膀胱腔内热化疗联合应用预防肿瘤复发疗效观察

目的:降低膀胱移行细胞癌术后复发率,评价热、化疗联合应用的疗效及安全性。方法:对40例膀胱移行细胞癌术后患者,在膀胱腔内局部恒温热盐水持续灌注,每次10000ml,每日一次,10次为一疗程。同时吡柔比星20mg/40ml膀胱腔内灌注,每周一次,连续8次,总用量为160mg。结果:40例患者均获随访。随访时间9～52个月,除1例术后10个月、1例术后30个月复发外,余38例均未见肿瘤复发及转移。复发率为5%。结论:膀胱腔内热化疗联合应用预防移行细胞癌术后复发效果满意,安全性好。     

经尿道电汽化加电切术治疗前列腺增生症180例临床分析

目的探讨良性前列腺增生症（BPH）的有效治疗方法。方法采用经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TUEVP）加经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）联合治疗BPH 180例。结果180例手术成功，平均手术时间67min。1例发生TURS，2例输血，术后24～96h拔除导尿管，排尿均通畅。术后随访3～46个月，国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）8.8分，最大尿流率（Qmax）20.2ml/s。结论TUEVP和TURP联合治疗BPH兼有两者优点，是治疗BPH的有效方法。     

硬肾镜与软肾镜联合在经皮肾镜碎石术中的应用

目的探讨硬肾镜与软肾镜联合在经皮肾镜碎石术（PCNL）中的应用及其意义。方法 2008年7月至2009年12月,共完成PCNL治疗直径〉3cm肾结石共86例,其中单纯使用硬肾镜38例,联合应用硬肾镜与软肾镜48例。统计患者年龄、结石大小、手术时间、术中出血量、手术后并发症、结石清除率并进行比较分析。结果联合应用硬肾镜和软肾镜的48例患者中,平均手术时间为（78±32）min,平均术中出血量为（135±86）mL;无术中、术后严重出血,一期结石清除率为90%。单纯使用硬肾镜的38例患者中,平均手术时间为（65±24）min,平均术中出血量为（187±94）mL,1例出现术后严重出血,一期结石清除率为74%。结论联合硬肾镜与软肾镜行PCNL与单纯使用硬肾镜相比,可以减少术中出血量及术后并发症的发生,并提高一期结石清除率。     

经尿道钬激光膀胱肿瘤切除术和膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗表浅层膀胱癌的疗效比较

目的观察经尿道钬激光膀胱肿瘤切除术(HoLRBT)和经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)治疗浅表层膀胱癌的疗效和安全性。方法我院于2011年6月到2013年6月收治行手术治疗的表浅层膀胱癌患者271例,根据治疗方法分为HoLRBT组和TURBT组。分别对2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、膀胱冲洗时间、尿管留置时间、住院时间等术中术后情况、手术并发症和2年累积复发率进行比较分析。结果 2组手术时间比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。HoLRBT组术中出血量、膀胱冲洗时间、尿管留置时间和住院时间明显低于TURBT组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HoLRBT组患者术后并发症的发生率明显低于TURBT组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HoLRBT组和TURBT组患者2年累积复发率分别为8%和16.67%,HoLRBT组复发率明显低于TURBT组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HoLRBT治疗表浅层膀胱癌疗效显著,安全可靠,可显著降低术后复发率,值得临床推广使用。     

Objective and subjective improvement in children with idiopathic detrusor overactivity after intravesical botulinum toxin injection: A preliminary report

Objective

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Intravesical Botulinum toxin injection on the symptoms and urodynamic parameters in pediatric patients with idiopathic overactive bladder (iOAB) refractory to medical treatment.

经尿道前列腺电切术和(或)汽化切除术治疗良性前列腺增生的临床经验

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)和经尿道前列腺汽化切除术(TUVP)单独或联合治疗BPH的安全性和疗效。方法:2009年6月~2012年6月采用TURP和/或TUVP治疗BPH患者376例,其中TURP组116例,TUVP组125例,TURP与TUVP联合组(联合组)135例。经直肠B超检查计算三组前列腺重量分别为(81.3±22.8)、(78.5±21.5)和(82.2±20.6)g。比较三组之间手术时间、术中出血量、切除组织量、术后并发症等指标,以对比手术安全性;比较术前及术后3个月的Qmax、剩余尿量(RUV)、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)等指标,以对比其临床疗效。结果:TURP组、TUVP组和联合组的手术成功率分别为98.3%(114/116)、98.4%(123/125)和99.3%(134/135)(P0.05);平均手术时间分别为(43.2±12.4)min、(55.3±14.5)min和(47.4±13.1)min(P0.05);平均出血量分别为(220.4±50.5)ml、(85.5±24.6)ml和(100.4±30.2)ml(P0.05);平均切除组织质量分别为(49.2±11.3)g、(52.7±13.3)g和(50.4±12.6)g(P0.05);经尿道前列腺电切综合征(TURS)发生率分别为2.6%(3/116)、0.8%(1/125)和0.7%(1/135)(P0.05);术后暂时性尿失禁发生率分别为1.7%(2/116)、4.8%(6/125)和1.5%(2/135)(P0.05);术后3个月尿道狭窄发生率分别为1.7%(2/116)、4.0%(5/125)和1.5%(2/135)(P0.05)。三组患者术后3个月的Q max均较术前明显增加(P0.05),术后IPSS、QOL、RUV均较术前明显下降(P0.05),三组之间各指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:TURP、TUVP单独或联合均为治疗BPH的有效方法,TURP联合TUVP治疗兼有两者的优点,切割速度快,止血彻底,安全高效,并发症少,是治疗BPH的更好选择。     

Percutaneous nephrostomy in children: diagnostic and therapeutic importance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous nephrostomy (PN) in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approach in children with urological problems. PN was performed on 39 kidneys in 28 patients (12 girls, 16 boys) aged 4.5 months to 13 years (average 5.38±3.41 years) during the period from January 1996 to December 2003. Underlying abnormalities were ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in 14 patients (17 kidneys), ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJO) in six patients (eight kidneys), supravesical obstruction due to tumour or hydatid cyst or ureteral stone in three patients (five kidneys), and severe vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) with/without neurogenic bladder associated with pyonephrotic kidneys in five patients (nine kidneys). The duration of catheter insertion was between 2 and 160 days (average 80±65.01 days). The complications were haematuria (six cases), infection (five cases) and displacement of catheter (four cases). Radical surgical management was performed in 25 patients (33 kidneys): pyeloplasty in eight cases (ten kidneys), UVJO correction in six cases (eight kidneys), nephrectomy in five cases (five kidneys), ureteroneocystostomy in four cases (seven kidneys), hydatid cyst operation in one case (two kidneys) and stone extraction in one case (one kidney). PN is an easy, safe and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic procedure with few complications in childhood.     

经尿道前列腺气化切割结合电切通道成形术治疗高危前列腺增生

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺气化切割结合电切通道成形术治疗高危前列腺增生（BPH）的方法和疗效。方法：采用经尿道前列腺气化切割结合电切通道成形术治疗高危BPH患者36例。结果：手术视野清楚，出血少，疗效满意，未出现严重并发症。结论：经尿道前列腺气化切割结合电切通道成形术是一种治疗高危BPH安全性高、易掌握、并发症少、疗效确切的手术方法。     

三种经尿道前列腺切除术治疗良性前列腺增生的疗效比较

目的比较良性前列腺增生（BPH）的三种经尿道手术治疗效果。方法分别采用经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）、经尿道双极等离子前列腺切除术（PKRP）和经尿道铥激光前列腺切除术（TmLRP）治疗BPH共137例。结果三种术式患者手术前后前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QOLs）、残余尿（RUV）、最大尿流率（Qmax）比较均得到显著改善（P〈0．01），疗效满意。前列腺重量（PW）〈40g时，TmLRP组手术时间明显短于PKRP和TURP组（P〈0．01）。PW〉50g时，TmLRP组手术时间明显长于PKRP和TURP组（P〈0．01）。TmLRP和PKRP组术中出血少，术后膀胱冲洗时间、留管时间及住院时间均短于TURP组（P〈0．01）。站论三种经尿道手术方法均是治疗BPH的有效手段，TmLRP和PKRP比TURP更安全，术中及术后并发症更少。     

沙培林膀胱灌注的临床观察及实验研究

目的 初步探索沙培林膀胱灌注治疗的安全性、有效性和作用机制.方法 ①临床研究:收集膀胱肿瘤术后行沙培林膀胱灌注治疗的患者40例,检测灌注前后尿液中细胞因子IL-2、TNF-α、INF-γ的含量,术后6个月复查膀胱镜.②动物实验:取雌性大鼠75只,分为空白对照组(15只)、生理盐水灌注组(15只)、沙培林灌注组(15只)、BCG灌注组(15只)和大肠杆菌灌注组(15只),每周灌注治疗一次,6周后停止灌注.从每组中随机选取10只大鼠,处死后取其膀胱三角区组织做病理切片,观察并比较免疫细胞浸润情况,同时行免疫组化分析,检测IL-2、TNF-α、INF-γ在组织中的表达情况.剩余25只大鼠不做任何处理,饲养2个月后全部处死,取其膀胱三角区组织做病理切片,观察停止灌注后膀胱组织是否出现慢性炎性改变.结果 ①临床研究:膀胱肿瘤术后膀胱灌注沙培林,尿中细胞因子IL-2、TNF-α、INF-γ均显著升高.6个月后复查膀胱镜见炎性改变且均未见肿瘤复发,不良反应发生率低.②动物实验:膀胱灌注6周后大鼠膀胱免疫细胞浸润情况与细胞因子IL-2、TNF-α、INF-γ的表达相似:大肠杆菌组>沙培林组≈BCG组>生理盐水组>空白对照组;停止膀胱灌注2个月后,大肠杆菌组表现为膀胱炎性改变,其余各组几乎均表现为正常尿路上皮.结论 沙培林与BCG等免疫调节剂作用机制相似,通过引起膀胱上皮炎性反应,增强病变部位的免疫功能,从而识别并清除变异细胞,且在一段时间后能自行恢复为正常尿路上皮,不引起慢性炎性改变,沙培林是一种安全、有效的免疫调节剂.     

Laparoscopically monitored percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in children: a safer procedure

Background Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has now become the preferred technique for facilitating enteral nutrition in children with inadequate caloric intake. Because many problems related to PEG insertion have recently been reported, we were motivated to reassess this established technique. We have therefore added a new step—laparoscopic monitoring—to the classic PEG procedure.Methods Fifteen children who required PEG during the previous year were studied. Their ages ranged from 2 months to 18 years. Six children were < 1 year old at the time of operation. In 11 patients, the PEG was performed at the end of a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. In the others, it was done as a single procedure.Results In all 15 children, the PEG was performed safely and quickly, without complications.Conclusion The addition of laparoscopic monitoring to the classic PEG procedure introduced by Gauderer et al. changes the first and last parts of the procedure from an almost blind undertaking to a well-controlled and safer procedure.     

经尿道前列腺电切术和汽化电切术并发症48例分析

目的 分析经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）与经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（TVP）术中、术后常见并发症的原因、预防及治疗，提高手术安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析1999年5月-2006年6月我院TURP和TVP术48例并发症患者的临床资料。结果 平均手术时间75min，平均切除组织41g。术中、术后出血20例，电切综合征（TURS）5例，暂时性尿失禁11例，膀胱颈部挛缩5例，尿道狭窄8例，尿路感染7例，膀胱穿孔1例。结论 TURP和TVP是良性前列腺增生症安全有效的外科治疗方法，术前详细采集病史，术中正确操作。术后对病人正确指导及处理可有效减少手术并发症。     

Comparison of long-term results of transurethral incision of the prostate with transurethral resection of the prostate, in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy

One hundred patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) were randomized to transurethral incision (TUIP) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The average prostate weight before operation was not more than 30.0 g. Indications for the operations were based on the disease history, physical examination, digital rectal examination, laboratory values, and pressure-flow examination. All operations were performed with patients under spinal anesthesia. TUIP was performed with a Collins knife, and TURP was performed with a resectoscope. Follow-up was performed 24 months after the operations. After treatment there were statistically significant daytime and nocturnal reduction in voiding frequencies of 2.9 and 1.7, respectively, after TUIP, and 2.0 and 1.5 after TURP. In both groups, there occurred significantly better maximal flow rate from 7.6 mL/s to 16.9 mL/s in group I and from 6.9 mL/s to 17.6 mL/s in group II. The mean values of linearized passive urethral resistance relation in both groups significantly decreased from 3.6 +/- 0.6 to 1.0 +/- 0.5 after TUIP and from 3.9 +/- 04 to 1.4 +/- 0.5 after TURP. The TUIP procedure is effective and safe for patients with a small number of complications.     

经皮肾镜取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)治疗输尿管上段结石的方法。方法:200例单侧输尿管上段结石的患者,90例采用MPCNL进行治疗;110例采用URL治疗,其中46例接受辅助ESWL治疗。结果:MPCNL组术后3天结石清除率为97.7%(88/90),术后1个月结石清除率为100%(90/90)。URL术后3天结石清除率为25.4%(28/110),术后1个月结石清除率为81.8%(90/110),均显著低于MPCNL组(P<0.05)。结论:MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率,URL手术治疗效果稍差,可以联合ESWL提高疗效。     

经尿道等离子前列腺分离电切术和传统电切术治疗BPH的疗效比较

目的:比较经尿道等离子前列腺分离电切术和等离子刀经尿道传统电切术治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的临床疗效,并对分离电切术进行研究。方法:2005年9月至2010年8月,收集81例BPH患者,随机分为2组。单盲法,行经尿道等离子前列腺分离电切术40例,行等离子刀经尿道传统电切术41例;比较2组年龄、术前超声测量前列腺体积、手术中切除腺体重量、手术时间、术中出血、术后带尿管时间、术前及术后IPSS评分(国际前列腺症状评分)。结果:两组病例仅术后IPSS评分比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),分离电切组与传统电切组IPSS评分分别为(8.70±1.13)分和(9.95±1.54)分。结论:经尿道等离子前列腺分离电切术和等离子刀经尿道传统电切术比较,经尿道等离子前列腺分离电切术临床疗效更为显著。     

腔内分部剜切术与经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术治疗前列腺增生症的疗效分析

目的比较腔内分部剜切术与经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(TUPKP)治疗良性前列腺增生症(BPH)的安全性和疗效。方法收集BPH手术患者285例,分别行腔内分部剜切术(165例)与TUPKP(120例)。分析两组患者的手术时间、术中失血量、术后冲洗时间;比较两组手术患者术前、术后(第1天)血红蛋白及红细胞压积,记录两组手术短期并发症发生率;术前及术后(3个月)测定最大尿流率(Qmax)和残余尿量(RUV),记录术前、术后国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)及生活质量(QOL)评分并给予比较。结果分部剜切组平均手术时间[(66.5±10.0)min]与TUPKP组[(65.4±10.1)min]差异无统计学意义;在术中失血量、术后冲洗时间方面,分部剜切组较TUPKP组比较有统计学意义。结论腔内分部剜切术具有可操作性强、术中出血少、术后冲洗时间短及术后尿失禁发生率低等优点,是治疗BPH患者安全、有效的手术方式之一。     

Protective action of intravesical oxybutynin on bladder ultrastructure in rabbits with detrusor overactivity

To evaluate the protective effect of intravesical oxybutynin on the ultrastructure of rabbits with detrusor overactivity (DO). Seventeen North Folk male rabbits were distributed into three groups: GI (n = 5) used as control, GII (n = 5), and GIII (n = 5) with DO. One animal from GII and one from GIII were excluded because they did not develop DO. In GIII, the animals were treated with daily intravesical application of 0.5 mg/Kg of oxybutynin for 30 days. Bladder weight was significantly higher in animals from GII and GIII as compared to GI. After 30 days, cystometric study revealed that vesical capacity was significantly decreased in GII and GIII. Detrusor pressure was significantly higher in GII. Electron microscopy showed increase of intercellular space, cell junctions and caveolae areas asymmetries, mitochondria and cellular degeneration in GII, while in GIII, these alterations have improved after a 30-day treatment. Animals treated with intravesical oxybutynin presented ultrastructural aspect similar to normal.     

Laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric gastric access for long-term enteral feeding may be performed via a laparotomy, laparoscopy, or a percutaneous approach. In children and adolescents, laparoscopic-assisted gastrostomy may be difficult due to a thick abdominal wall. Therefore, if the abdominal wall is estimated to be >2 cm on physical examination, or in children in whom a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was unsuccessfully attempted by a gastroenterologist, we routinely perform a laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. METHODS: From January 1998 through February 2003, we retrospectively reviewed 15 cases of a laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Instruments used to perform this technique are a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy kit, an Olympus flexible endoscope, and one 5-mm STEP port placed through an infraumbilical incision for a 5-mm, 30-degree scope. RESULTS: Age range was 2 years to 20 years (mean, 10). Operative time ranged from 20 minutes to 45 minutes. When a concurrent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was performed (n = 6), the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was placed after completion of the Nissen fundoplication. No intraoperative complications occurred, and all tubes were successfully placed. Feeds were instituted the following day and advanced to goal. To date, no postoperative complications have occurred, and revision has not been necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and adolescents is safe and effective. Utilizing laparoscopy permits evaluation of the peritoneum and lysis of adhesions, if necessary. Moreover, laparoscopy provides excellent exposure for accurate placement of the PEG, while avoiding injury to other organs.     

Comparison of direct and intravesical measurement of intraabdominal pressure in children

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare directly measured intraabdominal pressure with the pressure measured indirectly via urinary catheter using different bladder-filling volumes in children.

Methods

Prospective observational study in pediatric intensive care unit at a university children's hospital. Three simultaneous measurements of intraabdominal pressure were performed in 14 children, mean age 1.6 months (range, 0.2-56), after cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass directly via an intraperitoneal dialysis catheter and indirectly via indwelling urinary catheter with bladder volumes of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mL/kg of physiological saline. Of the 14 patients, 9 were mechanically ventilated at the time of the intraabdominal pressure measurements.

Results

Directly measured intraabdominal pressure ranged between 0 and 10 mm Hg and showed the highest correlation (r = 0.971, P < .0001) with the pressure measured via urinary catheter using bladder-filling volume of 1 mL/kg. The higher the bladder-filling volume, the higher was the overestimation of the intraabdominal pressure and the weaker was the correlation with the direct measurement. Overestimation of intraabdominal pressure was 1.3, 2.0, and 2.9 mm Hg, with bladder volume of 1, 2, and 3 mL/kg, respectively.

Conclusion

These data suggest that intravesical pressure closely correlates with intraabdominal pressure in children. A bladder-filling volume of 1 mL/kg is recommended for the measurement of intraabdominal pressure in children with a risk of abdominal compartment syndrome.