等。结果 “F-FDGPET／CT显像预测卵巢癌术后复发／转移的灵敏度为100．O％（14／14）、特异性为60．0％（3／5）、阳性预测值为87．5％（14／16）、阴性预测值为100．O％（3／3）。结论”F-FDGPET／CT显像对监测卵巢癌术后复发／转移的价值优于传统影像学方法,与血清癌胚抗原（CAl25）联合检查可早期检出复发／转移灶。     

肿瘤PET/CT显像患者的心脏异常摄取分析

目的探讨行肿瘤氟-18-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射型计算机断层扫描(PET/CT)显像患者心脏异常摄取的发生率、部位和病因。方法该研究为回顾性研究。选取北京朝阳医院2014年1月至2016年9月2 000例疑诊或确诊恶性肿瘤患者的18F-FDG PET/CT图像, 显像前患者禁食12 h以上, 18F-FDG注射前空腹血糖水平需<6.7 mmol/L。左心室非基底段、非乳头肌部位的局灶性高摄取, 高于左心室摄取的右心室摄取以及高于心血池摄取的心房摄取(左心室无摄取或低摄取时)定义为异常摄取, 所有异常摄取的判定均由核医学医师进行视觉分析。收集患者的一般临床资料及心脏相关影像学检查结果, 分析心脏异常摄取的发生率、部位和病因。结果 2 000例患者年龄(60.5±13.2)岁, 男性1 117例(55.85%), 糖尿病患者138例(6.90%), 既往有心血管疾病史的患者228例(11.40%)。恶性肿瘤、良性病变、未明确诊断的患者分别为939例(46.95%)、484例(24.20%)、557例(28.85%)。心脏异常摄取145例(7.3%), 其中左心室、右心室...     

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT显像在淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯评价中的价值

目的探讨淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯病灶~(18)氟-脱氧葡萄糖(~(18)F-FDG)正电子发射断位显像/计算机断层显像(PET/CT)的特点,并比较PET和CT对淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯病灶的检测效能。方法回顾性分析34例淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯患者的PET/CT图像特征,并与34例非淋巴瘤患者的~(18)F-FDG PET/CT肌肉生理性浓聚进行比较。通过分析淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯病灶的PET代谢肿瘤/非肿瘤比值(T/NT ratio)及同病灶CT密度T/NT比值,探讨PET和CT对病灶的探测能力。同时研究淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯与血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及肌酸激酶(CK)水平的关系。结果 34例肌肉淋巴瘤患者中,88.2%为非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),11.8%为霍奇金淋巴瘤。其中老年患者的国际预后指数(IPI)及分期更高。70.5%表现为局限性肌肉侵犯,29.5%表现为全身肌肉广泛侵犯。最常累及的肌肉为髂腰肌、腰大肌和臀部肌肉。淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯病灶~(18)F-FDG摄取明显高于肌肉生理性浓聚(t=4.838,P<0.000 1)。淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯均未累及头颈部肌肉且79.4%病灶呈现为结节状和块状,而肌肉生理性浓聚52.9%位于头颈部且均表现为沿肌肉走行的条状或片状浓聚。淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯病灶~(18)F-FDG明显高摄取,显示清楚,而在CT上病灶密度改变不明显,难以确认。病灶处PET代谢T/NT比值明显高于CT密度T/NT比值(t=7.515,P<0.000 1)。患者的肿瘤侵犯范围及病灶代谢增高程度均与血清LDH和CK水平无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 ~(18)F-FDG PET/CT能灵敏地、全面地检出淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯病灶,并能很好地与肌肉生理性浓聚相鉴别。淋巴瘤肌肉侵犯的~(18)F-FDG代谢与血浆LDH和CK水平无关。     

18F-FDG符合探测正电子显像对淋巴瘤的临床应用研究

目的 探讨氟[^18F]—氟代脱氧葡萄糖(^18F—FDG)符合探测正电子代谢显像(SPECT／PET)对淋巴瘤的临床应用价值。方法 经确诊的18例非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者在治疗前后进行^18F—FDG符合线路显像，对显像结果用定性和半定量方法分析，并与B超和CT检查结果进行比较。结果 18例患者共进行30例次检查，真阳性21例次，真阴性6例次，假阳性2例次，假阴性1例次，其准确率90．0％，灵敏度95．5％，特异性75．0％，阳性预测值91．3％，阴性预测值85．7％。^18F—FDG显像改变了16．7％(3／18)临床分期和46．7％(14／30)的治疗方案。治疗后^18F—FDG对复发的阳性预测值100％，阴性预测值为80．0％。CT的阳性预测值50．0％，阴性预测值25．0％。治疗后阴性^18F—FDG显像患者无疾病进展生存期为16～47个月，平均28．7个月，治疗后阳性^18F—FDG显像的患者无疾病进展生存期为3～46个月，平均8．3个月。结论 ^18F—FDG SPECT／PET在NHL中具有重要的临床价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像中标准化摄取值测量技术、影响因素及临床应用的研究进展

［摘要］　¹⁸F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（¹⁸F-FDG）正电子发射计算机断层/电子计算机断层扫描（PET/CT）显像在临床应用中较为广泛,标准化摄取值（SUV）是重要的半定量指标,对于疾病的早期诊断和鉴别诊断、预测肿瘤治疗的早期响应和疗效监测具有重要意义。该文就¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像中SUV测量技术、影响因素及临床应用的研究进展作一综述。     

基于~(18)F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像/CT探讨炎症在兔腹主动脉瘤进展中的作用

目的利用18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射断层显像(PET)/CT扫描,探讨兔腹主动脉瘤进展与炎症的关系。方法 20只新西兰雄白兔给予弹力蛋白酶腔内灌注,制备肾下腹主动脉瘤模型,术后2周和4周各取10只白兔行超声、PET/CT扫描,耳缘静脉采血后处死,检测基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2及MMP-9,留取动脉组织标本进行病理及免疫组织化学染色,计算最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)及标准化靶-本底比。结果与术前比较,术后2周动脉瘤最大直径增长率为(89.21±0.02)%;与术后2周比较,术后4周动脉瘤最大直径增长率为(15.80±0.01)%。与术前比较,术后2周MMP-2、MMP-9明显升高(P0.05);与术后2周比较,术后4周MMP-2、MMP-9明显降低(P0.05)。术后4周SUVmax较术后2周明显降低(0.35±0.05 vs 0.90±0.03,P0.05)。术后2周巨噬细胞染色面积百分比明显高于术后4周(P0.05)。结论炎症在腹主动脉瘤早期进展中起重要作用。     

18F-FDG PET/CT在小儿淋巴瘤治疗中的应用进展

淋巴瘤占小儿恶性肿瘤的10%～15%,可分为霍奇金淋巴瘤(HD)和非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),其中HD约占儿童淋巴瘤的40%,大多数HD可治愈,对放、化疗均敏感;NHL约占60%,90%～95%儿童NHL表现为弥漫性高度恶性,常侵及结外,早期远处转移至骨髓和中枢神经系统,发病高峰为5～9     

18F-FDG PET/CT对显像阳性原发性肝癌125I粒子植入治疗疗效价值的评估

目的:探讨<'18>F-FDG PET/CT对显像阳性的原发性肝癌行<'125>I粒子植入治疗疗效价值的评价.方法:原发性肝癌患者39例,共55个肿瘤病灶,均于放射性<'125>I粒子植入治疗前确定病灶为<'18>F-FDG PET/CT显像阳性;放射性<'125>I粒子植入治疗后2 mo行PET/CT检查评价疗效,之...     

Assessment of intrathoracic lymph nodes by FDG PET/CT in patients with asbestos-related lung cancer

BackgroundThis study explored the assessment of intrathoracic lymph node metastasis by 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with asbestos-related lung cancer (ARLC).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data on 35 patients with ARLC who underwent preoperative FDG-PET/CT and surgical resection between January 2012 and December 2018. We collected medical information from medical records and imaging systems and examined the FDG uptake in each lymph nodal region resected by surgery and the presence or absence of pathological lymph node metastasis.ResultsPathological lymph node metastases were detected in 14 (8.70%) of 161 nodal stations. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of FDG-PET/CT were 71.4% (10/14), 87.8% (129/147), 35.7% (10/28), 97.0% (129/133), and 86.3% (139/161), respectively. Six of the eight false-positive patients had bilateral accumulations, whereas all six true-positive patients had unilateral accumulation (P=0.006). On histopathological examination, the false-positive nodes showed disruption of lymphoid follicles in the cortex, infiltration of histiocyte-like cells in the medulla, fibrous micronodules, and severe anthracosis.ConclusionsPET/CT scans of patients with ARLC showed comparable sensitivity and specificity to those of PET/CT scans of patients with conventional lung cancer reported in the literature. Many false-positive cases also showed bilateral symmetric accumulation. This method can be used to evaluate lymph node involvement in lung cancer.     

F-FDG PET/CT诊断胆管细胞癌分期价值研究

目的 探讨采用¹⁸F-氟代脱氧葡糖糖(¹⁸F-FDG)正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET/CT)诊断肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)分期的效能。方法 2017年1月～2020年1月我院收治的107例ICC患者和同期107名体检且身体健康的志愿者,接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查,行TNM分期评估,勾画感兴趣区域,计算最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)。所有患者接受手术治疗,术后行组织病理学检查。结果 Ⅰ期ICC组SUV_max值为(4.1±1.1)、Ⅱ期为(7.2±1.5)、Ⅲ期为(9.3±1.8),均显著高于健康组的【(2.0±0.9),P＜0.05】;¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查显示在107例ICC患者中,TNM分期Ⅰ期为35例,Ⅱ期为47例,Ⅲ期为25例,术后组织病理学检查显示Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期分别为34例、48例和24例;经一致性分析,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT诊断ICC患者TNM Ⅰ期的灵敏度为0.968,特异度为0.500,准确率为0.914,阳性预测值为0.938,阴性预测值为0.667,诊断Ⅱ期的灵敏度为0.976,特异度为0.667,准确率为0.956,阳性预测值为0.976,阴性预测值为0.667,诊断Ⅲ期的灵敏度为0.955,特异度为0.667,准确率为0.920,阳性预测值为0.955,阴性预测值为0.667。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查能够帮助诊断ICC,并协助TNM分期的评估,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Clinical usefulness of ^18F-FDG PET/CT in the restaging of esophageal cancer after surgical resection and radiotherapy

AIM： To evaluate the clinical usefulness of lSF-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission and computed tomography QSF-FDG PET/CT） in restaging of esophageal cancer after surgical resection and radiotherapy. METHODS： Between January 2007 and Aug 2008, twenty histopathologically diagnosed esophageal cancer patients underwent 25 PET/CT scans （three patients had two scans and one patient had three scans） for restaging after surgical resection and radiotherapy. The standard reference for tumor recurrence was histopathologic confirmation or clinical follow-up for at least ten months after ^18F-FDG PET/CT examinations. RESULTS： Tumor recurrence was confirmed histopathologically in seven of the 20 patients （35%） and by clinical and radiological follow-up in 13 （65%）. ^18F-FDG PET/CT was positive in 14 patients （68.4%） and negative in six （31.6%）. ^18F-FDG PET/CT was true positive in 11 patients, false positive in three and true negative in six. Overall, the accuracy of ^18F-FDG PET/CT was 85%, negative predictive value （NPV） was 100%, and positive predictive value （PPV） was 78.6%.The three false positive PET/CT findings comprised chronic inflammation of mediastinal lymph nodes （n = 2） and anastomosis inflammation （n = 1）. PET/ CT demonstrated distant metastasis in 10 patients. ^18F-FDG PET/CT imaging-guided salvage treatment in nine patients was performed. Treatment regimens were changed in 12 （60%） patients after introducing ^18F-FDG PET/CT into their conventional post-treatment follow-up program. CONCLUSION： Whole body ^18F-FDG PET/CT is effective in detecting relapse of esophageal cancer after surgical resection and radiotherapy. It could also have important clinical impact on the management of esophageal cancer, influencing both clinical restaging and salvage treatment of patients.     

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT findings of a solitary primary hepatic lymphoma: A case report

Primary hepatic lymphoma is extremely rare, and only a few cases have been described on positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in the English literature. We report a case of a 55-year-old woman who presented with low-grade fever and weight loss of three months. On CT scanning, a mass was identified which appeared to be a hypoattenuating lesion, on ultrasonographic imaging, the mass was hypoechoic, therefore, liver abscess or hepatic metastasis from a gastrointestinal primary was initially suspected. Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were within normal limits. PET/CT demonstrated a large abnormal ring-like hypermetabolic focus in the right liver lobe. The lesion was resected and the histopathological findings were consistent with lymphoma. The patient was discharged two weeks after surgery and did not receive any further treatment. After 25 mo follow-up, she is in good health. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT is useful in confirming the diagnosis of primary hepatic lymphoma by demonstrating no other foci with high uptake in other parts of the body.     

Conventional Cancer Screening versus PET/CT in Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis

Objective

To determine the value of whole-body [¹⁸F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for diagnosing occult malignant disease in patients with myositis compared with broad conventional cancer screening.

Methods

We prospectively studied 55 consecutive patients with a recent diagnosis of myositis in 3 teaching hospitals over a 3-year period by whole-body FDG-PET/CT and compared the results with those of conventional cancer screening, which included thoracoabdominal CT, mammography, gynecologic examination, ultrasonography, and tumor marker analysis. Comparisons were made using predictive values and their 95% confidence intervals.

Results

A total of 9 of 55 patients were diagnosed with paraneoplastic myositis. FDG uptake was positive in 7 patients (1 false-positive), negative in 44 patients (3 false-negative), and inconclusive in 4 patients. Positive and negative predictive values of FDG-PET/CT for the diagnosis of cancer were 85.7% and 93.8%, respectively. Conventional screening was cancer-positive in 9 patients (2 false-positive) and negative in the remaining 46 patients (2 false-negative). Positive and negative predictive values were 77.8% and 95.7%, respectively. The overall predictive value of broad conventional screening was the same as that of FDG-PET/CT (92.7 vs 92.7).

Conclusion

The performance of FDG-PET/CT, a single imaging study, for diagnosing occult malignant disease in patients with myositis was comparable to that of broad conventional screening, which includes multiple tests.     

Respiratory muscle metabolic activity on PET/CT correlates with obstructive ventilatory defect severity and prognosis in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery

Background and Objective

Respiratory muscle activity is increased in patients with chronic respiratory disease. ¹⁸F-FDG-PET/CT can assess respiratory muscle activity. We hypothesized that respiratory muscles metabolism was correlated to lung function impairment and was associated to prognosis in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery based on the research question whether respiratory muscle metabolism quantitatively correlates with the severity of lung function impairment in patients? Does respiratory muscle hypermetabolism have prognostic value?

Methods

Patients undergoing ¹⁸F-FDG-PET/CT and pulmonary function tests prior to lung cancer surgery were identified. Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVm) were measured in each respiratory muscle group (sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, diaphragm), normalized against deltoid SUVm. Respiratory muscle hypermetabolism was defined as SUVm >90th centile in any respiratory muscle group. Clinical outcomes were collected from a prospective cohort.

Results

One hundred fifty-six patients were included, mostly male [110 (71%)], 53 (34%) with previous diagnosis of COPD. Respiratory muscle SUVm were: scalene: 1.84 [1.51–2.25], sternocleidomastoid 1.64 [1.34–1.95], intercostal 1.01 [0.84–1.16], diaphragm 1.79 [1.41–2.27]. Tracer uptake was inversely correlated to FEV1 for the scalene (r = −0.29, p < 0.001) and SCM (r = −0.17, p = 0.03) respiratory muscle groups and positively correlated to TLC for the scalene (r = 0.17, p = 0.04). Respiratory muscle hypermetabolism was found in 45 patients (28.8%), who had a lower VO₂ max (15.4 [14.2–17.5] vs. 17.2 mL/kg/min [15.2–21.1], p = 0.07) and poorer overall survival when adjusting to FEV1% (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our findings show respiratory muscle hypermetabolism is associated with lung function impairment and has prognostic significance. ¹⁸F-FDG/PET-CT should be considered as a tool for assessing respiratory muscle activity and to identify high-risk patients.     

Positron emission tomography/computer tomography： Challenge to conventional imaging modalities in evaluating primary and metastatic liver malignancies

Computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),as conventional imaging modalities,are the preferred methodology for tumor,nodal and systemic metastasis (TNM) staging. However,all the noninvasive techniques in current use are not sufficiently able to identify primary tumors and even unable to define the extent of metastatic spread. In addition,relying exclusively on macromorphological characteristics to make a conclusion runs the risk of misdiagnosis due mainly to the intrinsic limitations of the imaging modalities themselves. Solely based on the macromorphological characteristics of cancer,one cannot give an appropriate assessment of the biological characteristics of tumors. Currently,positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) are more and more widely available and their application with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in oncology has become one of the standard imaging modalities in diagnosing and staging of tumors,and monitoring the therapeutic efficacy in hepatic malignancies. Recently,investigators have measured glucose utilization in liver tumors using 18F-FDG,PET and PET/CT in order to establish diagnosis of tumors,assess their biologic characteristics and predict therapeutic effects on hepatic malignancies. PET/ CT with 18F-FDG as a radiotracer may further enhance the hepatic malignancy diagnostic algorithm by accurate diagnosis,staging,restaging and evaluating its biological characteristics,which can benefit the patients suffering from hepatic metastases,hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.     

Use of integrated FDG PET/CT imaging in pulmonary carcinoid tumours

BACKGROUND: Integrated positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scanners have been recently introduced in the diagnostic work-up of suspected pulmonary malignancy and demonstrate encouraging results in the staging of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of integrated FDG PET/CT in pulmonary carcinoid tumours. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: We studied 13 patients (mean age +/- 1 SD, 57 +/- 11 years) with pulmonary carcinoid tumours. All patients demonstrated a single pulmonary lesion. Integrated PET/CT scan and surgical resection were performed in all patients. RESULTS: The pulmonary lesion size ranged from 1.1 to 5.0 cm. Final histological diagnosis confirmed 12 typical and one atypical pulmonary carcinoid. Mean proliferation rate of the typical carcinoids was 1.7 +/- 1.4%. None of the patients had recurrent carcinoid disease or died during follow-up (864 +/- 218 days). Mean standardized uptake value (SUV) of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in typical carcinoids was 3.0 +/- 1.5 (range 1.2 - 6.6); SUV in the atypical carcinoid was remarkably high with a value of 8.5. The SUV was lower than 2.5 in 6 of 12 patients (50%). Mediastinal lymph node metastases or extrathoracic metastases were not detected in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging improves accurate localization of metabolic activity and thus the interpretation of pulmonary lesions on CT. FDG uptake in pulmonary carcinoid tumours is often lower than expected for malignant tumours. Therefore, surgical resection or biopsy of lesions suspected to be carcinoids should be mandatory, even if they show no hypermetabolism on FDG PET images.