毛细管气相色谱法检测头孢西丁钠原料药中的残留溶剂

目的 建立气相色谱法测定头孢西丁钠原料药中的有机残留溶剂乙醇、丙酮及乙酸乙酯.方法 色谱柱为HP-5(30m×0.53mm×1.5μm),载气为氮气,进样器温度为180℃,火焰离子检测器(FID)温度为250℃,柱温为50℃,以水为溶剂,进样量1μl.结果 乙醇、丙酮及乙酸乙酯的线性关系r分别为0.9998、0.999及0.997,平均回收率分别为98.6%、102.6%及101.9%,最小检出量分别为6.0E～4ng、2.9E～4ng及3.1E～4ng.3批样品中均检测出丙酮残留,而未检出乙醇和乙酸乙酯.结论 该方法 高效、灵敏、准确,适用于同时检测头孢西丁钠原料药中有机残留溶剂乙醇、丙酮及乙酸乙酯的含量.     

气相色谱法测定厄贝沙坦中9种残留溶剂

目的:建立厄贝沙坦原料药中9种残留溶剂(甲醇,乙醇,丙酮,异丙醇,乙腈,二氯甲烷,甲基叔丁基醚,乙酸乙酯及甲苯)的检测方法。方法:色谱柱为Kromat KB-624(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm);程序升温;载气为氮气,流速为5.0 ml·min-1;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃;顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间20min。以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,用外标法测定9种残留溶剂的量,进样量为1 ml。结果:在本色谱条件下,9种残留溶剂分离良好。在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 1),平均回收率为99.08%~105.14%,RSD为1.1%~3.3%(n=9);定量限分别为15.68,25.45,1.09,10.61,4.54,5.73,1.04,10.58,1.89μg。结论:本方法简便,准确,重复性好,可用于厄贝沙坦原料药中多种残留溶剂的同时测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定硝唑尼特中的残留溶剂

目的:建立项空气相色谱测定药物硝唑尼特中残留溶剂的方法.方法:采用DM-WAX毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.5 μm);柱温采取程序升温;进样口温度为200℃;FID检测器,检测器温度为250℃;顶空进样,平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为30 min;以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂测定硝唑尼特原料药中丙酮、二氯甲烷的残留量.结果:在本文的色谱条件下,各有机溶剂均能得到有效分离,丙酮、二氯甲烷的浓度分别在250～750 μg·ml-1(r=0.9991)、30～90 μg· ml-1(r=0.9991)范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.15％、99.18％,RSD分别为2.17％、2.97％(n=9).结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可有效检测硝唑尼特中的残留溶剂.     

毛细管气相色谱法检测头孢西丁钠原料药中的残留溶剂

目的建立气相色谱法测定头孢西丁钠原料药中的有机残留溶剂乙醇、丙酮及乙酸乙酯。方法色谱柱为HP-5(30m×0.53mm×1.5μm),载气为氮气,进样器温度为180℃,火焰离子检测器(FID)温度为250℃,柱温为50℃,以水为溶剂,进样量1μl。结果乙醇、丙酮及乙酸乙酯的线性关系r分别为0.9998、0.999及0.997,平均回收率分别为98.6%、102.6%及101.9%,最小检出量分别为6.0E～4ng、2.9E～4ng及3.1E～4ng。3批样品中均检测出丙酮残留,而未检出乙醇和乙酸乙酯。结论该方法高效、灵敏、准确,适用于同时检测头孢西丁钠原料药中有机残留溶剂乙醇、丙酮及乙酸乙酯的含量。     

气相色谱法测定荧光素钠原料药中的残留溶剂

目的建立气相色谱法测定荧光素钠原料药中残留溶剂。方法选用毛细管柱DB-WAX(30.0m×0.25mm×0.25μm),氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),色谱条件:初温60℃(保持10min),以100℃·min-1升至200℃(保持1min),进样口温度:230℃,检测器温度:250℃。选择正丙醇作为内标,进样量1μL。结果二氯甲烷在(62.97~176.31)μg·mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积/内标峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系,检测限为25.19μg·mL-1,溶剂和内标对测定无干扰,3批样品均未检出二氯甲烷。结论经方法学验证,本方法简便灵敏,准确,可用于荧光素钠原料药中残留溶剂的检测。     

气相色谱法测定阿奇霉素原料药中残留的6种有机溶剂的含量

目的建立气相色谱法分离并测定阿奇霉素原料药中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、氯仿6种残留溶剂的含量。方法以OV-1701弹性石英毛细管柱为色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.5μm),载气为氮气,采用氢火焰离子化检测器,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为240℃,柱温采用程序升温(30℃、保持4 min,以25℃.min-1升至120℃、保持5 min),以二甲亚砜为溶剂,进样量1μL。结果甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、氯仿在各自的浓度范围内,其峰面积与内标的峰面积比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系,r为0.999 1~0.999 6,平均加样回收率为94.9%~99.6%(n=9)。结论该法分离完全,操作简便快速,灵敏度高,精密度良好,是一种较好的测定原料药中残留溶剂含量的方法。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定替米沙坦中的有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定替米沙坦中残留有机溶剂甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、氯仿、乙二醇和二甲基甲酰胺。方法:以DB-624弹性石英毛细管柱为色谱柱(30m×0.53mm),载气为氮气,采用氢火焰离子化检测器,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样法采用程序升温(50℃,保持15min,以30℃.min-1升至160℃,保持5min),进样量1.0mL。直接进样法柱温为100℃,进样量1.0μL。结果:3批样品中7种有机溶剂残留量均符合规定。结论:本方法可测定替米沙坦中的有机溶剂残留量,方法简单、准确。     

顶空气相色谱法测定茴三硫中的6种残留溶剂

目的 采用顶空气相色谱法同时测定茴三硫中6种有机溶剂的残留量.方法 色谱柱为Agilent DB-624(30 m×0.32mm,1.8 μm),二甲亚砜为溶解介质,FID检测器,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250 c℃,高纯氮作载气,程序升温(40 ℃保持8 min,再以40℃-min-1升至200℃,保持3 min).结果 各组分在所考察的浓度范围内均具有良好的线性(r为0.9996～0.9997),RSD为1.02％～ 1.13％,乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二甲基甲酰胺与二甲苯的最低检出浓度分别为6.7064、1.0466、2.0858、0.8538、13.7801、0.7995 mg· kg-1.结论 所用方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于茴三硫中残留溶剂的检查.     

顶空气相色谱法测定卡巴他赛中有机溶剂的残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定卡巴他赛中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷共5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,氢火焰离子化检测器;载气为氮气,流速为2.0 m L·min-1;色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×530μm,3μm);采用柱温50℃保持7 min,以50℃·min-1的速率升温至220℃,保持3 min;进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃;分流进样,分流比为5∶1;顶空平衡温度为100℃,顶空平衡时间为20 min;顶空定量环体积为1 m L。以外标法用峰面积计算残留溶剂的含量。结果甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷的线性关系良好(r=0.997 8~0.999 5),平均回收率为94.0%~99.1%,检测限分别为0.67、0.64、0.23、0.94和0.03 mg·L-1。结论本方法可用于卡巴他赛中残留溶剂的检查。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定乌拉地尔原料药的溶剂残留量

目的:建立乌拉地尔原料药中5种溶剂残留量的毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法:采用Agilent DB-5毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×320μm×0.25μm),FID检测器,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度230℃;载气为高纯氮气,流速3.0mL.min-1,柱温为程序升温:40℃保持10min,10℃.min-1升温至220℃,保持5min。顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度80℃,平衡时间30min。结果:在上述条件下,5种残留溶剂色谱峰的理论板数均大于10 000,相邻峰的分离度均大于2;甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷的线性关系良好(r分别为0.999 2,0.999 3,0.999 9,0.999 8和0.999 8);最低检出浓度分别为:0.46,0.46,0.23,0.31,0.090μg.mL-1;平均回收率均在90%以上。结论:本方法简单、准确,灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于乌拉地尔原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.