Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory condition involving the airways and characterized by airflow limitation. Gaseous and noxious particles play an important role in this process. Antioxidants are the substances that may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. The increased oxidative stress in patients with COPD is the result of an increased burden of inhaled oxidants, as well as increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by various inflammatory, immune and epithelial cells of the airways. A total of 150 subjects with COPD and 100 healthy controls subjects were enrolled in this study from the period October 2015 to January 2016. The investigation included measurements of plasma superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), glutathione content (GSH) reduced form, (GPx) glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Absorbance was measured by UV spectrophotometer. The estimated values of SOD, catalase, GPx, GSH and GR were found to be significantly (P = 0.0001) lower among the cases compared with controls. But, the levels of MDA were higher (P = 0.0001) in cases as compared to control group and there was significant difference in the oxidative stress parameters among the various stages of COPD. The post hoc analysis revealed that SOD was significantly (P < 0.01) lower among the mild, moderate and severe patients compared with very severe patients. The catalase was also observed to be significantly (P = 0.01) lower among mild, moderate and severe patients than very severe patients. The GPx was found to be significantly (P = 0.002) lower among the mild, moderate and severe patients compared with very severe patients. MDA was observed to be significantly higher in mild, moderate and severe patients compared with very severe (P = 0.001). GR was significantly (P = 0.003) lower among mild, moderate and severe patients than very severe patients. However, there was no significant difference in GSH among severity of COPD patients. This study suggests that oxidant and antioxidant imbalance plays an important role in various stages of severity of COPD. These results revealed the presence of an oxidative stress in subjects with COPD, and it is proportionate to the severity of disease.     

Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Processes in Tumor and Non-Tumor Obstructive Jaundice: Influence of Disease Duration,Severity and Surgical Treatment on Outcomes

The aim of this study was to assess the patterns and pattern disruptions of free radical processes in patients with obstructive jaundice of various origins, and the severity of jaundice before and after decompression. Oxidative stress markers were determined in 128 patients with obstructive jaundice with a tumor genesis (23.4%) or non-tumor genesis (76.6%). The patients were hospitalized at different stages of clinical signs of jaundice. We studied the anti-peroxide activity in plasma, basal and stimulated indicators of the chemiluminescence intensity in leukocytes, leukocyte activity coefficients reflecting the level of reactive oxygen species generated by leukocytes, malondialdehyde levels indicative of the degree of lipid peroxidation and cellular destruction, liver enzymes (markers of cytolysis) and bilirubin levels. Data for hepatocyte death and markers of oxidative stress correlated with the severity of jaundice, its duration and the method of its surgical correction. It is proposed that using markers of free radical processes to assess the prognosis and effectiveness of treatment and to personalize treatment measures will improve the results of jaundice treatment.     

阿尔茨海默病与氧化应激

随着世界人口的老龄化，阿尔茨海默病（AD）已成为当前研究的热点之一，但目前其确切的发病机制还不完全清楚。本文主要针对AD中出现的氧化应激介体，阐明氧化应激在AD病理过程中可能的致病作用，并提出利用抗氧化途径来预防和治疗AD的可行性策略。     

活性氧簇介导的氧化应激及细胞焦亡在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 研究活性氧簇 (ROS) 介导的氧化应激及细胞焦亡在大鼠脑缺血再灌注 ( I/ R) 损伤中的 作用。 方法 成年雄性 SD 大鼠分为假手术 ( Sham) 组、 I/ R 组、 ROS 清除剂 N 乙酰半胱氨酸-低剂量 (NAC-L) 组、 NAC 中等剂量 (NAC-M) 组、 NAC 高剂量 (NAC-H) 组, 建立脑 I/ R 损伤模型并给予 50、 100、 200 mg / kg NAC 腹腔注射干预。 再灌注后 24 h, 评价神经功能, 检测脑梗死面积百分比、 ROS、 丙二 醛 (MDA)、 4-羟基壬烯醛 (4-HNE)、 总抗氧化力 (T-AOC)、 裂解型 caspase-1 (Cleaved caspase-1)、 gasdermin D 的 N 端片段 (GSDMD-N)。 结果 I/ R 组脑梗死面积百分比、 ROS、 MDA、 4-HNE 含量、 Cleaved caspase-1、 GSDMD-N 表达水平均明显增加, T-AOC 含量明显降低 ( P < 0. 05 ); NAC-L 组、 NAC-M 组、 NAC-H 组脑梗死面积百分比、 ROS、 MDA、 4-HNE 含量、 Cleaved caspase-1、 GSDMD-N 表达水平均明显降 低, T-AOC 含量明显增加 (P< 0. 05) 且 NAC 剂量越高, 上述变化越显著。 结论 ROS 介导的氧化应激及 细胞焦亡参与大鼠脑 I/ R 损伤。     

COPD患者血脂代谢水平和hs-CRP水平关系的分析

目的:进行慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者血脂代谢水平和hs-CRP水平关系的分析.方法:利用生化法测定了96例COPD患者血脂代谢水平,免疫比浊法测定了血清hs-CRP水平,并与68例正常对照组进行了比较.结果:96例COPD患者的血浆TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和Lp(a)较之68例正常对照组明显降低,TC和L...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病发病机制的研究

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）在全球的发病率不断地上升,在我国发病率以及死亡率也居高不下,临床对于COPD的研究有很多,包括预防、诊断以及治疗等方面,很大程度上提高了人们对于COPD的认知。但是,目前对于COPD的发病机制尚无明确定论,公认的主要为炎症、蛋白酶-抗蛋白酶失衡以及氧化-抗氧化失衡这三种学说,但是近几年来,研究者在这三种发病机制有了更深的研究,也发现了新的可能的发病机制,本文将对此进行阐述,为COPD的诊治提供理论参考。     

Injury of Peripheral Muscles in Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Muscle injury has clinical relevance in diseased individuals because it is associated with muscle dysfunction in terms of decreased strength and/or endurance. This study was aimed at answering three questions: whether the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with peripheral muscle injury; whether muscle injury is associated with some of the relevant functional impairment in the muscles; and whether muscle injury can be solely justified by deconditioning. Twenty-one male COPD patients were eligible for the study. Seven healthy volunteers recruited from the general population were included as controls. Function of the quadriceps muscle was assessed through specific single-leg exercise (strength and endurance). Cellular (light microscopy) and subcellular (electron microscopy) techniques were used to evaluate muscle injury on biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle. Signs of injury were found in muscles from both control and COPD patients, not only in cases showing severe airflow obstruction but also in the mild or moderate stages of the disease. Current smoking and presence of COPD were significantly associated with increased injury of the muscle as assessed by light and electron microscopy techniques. The authors conclude that peripheral muscle injury is evident in mild, moderate, and severe stages of COPD even in the absence of respiratory failure, hypercapnia, chronic steroid treatment, low body weight, or some coexisting disease. These findings support the theory that systemic factors with deleterious effect are acting on peripheral muscles of smokers with COPD, increasing the susceptibility of the muscle fibers to membrane and sarcomere injury.     

C-反应蛋白在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并糖尿病患者中的水平变化的研究现状

C-反应蛋白（CRP）是由肝细胞合成的一种急性期蛋白,它通过与其受体结合发挥作用。本文概述了CRP的来源,生物学作用以及与感染的关系。着重综述了CRP在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）和糖尿病中的水平及升高机制。     

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pulmonary Hypertension Specific Therapy for Exercise Capacity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have pulmonary hypertension (PH) that adversely affects survival. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether PH-specific therapies have an effect for stable COPD. Data sources were Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Korea med and references from relevant publications. Randomized prospective trials that compared PH specific therapy in COPD for more than 6 weeks with placebo were included. The outcomes were the exercise capacity and adverse events. Four randomized controlled trials involving 109 subjects were included in the analysis. Two trials involved bosentan, one sildenafil and one beraprost. The studies varied in duration of treatment from 3 to 18 months. In a pooled analysis of four trials, exercise-capacity was not significantly improved with PH-specific treatment for COPD (risk ratio, -5.1; 95% CI, -13.0 to 2.8). COPD with overt PH significantly improved the exercise capacity (mean difference, 111.6; 95% CI, 63.3 to 159.9) but COPD with PH unknown did not (mean difference, 26.6; 95% CI, -24.3 to 77.5). There was no significant difference in hypoxemia (mean difference, 2.6; 95% CI, -3.7 to 8.8). PH specific treatments have a significant effect in improving exercise capacity in COPD with overt PH.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的认知缺陷

目的:探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病tients with COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者的认知功能,明确其认知功能的变化及认知功能损害的相关因素。方法:选择稳定期COPD患者37例进行血气参数及肺功能测定,选择同期北京市城区健康居民40例为对照组,两组年龄、性别及受教育程度无显著性差异(P>0.05),均采用扩充痴呆量表(Expansive Scale of Dementia,ESD)进行认知功能评价。根据动脉血氧分压值(PaO2)及FEV1占预测值百分比将患者分组。结果:COPD组ESD总分及学习、记忆、计算、结构等四项分测验评分均明显低于对照组(总平均分相差16分,208.1±17.6/224.3±10.6,t=5.19,P<0.001,四项分测验均值相差3-5分,差异均有统计学意义)。PaO2<60mmHgCOPD组ESD总分及学习、记忆力和计算力等三项分测验评分明显低于PaO2≥60mmHgCOPD组(总平均分相差12分,199.4±12.1/211.8±18.4,t=2.05,P=0.048,其他分测验也相差2-5分,其中学习项相差最多22.9±6.8/18.0±2.3,t=2.35,P=0.025)。FEV1占预测值百分比<50%COPD组与FEV1占预测值百分比≥50%COPD组ESD总分分别为205.7±18.1及211.5±16.7,两组评分差异无统计学意义。回归分析显示,PaO2及受教育程度与影响COPD患者ESD评分,两者的标化回归系数分别为0.425和0.245(均P<0.01)。结论:稳定期COPD患者ESD评分明显低于正常对照组,主要表现在学习、记忆、计算、结构等方面。ESD评分主要影响因素为受教育程度及PaO。     

虾青素抑制氧化应激改善陈旧红细胞保存质量

目的:观察虾青素能否抑制陈旧悬浮红细胞内的氧化应激,改善红细胞保存质量。方法:采集志愿者血液,制备去白悬浮红细胞,将其随机分为4组,对照组加入DMSO,另外3组悬浮红细胞的保存液内加入抗氧化剂虾青素使其终浓度分别为5、10和20μmol/L,悬浮红细胞于2℃~6℃内保存。保存至28 d、42 d采用倒置荧光显微镜观察悬浮红细胞内活性氧族的表达状况,采用荧光酶标仪测定红细胞内活性氧族的含量,采用硫代巴比妥酸比色法测定红细胞内丙二醛含量,扫描电镜观察红细胞的超微结构,采用化学比色法测定三磷酸腺苷含量,采用紫外测试法测定2,3-二磷酸甘油酸含量。结果:与各自对照组相比,加虾青素的三组储存28 d和42 d悬浮红细胞内活性氧族和丙二醛含量降低,三磷酸腺苷和2,3-二磷酸甘油酸水平升高,改善了红细胞的形态。结论:虾青素可以通过降低储存悬浮红细胞内的氧化应激水平改善红细胞保存质量。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抑郁、焦虑情绪调查

目的：发现慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）病人伴抑郁、焦虑情绪的患病率，并分析其相关的影响因素。方法：对62例COPD患者进行了一般情况及医院焦虑抑郁量表（Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale，HAD）问卷调查。结果：有抑郁情绪的患者42人（67．7％）。有焦虑情绪的患者的43人（69．3％）。14例Ⅲ级COPD患者中达到抑郁、焦虑症状肯定存在标准的均有13人，高达92．8％。Logistic多因素回归分析，男性比女性病人更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为1．05，95％CI1．01-2．11，1．12，95％CI1．03-2．23），肺功能差的患者更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为2．34，95％CI1．98-3．21，2．53，95％CI2．11-4．01）；对病情越了解的病人更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为1．22，95％CI0．98-1．54，1．25，95％CI1．01-2．31）。结论：COPD患者中存在较高的抑郁及焦虑情绪障碍，肺功能受损程度是其主要影响因素。     

慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作期患者皮质醇节律紊乱的相关研究

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺炎(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者急性发作期血浆皮质醇含量及节律变化.方法 选取51例COPD急性发作期患者及50例COPD稳定期患者,并随机选择正常对照组51例,分别于入院后第二日早晨8∶00、下午16∶00与夜间00∶00不同时段采集静脉血,采用化学发光法检测皮质醇的水平,并对其结果进行分析.结果 COPD患者急性发作期8AM血浆皮质醇含量明显低于COPD稳定期患者及正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组结果在4PM、0AM比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);根据皮质醇节律紊乱诊断标准,51例患者中有48例存在节律紊乱.结论 慢性阻塞性肺炎急性加重期(AECOPD)患者肾上腺皮质功能会出现障碍,并且皮质醇分泌节律发生紊乱.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清Clara细胞分泌蛋白CC16和SP-D水平与肺功能的关系

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患者血清中Clara细胞分泌蛋白CC16和SP-D水平与患者肺功能的关系.方法 选取在2013年12月至2014年12月之间,随机选择我院呼吸内科住院及门诊受试患者.将患者随机分为三组,A组为COPD的急性加重期(AECOPD)患者组(n=25),B组为COPD稳定期患者组(n=25),C组为非COPD对照组(n=25).收集患者及对照组临床资料和血清标本,采用ELISA法测定血清CC16、SP-D水平.检测受试者第一秒钟用力呼气量占预计值的百分比(FEV1％)、FEV1和用力肺活量的比值(FEVl/FVC)、肺一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比(DLCO％).结果 COPD的急性加重期患者血清中Clara细胞分泌蛋白(CC16)水平最低,其次是COPD稳定期患者组,再次是对照组的受试者,其血清中Clara细胞分泌蛋白(CC16)水平最高(P＜0.05).COPD的急性加重期的患者血清中SP-D水平最高,其次是COPD稳定期患者组,再次是对照组的受试者,其血清中SP-D水平最低(P＜0.05).三组慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患者肺功能的变化与血清中CC16和SP-D水平密切相关,Clara细胞分泌蛋白CC16和与患者肺功能的关系:两者间均呈现出高度的一致性,呈正相关关系;SP-D水平与患者肺功能的关系:两者间均呈现出高度的反向性,呈负相关关系(P＜0.05).结论 COPD患者血清CC16降低而SP-D水平升高,Clara细胞分泌蛋白CC16和与患者肺功能呈正相关关系;SP-D水平与患者肺功能呈负相关关系.     

Serum Surfactant Protein D during Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: There is a paucity of lung specific biomarkers to diagnose exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to track their progression. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a pulmonary collectin regulating the innate immunity of the lung and its serum expression is perturbed in COPD. However, it is not known whether serum levels change during exacerbations. We sought to determine whether serum SP-D levels are raised in COPD exacerbations. Objectives: To determine whether or not patients with exacerbations have elevated serum SP-D levels compared with asymptomatic controls, stable disease. Study design: case control study. Methods: We measured serum SP-D levels from patients with stable COPD (n = 14), patients experiencing acute exacerbations (n = 13) and in control subjects (n = 54) using a specific immunoassay and compared the levels using analysis of variance. Results: Serum SP-D levels were significantly increased in patients who experienced an acute exacerbation (227 ± 120 ng/mL) compared to patients with stable disease (151 ± 83 ng/mL) or control subjects (128 ± 65 ng/mL; p = 0.003). Serum SP-D levels were also found to be inversely related to various lung function parameters including FEV1/FVC% predicted. Conclusions: Our study suggests that serum SP-D levels are increased in patients during exacerbations and may be a potential diagnostic biomarker for COPD exacerbations.     

Antioxidative activity of probiotics

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health by exhibiting quantitative and qualitative effects on intestinal microflora and/or modification of the immune system. A strain is considered probiotic if it demonstrates a series of clinically proven health benefits. In recent years, the number of studies related to the antioxidant properties of probiotics has significantly increased. Antioxidants are substances that inhibit the degree of oxidation of molecules and cause the transformation of radicals into inactive derivatives. The incorrect or inefficient antioxidant mechanisms results in oxidative stress and may occur in the course of many diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease or damage to the heart, brain or transplanted organs. Correct functioning of antioxidant mechanisms seems to be crucial for the proper functioning of our body; therefore, probiotics should be carefully investigated for potential antioxidant properties.     

活性氧在宫颈癌形成中的作用

活性氧是需氧细胞在代谢过程中产生的,当活性氧累积过多时会对细胞造成伤害,产生氧化应激。机体有自身的一套抗氧化应激系统,保护细胞免受损伤。随着活性氧研究的不断深入,它在肿瘤发生发展过程中的重要作用已被证实,体内活性氧与抗氧化应激系统的失衡是肿瘤形成的关键因素。宫颈癌作为一种妇科常见的恶性肿瘤,其形成机制尚不明了。近年来,活性氧在宫颈癌形成中的临床研究和体外研究成为国内外学者探讨的热点。