血清胱抑素C及尿微量清蛋白检测在早期糖尿病肾病诊断中的应用价值

目的 分析血清胱抑素C (CysC)及尿微量清蛋白(mAlb)联合检测在诊断早期糖尿病肾病(DN)中的应用价值.方法 将确诊的尿mAlb排泄率为20～200 mg的78例早期DN患者分为DN组,无肾病糖尿病(NDN)患者52例分为非DN(NDN)组,同时将62例门诊健康体检者作为对照组.测定三组受检者血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)和CysC水平,同时测定三组受检者晨尿中mAlb并进行比较.结果 早期DN患者中出现肾损害,血清中各检测指标检出率由高至低依次为CysC+mAlb、CysC、mAlb、Cr、BUN,DN组患者血清CysC和尿mAlb均显著高于对照组和NDN组(P＜0.05).结论 DN组患者血清CysC及晨尿mAlb水平升高与糖尿病早期肾损害密切相关,二项指标联合检测有助于临床诊断早期DN.     

糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白及血液流变学检测的临床意义

目的:探讨糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)及血液流变学检测的临床意义。方法:使用仪器法对56例糖尿病(DM)尿蛋白定性检查阴性患者和80例正常对照组的尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)及血液流变学进行检测。结果:糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)及血液流变学检测均较正常对照组高(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论:常规检测尿mAlb及血液流变学,对DM早期肾小球损害等病情预测和早期诊治有重要意义。     

胱抑素C和尿微量白蛋白联合检测对诊断糖尿病早期肾损伤的价值

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)和尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)联合检测在糖尿病早期肾损伤的价值。方法采用免疫比浊法分别检测132例2型糖尿病患者(根据尿白蛋白排泄率的不同分为A组和B组)和50例健康人员(对照组)的血清CysC和mAlb水平,并与血清肌酐(SCr)水平进行比较。结果糖尿病B组的CysC和mAlb水平高于糖尿病A组和健康对照组水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);糖尿病B组CysC水平与mAlb、SCr水平均呈正相关(均P<0.01)。结论血CysC和mAlb是肾脏早期损伤的重要标志,是反映肾小球受损的敏感指标,联合检测对及时准确地诊断糖尿病早期肾损伤有重要的临床应用价值。     

血清胱抑素C联合尿微量白蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C联合尿微量白蛋白和视黄醇对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值。方法:选取2011年10月—2012年3月收治的2型糖尿病患者120例,根据尿微量白蛋白排出量将患者分为三组:单纯糖尿病组、早期糖尿病肾病组、临床糖尿病肾病组,随机选取同期我院健康体检者40名作为对照组。检测四组的血清胱抑素C(Cys C)、尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平。结果:早期糖尿病肾病组RBP,Cys C,mAlb水平显著高于对照组和单纯糖尿病组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着病情发展,患者RBP,Cys C,mAlb水平逐渐升高。RBP,Cys C,mAlb检测早期糖尿病肾病的敏感性分别为71.1%,66.7%,75.6%。联合检测的敏感性为91.1%,高于三者单独检测结果,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合检验的特异性高于单独检测,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:Cys C,mAlb,RBP联合使用可以提高早期糖尿病肾病检测的准确性,有助于肾功能损害的预防和治疗,减少并发症的发生。     

探讨尿微量白蛋白/肌酐、胱抑素C联合检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的临床价值

目的:探讨尿微量白蛋白/肌酐(mAlb/Cr)、胱抑素C(Cys-C)联合检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的临床价值。方法:选取54例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者为观察组以及同时期50例健康体检者为对照组,检测两组患者mAlb/Cr及Cys-C水平,分析上述指标用于糖尿病肾病检测的价值。结结果:果:观察组患者mAlb/Cr及Cys-C水平均显著高于对照组,两组相比差异显著(P0.05);且mAlb/Cr与Cys-C之间具有显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:结论:糖尿病肾病早期患者体内mAlb/Cr、Cys-C水平较高,且具有较高的敏感性,两者联合检测有助于糖尿病肾病早期患者的诊断和检测。     

NAG联合3种尿液微量蛋白的检测对糖尿病早期肾损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨尿微量清蛋白(micro-albumin,mAlb)、β2微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin,β2-MG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(retinoi-binding protein,RBP)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(n-acety-β-D-glucosaminidase,NAG)对糖尿病早期肾损伤的诊断价值。方法采用免疫透射比浊法测定mAlb、RBP、β2-MG的含量,联合应用氯硝基苯-乙酰氨基葡萄糖速率法测定尿NAG酶的活性,分别检测46例糖尿病患者(实验组)、30例正常人(阴性对照组)和30例慢性肾炎患者(阳性对照组)的尿mAlb、RBP、NAG、β2-MG的含量,并将三者的检测结果进行比较。结果在对不同观察组尿微量蛋白及尿酶检测结果进行分析时发现:糖尿病组mAlb高于正常组(P<0.05),而与慢性肾炎组相比显著低于慢性肾炎组(P<0.01);糖尿病组RBP明显高于对照组RBP(P<0.01),但慢性肾炎组RBP与正常组RBP相比差别不大(P>0.05);糖尿病组β2-MG明显高于正常组和慢性肾炎组(P<0.01);糖尿病组NAG和慢性肾炎组NAG可明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论尿mAlb、RBP、NAG、β2-MG可反映糖尿病患者的早期肾损伤改变。尿mAlb、RBP、NAG、β2-MG是监测早期糖尿病肾病较敏感指标,其联合检测对早期肾损伤有重要意义。     

尿液微量白蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白在糖尿病肾病中的检测及分析

目的探讨尿液微量白蛋白(mAlb)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)在糖尿病肾病中的检测及意义。方法选择2010年12月至2012年12月我院内分泌科检查确诊的2型糖尿病患者60例,将其分成A、B、C三组(A组:正常白蛋白尿组30例;B组:微量白蛋白尿组18例;C组:大量白蛋白尿组12例),选择同期在我院健康体检者30例作为对照组,所有入选者都进行mAlb和RBP检测。结果糖尿病患者的mAlb和RBP含量都明显高于对照组,且组间比较差异显著。结论尿液微量白蛋白联合视黄醇结合蛋白的检测与糖尿病肾病的早期诊断可能相关。     

尿mAlb、TF及血清ICAM-1检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的意义

目的探讨尿微量清蛋白（mAlb）、尿转铁蛋白（TF）与血清细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的意义。方法根据尿清蛋白排泄率,将Ⅱ型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病无肾病组（DM无肾病组）50例和糖尿病肾病早期组（DN早期组）58例,50例正常健康体检者作为对照组。采用IMMAGE800全自动免疫特定蛋白仪检测尿mAlb、TF,ELISA法测定血清ICAM-1。结果 DM无肾病组与对照组比较,尿mAlb、Tf及血清ICAM-1水平无明显变化;DN早期组与DM无肾病组比较,尿mAlb、Tf、血清ICAM-1水平明显升高（均P〈0.05）,联合检测可将DN早期组异常检出率提高到71%。结论尿mAlb联合尿Tf及血清ICAM-1检测可明显提高DN早期患者的异常检出率。     

2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中价值

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)水平在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的价值。方法 T2DM患者78例,其中尿mAlb正常组41例、mAlb升高(微量白蛋白尿组)37例;检测2组空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)2、4 h mAlb、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)水平。结果与mAlb正常组比较,mAlb微量白蛋白尿组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿酸、肌酐及尿素氮水平均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 T2DM患者尿mAlb水平的检测优于肾脏检测的常规指标,可用于早期诊断DN。     

血清Cys C与尿液中mALB和RBP联合检测在早期糖尿病肾损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（Cystatin C,Cys C）、尿微量白蛋白（mAlb）和视黄醇结合蛋白（retinol binding protein,RBP）联合检测对诊断早期糖尿病肾病的价值。方法在日立7600-020全自动生化分析仪上,分别检测198例糖尿病患者及42例健康对照组血清Cys C、尿mAlb、RBP和尿肌酐（UCr）的含量。结果糖尿病患者血清CysC、尿mAlb、RBP均明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论血清CysC、尿mAlb、RBP均可做为糖尿病早期肾损害的灵敏指标,三者联合检测的诊断意义更大。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.