铁矿作业环境粉尘和其它有害物质的测定

为研究铁矿工肺癌病因,对大冶等4个铁矿作业环境的粉尘、化学元素、多环芳烃(PAH)和氡子体等有害因素进行了测定,并对历史测尘资料进行了收集整理。60年代,大冶、綦江铁矿的粉尘合格率约为40％,工人受粉尘危害较为突出。1978年以后,合格率达到60～70％。积尘中的游离SiO_2含量除綦江铁矿高于10％外,其它矿均低于10％。各矿呼吸性粉尘浓度都在2mg/m~3以下,约为总粉尘浓度的1/3。空气尘和积尘中化学元素均以铁元素含量最高。矿井下氡子体远低于国家标准。17种PAH中有6种低于检出限浓度,另11种总浓度以程潮铁矿最高,为167.84μg/m~3。但PAH中苯并(a)芘则以大冶铁矿最高,为1.25μg/m~3,超过苏联标准7倍多。本次测定项目广泛,但除粉尘浓度和铁元素含量高外,其它可能致肺癌的因素,就其含量或作用时间目前还不;足以提出影响健康的肯定意见。     

龙岩市矿工井下作业氡暴露水平调查

目的了解龙岩市矿工井下作业氡暴露水平，为保障矿工身体健康制定防治对策提供依据。方法采用德国DOSE—man Pro氡子体检测仪对该市煤矿、铁矿、金铜矿、锰矿的主要井下作业点多次测量氡浓度。结果龙岩市部分井下作业点氡浓度值超出500Bq／m^3，个别井下作业点氡浓度值超出1000Bq／m^3。结论龙岩市部分矿工井下作业点氡暴露水平较高，必须加强防氡措施。     

金属矿山肺癌高发的病因研究情况

很多的流行病学研究表明,金属矿(包括铀矿、荧石矿)的矿工呼吸道肿瘤明显增加。究其原因,至今尚无明确的结论。矿山粉尘的成分是相当复杂的,不同的矿山,同一矿山不同的采掘过程,粉尘中的致癌物都会有所不同;粉尘又是井下吸附氡子体的主要载体;同时吸入粉尘中的各种致癌物及其他成分可能对     

云南锡矿井下矿工肺癌高发的职业性病因

云南锡矿(简称云锡)井下矿工肺癌发病率为336.274/10万,比本矿区对照组高25倍,并有明显的职业性特征。研究证实,不仅云锡矿工肺癌高发,湖南香花岭锡矿矿工亦有肺癌高发现象。高发的职业性病因是由于长期吸入高浓度混合矿尘所致。入肺矿尘中的As、cr、Ni、Be、Ti、Fe、Pb、Co以及白云母、滑石等化合物的混合作用可能是致肺癌高发的主要因素。自60年代以后,由于云锡矿井下作业环境空气中粉尘浓度明显下降,60年代进矿矿工肺癌发病率已降到一般发病水平,现已无高发现象。研究认为,如能将井下作业环境空气中粉尘浓度降至5mg/m~3以下,即能有效地防止肺癌高发。     

云南锡矿工人肺癌高发的流行病学调查(1954～2002年)

[目的]分析云南锡矿工人职业性肺癌的流行特征，为预防与控制其高发提供科学依据。[方法]对1954-2002年矿工肺癌的发病、死亡及其相关工种和作业环境检测资料进行流行病学分析比较，评价暴露于职业环境中氡子体、砷的锡矿工职业性肺癌特征。[结果]云南锡矿的矿工暨冶炼工复合职业史男性肺癌标化死亡率高达1231．13／10^5，是当地普通男性居民肺癌标化死亡率（26．61／10^5）的46．27倍，其高发职业特征显著。作业环境中主要致肺癌危险因素砷、氡子体的暴露与肺癌发病之间存在剂量一效应关景。[结论]流行病学综合分析提示，预防和控制云南锡矿工人肺癌高发的关键是降低工作环境中的氡、砷浓度；其次是在矿工中加强戒烟教育并做好个人劳动保护。     

瓷厂与锡矿及钨矿石英粉尘表面铝硅酸盐包裹的测定和分析

目的 探讨石英粉尘表面铝硅酸盐包裹的测定方法和包裹对粉尘致病作用的影响.方法 应用呼吸性粉尘采样器以2 L/min采集江西钨矿、瓷厂和广西锡矿粉尘,用扫描电镜-能散X线分光计（SEM-EDS）以5 keV和20 keV电压照射测定呼吸性粉尘颗粒中各元素成分的含量,计算不同电子伏特照射下粉尘颗粒中硅与铝的比值.结果 7个瓷厂、3个锡矿和3个钨矿的47个粉尘样本共计3 982个粉尘颗粒,瓷厂样本的89%（24/27）与锡矿样本的27%（3/11）和钨矿样本的56%（5/9）存在明确的铝硅酸盐包裹,与对照样本比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.瓷厂粉尘颗粒的45%、锡矿的18%和钨矿的13%存在表面铝硅酸盐包裹.瓷厂粉尘与钨矿和锡矿粉尘表面铝硅酸盐含量的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,高铝硅酸盐含量的粉尘颗粒在瓷厂、锡矿和钨矿样本中的比率分别为22%、7%和10%.结论 瓷厂工作场所粉尘颗粒表面夹杂铝硅酸盐含量高于钨矿和锡矿的粉尘,粉尘颗粒表面成分的分析对解释不同厂矿尘肺发病的差异有一定作用.     

枣庄矿区井下氡浓度水平与内照射剂量的估算

大量研究表明,矿井中氡浓度远高于地面环境中的氡浓度,是导致矿工肺癌高发的主要原因之一。国内有些专家对云南锡矿、湖南铀矿等有色金属矿山进行了调查研究,研究结果表明,其肺癌发病主要归因子氡子体的作用。目前,对煤矿井下氡浓度水平与肺癌发病关系的研究国内尚未见到系统     

高压静电除尘对净化云锡井下空气中氡子体的实验

云南锡业公司是一座伴有多种金属的非铀矿山。矿山井下不但有粉尘的危害,而且还有氡子体的危害,是导致云锡矿工肺癌增多的主要原因之一。 井下空气中粉尘粒度小于5微米的达95％左右,氡子体在夏季一般超过国家卫生标准。相对湿度大于95％,矿岩比电阻在10~4—10~9欧姆.厘米。     

铜铁矿金属矿尘和癌症的探讨

本文对湖北黄石地区六个铜铁矿1972～1974年的在册职工18242人进行了历史前瞻性队列调查,并对六个矿生产环境中粉尘、氡子体、多环芳烃及积尘中30种化学元素进行了监测。结果表明,六个矿共死亡1108人,全癌居全死因首位(33.4％),肝癌、肺癌和消化道癌为前三位。肝癌以选矿工多发,肺癌以井下工和选矿工多发,消化道癌以露采工多发,且均逐年升高。按接尘水平,肺癌危险度以中、高接尘工人为高,表明其发病可能与矿尘有关。而其它有害因素的致癌作用,目前还不足以肯定。     

矿工肺癌病例氡子体累积暴露量估算

矿工肺癌病例氡子体暴露量估算在执行即将颁布的"放射性肿瘤判断标准及处理原则"中占有重要地位,它用于病因判断目的使用的暴露量估算方法与用于辐射防护目的使用的暴露量估算方法既有一致性,又有很多特殊性,但不可能完全用现有的用于辐射防护目的的估算规范所代替。矿工肺癌的潜伏期长达10~40年,为病因判断目的要求对早年氡子体暴露量进行合理估算,由于经常缺乏完整的早年监测资料,因此暴露量估算的重点是对如何利用不完整的早年监测资料进行估算提出一些可行的规定,以便既保证估算结果的合理性,又要使那些可能起因于早年井下暴露的肺癌矿工得到应有的赔偿。本文并对国外追溯早年井下氡浓度的经验进行介绍,同时引用国内的事例,为制定"矿工氡子体累积暴露量估算规范"提供依据。     

Estimating historical respirable crystalline silica exposures for Chinese pottery workers and iron/copper, tin, and tungsten miners.

Collaborative studies of Chinese workers, using over four decades of dust monitoring data, are being conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Tongji Medical University in China. The goal of these projects is to establish exposure-response relationships for the development of diseases such as silicosis or lung cancer in cohorts of pottery and mine workers. It is necessary to convert Chinese dust measurements to respirable silica measurements in order to make results from the Chinese data comparable to other results in the literature.This article describes the development of conversion factors and estimates of historical respirable crystalline silica exposure for Chinese workers. Ambient total dust concentrations (n>17000) and crystalline silica concentrations (n=347) in bulk dust were first gathered from historical industrial hygiene records. Analysis of the silica content in historical bulk samples revealed no trend from 1950 up to the present. During 1988-1989, side-by-side airborne dust samples (n=143 pairs) were collected using nylon cyclones and traditional Chinese samplers in 20 metal mines and nine pottery factories in China. These data were used to establish conversion factors between respirable crystalline silica concentrations and Chinese total dust concentrations. Based on the analysis of the available evidence, conversion factors derived from the 1988-1989 sampling campaign are assumed to apply to other time periods in this paper. The conversion factors were estimated to be 0.0143 for iron/copper, 0.0355 for pottery factories, 0.0429 for tin mines, and 0.0861 for tungsten mines. Conversion factors for individual facilities within each industry were also calculated. Analysis of variance revealed that mean conversion factors are significantly different among facilities within the iron/copper industry and within the pottery industry. The relative merits of using facility-specific conversion factors, industry-wide conversion factors, or a weighted average of the two are discussed. The exposure matrix of the historical Chinese total dust concentrations was multiplied by these conversion factors to obtain an exposure matrix of historical respirable crystalline silica concentrations.     

A nested case-control study of lung cancer among silica exposed workers in China.

In an attempt to assess whether silica induces lung cancer, a nested case-control study of 316 male lung cancer cases and 1352 controls was carried out among pottery workers and tungsten, copper-iron, and tin miners from five provinces in south central China. Exposure to dust and silica for each study subject was evaluated quantitatively by cumulative exposure measures based on historical industrial hygiene records. Measurements on confounders such as inorganic arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and radon were also collected from the worksites. Information on cigarette smoking was obtained by interviews of the subjects or their next of kin. A significant trend of increasing risk of lung cancer with exposure to silica was found for tin miners, but not for miners working in tungsten or copper-iron mines. Concomitant and highly correlated exposures to arsenic and PAHs among tin miners were also found. Risk of lung cancer among pottery workers was related to exposure to silica, although the dose-response gradient was not significant. Risks of lung cancer were significantly increased among silicotic subjects in iron-copper and tin mines, but not in pottery factories or tungsten mines. The results of this study provide only limited support for an aetiological association between silica and lung cancer.     

A nested case-control study of lung cancer among silica exposed workers in China.

In an attempt to assess whether silica induces lung cancer, a nested case-control study of 316 male lung cancer cases and 1352 controls was carried out among pottery workers and tungsten, copper-iron, and tin miners from five provinces in south central China. Exposure to dust and silica for each study subject was evaluated quantitatively by cumulative exposure measures based on historical industrial hygiene records. Measurements on confounders such as inorganic arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and radon were also collected from the worksites. Information on cigarette smoking was obtained by interviews of the subjects or their next of kin. A significant trend of increasing risk of lung cancer with exposure to silica was found for tin miners, but not for miners working in tungsten or copper-iron mines. Concomitant and highly correlated exposures to arsenic and PAHs among tin miners were also found. Risk of lung cancer among pottery workers was related to exposure to silica, although the dose-response gradient was not significant. Risks of lung cancer were significantly increased among silicotic subjects in iron-copper and tin mines, but not in pottery factories or tungsten mines. The results of this study provide only limited support for an aetiological association between silica and lung cancer.     

瓷厂和钨矿生产性粉尘生物学效应的研究

目的 通过体外细胞实验测定瓷厂和钨矿作业点生产性粉尘的毒性等生物学效应,为评价粉尘的危害作用提供依据.方法 以豚鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)为作用细胞,以标准石英作为对照,应用肺泡灌洗的方法获得AM后,加入15、30、60、120μg/106个细胞浓度标准石英、瓷厂及钨矿作业点的呼吸性粉尘颗粒培养,测定细胞的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞活力(MTT)、活性氧释放量和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的释放量.结果 瓷厂和钨矿的生产性粉尘均能诱导豚鼠AM培养液中LDH活力升高,诱导豚鼠AM释放活性氧和TNF-α量升高,并随粉尘浓度升高呈现明显的剂量一反应关系.瓷厂和钨矿粉尘与豚鼠AM共培养后导致AM活力下降,随着生产性粉尘的浓度增加而降低.钨矿粉尘引起LDH活力升高以及诱导豚鼠AM释放TNF-α能力强于瓷厂粉尘,在120μg/106个细胞浓度组,赣州钨矿粉尘诱导的TNF-α水平为(5.2±2.0)ng/ml,景德镇瓷厂粉尘诱导的TNF-α水平为(3.3±1.6)ng/ml,均高于标准石英(2.8±0.5)ng/ml.与钨矿尘肺患病和死亡率均高于瓷厂相印证.结论 不同来源的生产性粉尘具有不同的生物学效应结果,实验测定粉尘的生物学效应为区分生产性粉尘危害作用提供了基础数据.     

Risk of silicosis in cohorts of Chinese tin and tungsten miners and pottery workers (II): Workplace-specific silica particle surface composition

BACKGROUND: It is hypothesized that surface occlusion by alumino-silicate affects the toxic activity of silica particles in respirable dust. In conjunction with an epidemiological investigation of silicosis disease risk in Chinese tin and tungsten mine and pottery workplaces, we analyzed respirable silica dusts using a multiple-voltage scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (MVSEM-EDS). METHODS: Forty-seven samples of respirable sized dust were collected on filters from 13 worksites and were analyzed by MVSEM-EDS using high (20 keV) and low (5 keV) electron beam accelerating voltages. Changes in the silicon-to-aluminum X-ray line intensity ratio between the two voltages are compared particle-by-particle with the 90th percentile value of the same measurements for a ground glass homogeneous control sample. This provides an index that distinguishes a silica particle that is homogeneously aluminum-contaminated from a clay-coated silica particle. RESULTS: The average sample percentages of respirable-sized silica particles alumino-silicate occlusion were: 45% for potteries, 18% for tin mines, and 13% for tungsten mines. The difference between the pottery and the metal mine worksites accounted for one third of an overall chi-square statistic for differences in change in measured silicon fraction between the samples. CONCLUSION: The companion epidemiological study found lower silicosis risk per unit cumulative respirable silica dust exposure for pottery workers compared to metal miners. Using these surface analysis results resolves differences in risk when exposure is normalized to cumulative respirable surface-available silica dust.     

Lung cancer risk, silica exposure, and silicosis in Chinese mines and pottery factories: the modifying role of other workplace lung carcinogens.

BACKGROUND: Aims of our study were to explore whether and to what extent exposure to other lung carcinogens, or staging and clinical features of silicosis modify or confound the association between silica and lung cancer. METHODS: We used data from a nested case-control study, conducted in the late 1980s in 29 Chinese mines and potteries (10 tungsten mines, 6 copper and iron mines, 4 tin mines, 8 pottery factories, and 1 clay mine), that included 316 lung cancer cases and 1,356 controls, matched by decade of birth and facility type. The previous analysis of these data presented results by type of mine or factory. RESULTS: In our study, pooling all 29 Chinese work sites, lung cancer risk showed a modest association with silica exposure. Risk did not vary after excluding subjects with silicosis or adjusting the risk estimates by radiological staging of silicosis. Strong correlation among exposures prevented a detailed evaluation of the role of individual exposures. However, lung cancer risk was for the most part absent when concomitant exposure to other workplace lung carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nickel or radon-daughters, was considered. The cross classification of lung cancer risk by categories of exposure to respirable silica and total respirable dust did not show an independent effect of total respirable dust. Silicosis showed a modest association with lung cancer, which did not vary by severity of radiological staging, or by radiological evidence of disease progression, or by level of silica exposure. However, among silicotic subjects, lung cancer risk was significantly elevated only when exposure to cadmium and PAH had occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, among silica-exposed Chinese workers, numerous occupational and non-occupational risk factors interact in a complex fashion to modify lung cancer risk. Future epidemiological studies on silica and lung cancer should incorporate detailed information on exposure to other workplace lung carcinogens, total respirable dust, and on surface size and age of silica particles to understand whether and to what extent they affect the carcinogenic potential of silica.     

广西锡矿矿尘致矽肺的危险度评价

目的　探索锡矿矿尘的致病强度和最低无害作用水平。方法　选择广西锡矿 1 960～1 974年期间接触矿尘至少 1年的男性矿工 4 471名建立回顾性接尘队列 ,并用以同一方法建立的瓷厂接尘队列与其进行比较 ;采用SAS中的生存检验分析软件进行非参数估算 ,评价锡矿矿尘致矽肺的危险度。结果　随访到 1 994年底 ,锡矿队列工人矽肺发病 971例 (2 1 .7% ) ,其中 81 %的病例为 1 958年前接尘对象 ,累积接触总粉尘量 (CTD)与矽肺危险度明显相关 :当CTD <50mg·m- 3·年 - 1 时 ,矽肺危险度为 0 .0 1 2 ;CTD >40 0mg·m- 3·年 - 1 时 ,矽肺危险度上升到 0 .971。瓷厂接尘工人CTD >40 0mg·m- 3·年 - 1 时 ,矽肺危险度仅为 0 .369。结论　锡矿接触矿尘工人的矽肺发病与CTD明显相关 ;锡矿矿尘导致矽肺的危险性远比瓷厂的陶瓷尘严重     

瓷厂及钨矿生产性粉尘对血管内皮细胞的损伤效应

目的 评价瓷厂和钨矿生产性粉尘对血管内皮细胞的直接损伤作用,探讨粉尘引发心血管疾病的机制.方法 以人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)株HUV-EC-C为作用细胞,以瓷厂、钨矿作业点收集的生产性粉尘为实验粉尘,以中国标准石英为对照,将粉尘配制成25、50、100、200、400μg/ml浓度与HUVEC共培养24 h,测定细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞的活力噻唑蓝(MTT)、一氧化氮(NO)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的释放量.结果 瓷厂和钨矿作业点的生产性粉尘均能使HUVEC细胞培养液中LDH活力升高,释放NO及TNF-α水平升高,并随粉尘浓度升高呈现明确的剂量-反应关系.瓷厂和钨矿作业点生产性粉尘均能导致HUVEC细胞活力下降,呈剂量-反应关系.石英粉尘诱导HUVEC培养液中LDH活力升高的能力明显高于瓷厂和钨矿的生产性粉尘,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).瓷厂和钨矿生产性粉尘诱导HUVEC细胞活力下降及释放NO的能力相近且与标准石英相当.在较低剂量组(25、50、100μg/ml)时,瓷厂和钨矿生产性粉尘诱导TNF-α的释放量与标准石英相当,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而在较高剂量组(200、400 μg/ml)时,标准石英诱导TNF-α的释放量明显高于瓷厂和钨矿生产性粉尘,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 不同来源的生产性粉尘及标准石英均能损伤血管内皮细胞,诱导TNF-α释放,引起不同程度的生物学效应.     

Estimating factors to convert Chinese 'Total Dust' measurements to ACGIH respirable concentrations in metal mines and pottery industries

Historical data on the dust exposures of Chinese workers in metal mines (iron/copper, tin, tungsten) and pottery industries are being used in an ongoing joint Chinese/United States epidemiological study to investigate the exposure-response relationship for the development of silicosis, lung cancer, and other diseases. The historical data include 'total dust' concentrations determined by a Chinese method. Information about particle size distribution and the chemical and mineralogical content of airborne particles is generally not available. In addition, the historical Chinese sampling strategy is different from a typical American eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) sampling strategy, because the Chinese samples were collected for approximately 15 minutes during production so the sample could be compared to their maximum allowable concentration (MAC) standard. Therefore, in order to assess American respirable dust exposure standards in light of the Chinese experience, factors are needed to convert historical Chinese total dust concentrations to respirable dust concentrations. As a part of the joint study to estimate the conversion factors, airborne dust samples were collected in 20 metal mines and 9 pottery factories in China during 1988 and 1989 using three different samplers: 10mm nylon cyclones, multi-stage 'cassette' impactors, and the traditional Chinese total dust samplers. More than 100 samples were collected and analysed for each of the three samplers. The study yielded two different estimates of the conversion factor from the Chinese total dust concentrations (measured during production processes) to respirable dust concentrations. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) reveals that, with a fixed sampling/analysis method, conversion factors were not statistically different among the different job titles within each industry. It also indicates that conversion factors among the industries were not statistically different. However, the two estimates consistently showed that conversion factors were the lowest in the pottery industry. Average conversion factors were then calculated for each of the estimates across the industries studied. A pooled mean conversion factor, 0.25+/-0.04, was then derived for all the job titles and industries. Respirable dust levels were estimated from the historical 'total dust' concentrations collected between 1952 and 1992 by adopting the American standard.