R—hap在大鼠体内的组织分布，排泄及药动学研究

测定R-hap在健康Wistar大鼠体内的组织分布，排泄及药动学参数。R-hap采用IODO-GEN标记，测定单次推注给药后^125I-R-hap的组织分布，尿、粪及胆汁的排泄情况。^125I-R-hap药动学参数也是在单次推注给药后测定。R-hap在体内广泛分布，在大部分器官中快速消除。其中肾的含量最高，脂肪的含量最低。累计排泄率为71．81％±2．15％（48小时）及94．71％±1．50％（120小时）。经尿排泄为主要的排泄途径，给药后120小时，尿及粪的累计排泄率分别为80．64％±1．47％，14．07％±0．95％。平均给药时曲线下面积为（8818．4±576．1）Bq／h／mL。R-hap的组织分布，排泄及药动学参数的结果为未来的临床试验设计提供了参考依据。     

氢氯噻嗪在小鼠体内的组织分布及药动学研究

目的建立小鼠血浆及组织中氢氯噻嗪浓度测定的HPLC—MS／MS方法,研究氢氯噻嗪在小鼠体内的组织分布及药动学。方法在血浆样品及组织样品中加入内标布洛芬,分别采用乙醚和乙酸乙酯提取处理,以甲醇-水-氨水（90：10：1）为流动相,用C18柱分离,采用电喷雾电离源（Turbo Ionspray）,负离子方式检测,扫描方式为多反应监测（MRM）。以此方法测定72只雄性健康小鼠给予氢氯噻嗪后10个时间点的血浆及组织样品,并采用DAS2．0药动学程序计算主要药动学参数。结果氢氯噻嗪在血浆中线性范围为5．0～1000μg·L^-1,在组织中线性范围为0．05～50．0μg·g^-1,日内、日间RSD均〈15％。小鼠灌胃给予氢氯噻嗪后快速分布在各组织中,其中胃、肠、肝分布最多,心分布最少。结论本法快速、准确、专属、灵敏。氢氯噻嗪灌胃给药后吸收快,消除半衰期长,组织分布广泛。     

苦参碱胶丸在健康人体内的药动学

目的研究苦参碱在健康人体内的药动学特征。方法 9例健康男性受试者分别给予不同剂量的苦参碱胶丸(100、200或400 mg,服药间隔至少为7 d)后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中苦参碱的浓度,经DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果健康受试者口服苦参碱胶丸100、200或400 mg后,血浆中苦参碱的ρmax、tmax、t1/2、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞分别为(603.84±131.80)、(1 207.27±331.95)和(2 384.44±720.67)μg.L-1,(1.33±0.61)、(1.61±0.78)和(1.67±0.71)h,(8.68±1.32)、(8.28±0.97)和(7.82±0.76)h,(6 203.25±131.80)、(12 816.34±4 665.77)和(20 077.59±6 841.86)μg.h.L-1,(6 375.38±2 253.17)、(13 047.49±4 780.74)和(20 316.03±6 939.34)μg.h.L-1。结论苦参碱在健康人体内的安全性和耐受性良好,血药浓度与药物剂量成正相关。     

大黄酚的分离纯化及其在兔体内药动学及组织分布

目的建立一种利用制备型高效液相色谱(PHPLC)法纯化大黄酚的方法,并研究大黄酚在兔体内的药动学及组织分布规律。方法大黄经石油醚脱脂后,稀硫酸水解总蒽醌苷,氯仿提取苷元,去除杂质,用氢氧化钠萃取氯仿提取液中的大黄酚,酸化后,沉淀析出并真空干燥,得到大黄酚粗品。在色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18(21.2 mm×250 mm,7μm)、流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶15,V/V)、流速为20 mL.min-1、检测波长为254 nm、柱温为30℃、进样量为8 mL的条件下,对大黄酚粗品进行纯化得到大黄酚单体。利用高效液相色谱研究单体大黄酚静脉注射、肌内注射、腹腔给药在兔体内的药动学及静脉给药后组织分布。结果大黄酚纯度达到98.8%,经1H-NMR鉴定,制备得到的大黄酚单体化学位移值与标准品大黄酚化学位移值一致。大黄酚静脉给药药动学符合二室开放模型,消除半衰期(155.73±0.87)min,AUC为(103.05±3.78)μg.min.mL-1,大黄酚主要分布在兔的心、肺、肝等组织中。兔腹腔注射大黄酚后,其血药浓度在150 min达峰值,浓度为0.78μg.mL-1。兔肌内注射大黄酚15和30 mg.kg-1,血浆中均不能明确测得大黄酚浓度,未发现达峰时间。结论利用PHPLC法提取高纯度大黄酚,制备工艺稳定,适用于实验室大规模制备。静脉注射大黄酚的药动学符合二室模型,药物在兔体内分布快,以消除过程为主。     

口服还原型谷胱甘肽片在大鼠肝、脑、肾组织中的分布及其药动学

目的探讨口服还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)片在大鼠肝、脑、肾组织中的分布及其药动学。方法Wistar大鼠84只,随机分为7组,每组12只,6只按120 mg·kg~(-1)灌服GSH片,另6只灌服溶媒,容量0.12 mL·kg~(-1)。分别于给药后0.5、1、2、3、5、8和12 h采集各组动物肝、脑、肾制作组织匀浆,HPLC法测定各组织中的GSH浓度,3p97软件计算药动学参数。结果口服GSH在肝、脑、肾的药-时曲线均为一室摸型;t_(1/2Ka)分别为(1.14±0.08)、(0.75±0.07)和(0.53±0.07)h;t_(1/2Ke)分别为(1.62±0.15)、(1.6±0.7)和(0.9±0.5)h;t_(max)分别为(2.8±0.4)、(2.7±0.6)和(1.2±0.5)h;c_(max)分别为(1 733±341)、(89±11)和(27.2±0.9)μg·g~(-1);AUC_(0～t)分别为(8 480±1 422)、(74.9±0.6)和(51±15)μg·h·g~(-1)。结论口服GSH能达肝、脑、肾组织,其中肝组织浓度较高。     

阿莫曲坦在中国健康人体内的药动学

目的评价阿莫曲坦在中国健康志愿者中的单次给药药动学特征。方法采用随机开放双交叉试验设计,12例健康受试者(男女各半)在空腹状态下分别单次口服阿莫曲坦片12.5 mg或25 mg。以高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中阿莫曲坦的浓度,采用Win Nonlin软件计算药动学参数。结果单次给药(12.5、25 mg)后阿莫曲坦的主要药动学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(3.85±1.38)和(4.18±2.62)h;t_(max)分别为(2.04±0.09)和(2.33±1.39)h;ρ_(max)分别为(28.98±6.09)和(53.80±14.99)μg·L~(-1);AUC0-t分别为(196.1±52.5)和(390.2±78.9)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(229.6±66.3)和(427.1±75.3)μg·h·L~(-1)。结论本研究建立的HPLC-MS/MS法准确快速,灵敏度高,专属性强,适用于临床试验中阿莫曲坦血药浓度测定;单次给药(12.5、25 mg)后,阿莫曲坦的体内过程符合一级线性动力学过程。     

匹伐他汀钙片在健康人体内单、多剂量的药动学

目的研究匹伐他汀钙片在中国健康人体内的单、多剂量药动学。方法 30名健康志愿者随机分为3组,分别单剂量口服匹伐他汀钙片l、2、4 mg进行单剂量药动学研究,2 mg剂量组继续给药7 d,进行多剂量药动学研究。血药浓度用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定。结果健康受试者单剂量给药匹伐他汀钙片l、2、4 mg后,主要的药动学参数分别为tmax分别为(0.61±0.11)、(0.62±0.21)、(0.62±0.11)h,ρmax分别为(23.79±3.54)、(59.66±43.08)、(91.44±33.26) μg·L-1,AUC0-48 h分别为(59.81±12.34)、(126.8±97.90)、(216.8±34.75)μg·h·L-1,tl/2分别为(12.14±1.51)、(10.43±2.24)、(12.33±0.85)h;多剂量给药达稳态时,主要的药动学参数为tmax(0.83±0.14)h,ρmax(51.45±39.93) μg·L-1,AUCss(131.80±110.7)μg·h·L-1,t1/2(11.74±3.22)h,CL(19.92±10.54)L.h-1,ρav(5.49±4.61) μg·L-1,DF(9.43±1.21)%。结论匹伐他汀在连续多次给药后,体内无蓄积现象,血药浓度4 d已达稳态。在1～4 mg剂量范围内匹伐他汀的ρmax、AUC0-48 h和AUC0-∞均与剂量呈线性关系。     

新型钙离子拮抗剂DY-9836在大鼠体内的药动学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中新型钙离子拮抗剂DY-9836浓度的高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLCFl)法,研究DY-9836在大鼠体内的药动学。方法以维拉帕米为内标,色谱柱:Extend C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相:乙酸钠(pH=6.5)-乙腈(50∶50,V/V);流速:1 mL·min-1;柱温:35℃;λex=304 nm,λem=335 nm。大鼠灌胃后,测定血浆中DY-9836的浓度,采用WinNonLin 5.2软件计算药动学参数。结果 DY-9836的血药浓度线性范围为0.327～4.083μg·mL-1;方法回收率分别为93.35%～98.08%;DY-9836在大鼠体内的主要药动学参数:Ke为(0.05±0.01)h-1、t1/2为(14.20±0.92)h、tmax为(1.25±0.42)h、ρmax为(2.98±0.56)μg·mL-1、AUC0-t为(37.74±2.00)μg·h·mL-1、AUC0-∞为(41.71±1.90)μg·h·mL-1、CL为(480.3±22.0)mL·h-1·kg-1、MRT0-t为(19.30±0.60)h。结论本实验所建立的测定血浆中DY-9836的HPLC-Fl方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确、可靠。     

口服丁香酚在大鼠体内药动学研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆中丁香酚含量测定的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。 方法 丁香酚大鼠灌胃给药后,应用HPLC测定其在大鼠血浆中的含量,色谱柱：Allsphere ODS-2 RP-18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相：甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸=63∶37 (pH=4.78);检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30 ℃;流速：0.8 mL·min^-1。 结果 丁香酚经口服 14.25 mg·kg^-1的剂量后在体内药动学特征符合二室开放模型。 结论 所建方法简单、灵敏、准确可靠,可用于丁香酚的药动学研究。     

羧肽酶G2在大鼠体内的组织分布及排泄

目的 探究[125I]标记的羧肽酶G2([125I]CPG2)尾静脉推注给予Wistar大鼠后的组织分布和排泄随时间的变化.方法 采用同位素示踪的方法,大鼠尾静脉推注[125I]CPG2700μg·kg-1后,于0,0.08,0.5,1,2,4,14和24 h经眼眶静脉采血,用酸沉放射性计算血药浓度,分析药物浓度-时间...     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of buagafuran in rats

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of buagafuran (BF, 4-butyl-α-agarofuran), a promising antianxiety drug isolated from Gharu-wood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb), were investigated in rats. BF plasma concentration was determined in rats after oral and intravenous doses by GC-TOF-MS. BF showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of 4, 16, and 64 mg/kg. The AUC(0-∞) and C(max) did not increase proportionally with doses, indicating the saturation in absorption kinetics of BF in rats after oral dosage. BF absorption was extremely poor with an absolute bioavailability below 9.5%. After oral administration of (3)H-BF (4 mg/kg) to rats, radioactivity was well distributed to the tissues examined. The highest radioactivity was found in gastrointestinal tract, followed by liver and kidney. Radioactivity in brain, as a target organ, was about 20-40% of that in plasma at all time points. Total mean percent recovery of radioactive dose was about 80% in rats (51.2% in urine; 28.7% in feces). Bile elimination was also the major excretion route of BF, and 45.4% of the radioactive dose was recovered in bile.     

Pharmacokinetics,tissue distribution and excretion study of tetrandrine in rats

As an important bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the bulbous root of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, tetrandrine (Tet) is widely used for the treatment of malignant tumor due to its properties of reversing the multidrug resistance and apoptosis induction. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of Tet in rats. Drug concentration in plasma and tissues was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the experimental data were analyzed using pharmacokinetic software DAS 2.0. The results showed that the plasma protein binding rate of Tet was 68.7%, indicating a higher protein binding drug. Tissue distribution was found in a descending order as follows: lung>heart>liver>kidney>spleen. Renal excretion was a major route of excretion, and the urine, bile and fecal excretion accounted for 25.73% of the administered dose. AUC_0–∞ of Tet in the liver was 20 times greater than that in plasma, indicating that Tet had a higher affinity for the liver. Moreover, CL in the liver was the lowest among all tissues, indicating that Tet with slow elimination might result in the accumulation. Therefore, we need to adjust the dose for patients who have dysfunction in liver and kidney. In addition, therapeutic drug monitoring in long-term clinical treatment, if necessary, should be carried out.     

羟乙基芦丁在大鼠体内的药物动力学

观察维脑路通注射液中总羟乙基芦丁在大鼠体内的药物动力学。方法：大鼠静脉注射羟乙基芦丁２０,４０和５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１后,用反相高效液相色谱多组分峰共积分测定法,测定在不同时间各组织和体液中总羟乙基芦丁的含量以及蛋白结合率。结果：羟乙基芦丁在血浆中的药物动力学符合一室开放模型,有关参数除Ｃｌ外,血浆蛋白结合率、Ｃｏ、Ｔ１／２（３．０１～５．３３ｈ）、Ｖｃ（２．４０～４．１６Ｌ）、ＡＵＣ（３６．２６～９２．３８ｍｇ·ｈ·Ｌ－１）均具有剂量依赖性,药物血浆蛋白结合率的６２％,药物在体内各组织分布广泛且含量相差不大,但脂肪组织中最低,给药８ｈ后各组织中含量明显下降,在粪、尿和胆汁中原形药物总排出量占给药量（４０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）的１１．７％。实验中建立的高效液相色谱法适于体内羟乙基芦丁的测定,检测下限为１μｇ·Ｌ－１,线性范围０．１～１５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。结论：羟乙基芦丁在大鼠体内各组织分布广泛,主要经代谢途径被清除。     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of gambogic acid in rats.

The plasma pharmacokinetics, excretion, and tissue distribution of gambogic acid (GA), a novel anti-tumor drug, were investigated after intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration in rats. Plasma profiles were obtained after i.v. administration of GA at the doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg. The elimination half-life (tl/2) values for GA were estimated to be 14.9, 15.7 and 16.1 min, while the mean area under concentration-time curve (AUC(t)) values were 54.2, 96.1 and 182.4 microg min/ml, respectively. GA was mainly excreted into the bile (36.5% over 16 h). The cumulative sum of fecal excretion within 48 h was 1.26% of the i.v. administered dose. No GA was detected in the urine after i.v. administration. GA had a limited tissue distribution, with the highest concentrations being found in the liver. GA reached its maximal concentration in all tissues at 5 min post-dose. In conclusion, the present observations indicated that GA was rapidly eliminated from the blood and transferred to the tissues. Moreover, the majority of GA appeared to be excreted into the bile within 16 h of i.v. administration.     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of celecoxib in rats.

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of celecoxib, 4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzenesulfonamide, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, were investigated in rats. Celecoxib was metabolized extensively after i.v. administration of [(14)C]celecoxib, and elimination of unchanged compound was minor (less than 2%) in male and female rats. The only metabolism of celecoxib observed in rats was via a single oxidative pathway. The methyl group of celecoxib is first oxidized to a hydroxymethyl metabolite, followed by additional oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group to a carboxylic acid metabolite. Glucuronide conjugates of both the hydroxymethyl and carboxylic acid metabolites are formed. Total mean percent recovery of the radioactive dose was about 100% for both the male rat (9.6% in urine; 91.7% in feces) and the female rat (10.6% in urine; 91.3% in feces). After oral administration of [(14)C]celecoxib at doses of 20, 80, and 400 mg/kg, the majority of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces (88-94%) with the remainder of the dose excreted in the urine (7-10%). Both unchanged drug and the carboxylic acid metabolite of celecoxib were the major radioactive components excreted with the amount of celecoxib excreted in the feces increasing with dose. When administered orally, celecoxib was well distributed to the tissues examined with the highest concentrations of radioactivity found in the gastrointestinal tract. Maximal concentration of radioactivity was reached in most all tissues between 1 and 3 h postdose with the half-life paralleling that of plasma, with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract tissues.     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of vinflunine.

The plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion and binding to plasma proteins of vinflunine, were investigated after intravenous (iv) administration. We obtained plasma profiles after iv administration of vinflunine at the doses of 3.5, 7 and 14 mg/kg in rats. The t1/2 values for vinflunine were estimated to be 18.38+/-1.20, 17.05+/-0.77, 18.35+/-1.57 h, and the mean AUC0-t values were 3.48+/-0.38, 6.54+/-0.68, 12.79+/-2.93 microg x h/ml, respectively. Of the various tissues tested, vinflunine was widely distributed into tissues, with the highest concentrations of vinflunine being found in well perfused organs. Maximal concentration of vinflunine was reached at 0.5 h postdose in the majority of tissues. In tumor-bearing mice, the similar pattern of tissue distribution was observable, except that vinflunine can be distributed into tumor. The binding of vinflunine in human and rat plasma proteins were 39.6% and 58.4% respectively. Within 96 h after administration, 9.58%, 15.36% and 0.71% of the given dose was excreted in urine, feces and bile, respectively. In conclusion, Vinflunine had a longer terminal half-life, a wide tissue distribution and less than 25% of the given dose was excreted as unchanged drug, suggesting metabolism as a major style of elimination.     

Pharmacokinetics,bioavailability, tissue distribution and excretion of tangeretin in rat

Tangeretin, 4′,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone, is one of the major polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) existing in citrus fruits, particularly in the peels of sweet oranges and mandarins. Tangeretin has been reported to possess several beneficial bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and neuroprotective effects. To achieve a thorough understanding of the biological actions of tangeretin in vivo, our current study is designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, distribution and excretion of tangeretin in rats. After oral administration of 50 mg/kg bw tangeretin to rats, the C_max, T_max and t_1/2 were 0.87 ± 0.33 μg/mL, 340.00 ± 48.99 min and 342.43 ± 71.27 min, respectively. Based on the area under the curves (AUC) of oral and intravenous administration of tangeretin, calculated absolute oral bioavailability was 27.11%. During tissue distribution, maximum concentrations of tangeretin in the vital organs occurred at 4 or 8 h after oral administration. The highest accumulation of tangeretin was found in the kidney, lung and liver, followed by spleen and heart. In the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentrations of tangeretin in the stomach and small intestine were found at 4 h, while in the cecum, colon and rectum, tangeretin reached the maximum concentrations at 12 h. Tangeretin excreted in the urine and feces was recovered within 48 h after oral administration, concentrations were only 0.0026% and 7.54%, respectively. These results suggest that tangeretin was mainly eliminated as metabolites. In conclusion, our study provides useful information regarding absorption, distribution, as well as excretion of tangeretin, which will provide a good base for studying the mechanism of its biological effects.     

Pharmacokinetics,tissue distribution and excretion of peimisine in rats assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Archives of Pharmacal Research - Peimisine, the common ingredient of “zhebeimu” groups and “chuanbeimu” groups, is responsible for the expectorant and cough relieving...     

Pharmacokinetics,tissue distribution,and excretion of FGF‐21 following subcutaneous administration in rats

As one of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, FGF‐21 has been extensively investigated for its functions and roles since its discovery. It has been demonstrated to be one of the key regulators for glucose and lipid metabolism, and exhibits beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. However, studies focusing on its pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo as a novel therapeutic agent have not been reported. In the present study, rapid and sensitive analytical approaches including radioactivity assay and assay after precipitation/separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were established to determine the content of FGF‐21 tagged with ¹²⁵I in plasma, tissue, and excrement. The results indicated that FGF‐21 were quickly absorbed into systematic circulation and slowly eliminated; C_max and exposure increased in a dose‐dependent manner, exhibiting a typical linear pharmacokinetic pattern. Tissue distribution also confirmed that the kidney is the primary organ for FGF‐21 to be distributed, even though radioactivity of FGF‐21 was recovered in all tissues examined. In addition, the results also supported that urinary excretion was the critical route for FGF‐21 to be eliminated. The study fully clarifies the pharmacokinetic behavior of FGF‐21 and can provide valuable information and support further safety and toxicology development.     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats.

Salviae miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medical herb known as "Danshen," has been widely used in clinics to improve blood circulation, relieve blood stasis, and treat coronary heart disease. Depside salts from S. miltiorrhiza are a novel drug in which magnesium lithospermate B and its analogs are the active components. The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of three of the major components, lithospermic acid B, rosmarinic acid (RA), and lithospermic acid (LA), were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following intravenous administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The elimination half-lives for LSB, RA, and LA were 1.04, 0.75, and 2.0 h, respectively, when 60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza depside salts were administrated. The areas under the curve for LSB, RA, and LA were 51.6, 6.6, and 25.2 mg . h/l, respectively, and the values decreased in the individual tissues in the following order: kidney > lung > liver > heart > spleen > brain for LSB; kidney > lung > heart > liver > spleen > brain for RA; and heart > lung > kidney > liver > spleen > brain for LA. After intravenous administration of 60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza depside salts, 86% of the LSB was excreted in the bile within 6 h. The main metabolites M1 and M2 were found in the serum. Overall, the results show that depside salts from S. miltiorrhiza are rapidly and widely distributed to tissues after intravenous administration in rats but that they are also rapidly cleared and excreted.