降解材料聚乳酸－聚乙二醇生物相容性的研究

作者对国产新型生物医用可降解材料ＤＬ—聚乳酸—聚乙二醇共聚物（ＰＥＬＡ）进行了系统的生物学评价。结果表明：降解材料ＰＥＬＡ无全身毒性、无热原和细胞毒性、无溶血（溶血率小于５％）、对皮肤和眼粘膜无刺激、不引起致敬反应、对骨髓多染红细胞无影响。体内植入２８０天，材料基本降解完全，材料周围纤维囊壁厚度逐渐变薄，炎症细胞反应减轻。因此，可认为降解材料ＰＥＬＡ有良好的生物相容性。     

柴油机排出颗粒物诱导各种细胞微核和SCE的研究

对柴油机排出颗粒物（ＤＥＰ）诱导小鼠骨髓细胞，体外培养的小鼠胚胎细胞和中国地鼠肺成纤维细胞（Ｖ７９）微核及姊妹染色单体交换（ＳＣＥ）进行了研究．结果表明柴油机排出颗粒物在动物体内可产生明显的毒性作作用，并且对体外培养的胚胎细胞和成纤维细胞产生明显的致突变作用。提取物对小鼠骨髓细胞和体外培养细胞的微核及ＳＣＥ诱导作用呈现出剂量－反应关系。各剂量组与对照组比较呈现出明显出显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。这     

小鼠胸腺基质细胞株中细胞多核化现象探讨

在建立小鼠胸腺基质细胞株时发现小鼠胸腺基质细胞株ＭＴＳＣＢ和ＭＴＳＣＣ自发产生多核细胞及单核巨细胞，对上述细胞进行了非特异性酯酶（ＮＳＥ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡｃＰ）和琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）反应，多核细胞及单核巨细胞的ＮＳＥ、ＡｃＰ和ＳＤＨ活性均强于单核小细胞。在ＭＴＳＣＢ中多核细胞的百分数为１．１％；ＭＴＳＣＣ中多核细胞为０．６％，实验中对一核细胞和多核细胞出现的百分数与Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布的理论频率进     

BXSB小鼠外周B淋巴细胞凋亡的初步研究

外周Ｂ细胞异常增生是系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）突出的免疫学异常表现之一。近年来愈来愈多的研究表明淋巴细胞凋亡异常与包括ＳＬＥ在内的多种自身免疫病的发生有关。本文采用ＴＵＮＥＬ法结合流式细胞分析技术，对ＳＬＥ模型－ＢＸＳＢ小鼠脾脏中Ｂ细胞凋亡的情况进行了检测，发现该小鼠脾脏Ｂ细胞凋亡发生率明显高于正常对照小鼠。提示Ｂ细胞凋亡异常可能与ＳＬＥ小鼠Ｂ细胞的异常增生有关。     

生物降解材料聚乳酸－聚乙二醇共聚物体内外降解

本文对ＤＬ－聚乳酸－聚乙二醇共聚物（ＰＥＬＡ）体内外降解进行了研究。采用凝胶渗透色层法（ＧＰＣ）测定分子量，扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察。ＰＥＬＡ在最初第５天出现降解，２月时分子量丧失体内外分别为９７．２８％和９２．０％，而重量仅丧失８％。对其原因进行了讨论，同时将ＰＥＬＡ与ＤＬ－聚乳酸（ＰＬＡ）进行了比较，探讨分析了二者的降解机理。结果表明ＰＥＬＡ是一种新型生物降解材料。     

雷公藤碱戊对系统性红斑狼疮患者B细胞免疫功能的体外实验 …

目的：探讨雷公藤碱戊的免疫药理作用。方法：采用系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）病人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）体外培养观察雷公藤碱戊对ＳＬＥ病人ＰＢＭＣ的Ｂ细胞功能的影响及时效关系。结果：雷公藤碱戊能抑制ＳＬＥ的ＰＢＭＣ自发性增殖反应以及正常人和ＳＬＥ病人ＰＢＭＣ对ＳＡＣ刺激后的增殖反应。同时在培养的７２前加入雷公藤碱戊均能对正常人ＰＢＭＣ在ＰＷＭ诱导下的ＩｇＧ产生呈现抑制效应。结论：雷公藤碱戊对Ｂ细胞均     

己烯雌酚对肿瘤生长,转移的影响及机制探讨

目的：研究己烯雌酚（ＤＥＳ）对实验性肿瘤转移的影响。方法：利用自发性Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌（ＬＬＣ）及实验性Ｂ１６黑色素瘤（Ｂ１６Ｍ）转移模型研究ＤＥＳ对肿瘤生长、转移的影响。结果：发现预先用ＤＥＳ处理的小鼠对其移植的ＬＬＣ生长和自发性肺转移均有抑制作用，且ＤＥＳ剂量与肿瘤的生长、转移呈直线负相关（ｒ〉０．８０，Ｐ〈０．０１）；Ｂ１６Ｍ实验性肺转移也明显减少；小鼠接种ＬＬＣ后给予ＤＥＳ对ＬＬＣ也有抑制作用     

EBV-LMP及二甲基亚砜对人鼻咽癌细胞生长分化的影响

目的：研究ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ及二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）对人鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）细胞体外生长分化的影响。方法：以人高分化鼻咽癌细胞株（ＣＮＥ１）为对象，采用电穿孔基因转染技术，将重组ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ表达质粒转染ＣＮＥ１细胞，以载体质粒转染及ＣＮＥ１细胞为对照，用细胞体外增殖实验、流式细胞仪和免疫组化等方法，观察细胞生长分化的变化情况。结果：ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ在体外可明显促进ＣＮＥ１细胞的增殖，实验组与空白组及阴性对照组比较Ｐ＜０．０１，实验组Ｓ期细胞明显增多，细胞角蛋白表达显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），有向低分化鳞癌发展倾向；ＤＭＳＯ诱导后ＣＮＥ１细胞增殖力明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），细胞角蛋白表达显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＬＭＰ可明显抑制ＤＭＳＯ对ＣＮＥ１细胞的诱导分化作用，转染细胞诱导后增殖力和角蛋白表达无显著改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：ＤＭＳＯ可在一定程度上诱导ＣＮＥ１细胞分化；ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ对ＣＮＥ１细胞生长有明显的促进作用，可抑制细胞分化及降低细胞对终末分化信号的反应，有助于深入研究ＮＰＣ的发生机理及防治     

BXSB小鼠外周B淋巴细胞异常增生的研究

系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）突出的免疫学异常表现是Ｂ淋巴细胞的异常增生与活化，其发生机制至今不明，本文以遗传性自发性ＳＬＥ模型ＢＸＳＢ小鼠为对象，采用体内ＢｒｄＵ标记法及ＨＵ增殖细胞删除法研究了ＢＸＳＢ小鼠脾脏Ｂ细胞的增殖动力学。结果表明，与正常对照相比，ＢＸＳＢ小鼠脾脏Ｂ细胞更新速率明显增高。提示Ｂ细胞更新加速可能是ＢＸＳＢ小鼠外周Ｂ细胞异常增生的原因。     

mIL—2分泌型小鼠黑色素瘤细胞诱导的细胞免疫应答

用ｍＩＬ－２分泌型小鼠黑色素瘤细胞（ｍＩＬ－２＾＋Ｂ１６）植入同种小鼠（Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６）腹腔内诱导腹腔淋巴细胞（ＰＥＬ）。对ｍＩＬ－２＾＋Ｂ１６及其亲代Ｂ１６细胞在不同天数内诱导的ＰＥＬ的数量、ＰＥＬ组成成分、对靶细胞的杀伤百分率等几个方面的特点进行了动态分析和比较，结果显示：不同诱导天数的ＰＥＬ之间，以上三个特点存在明显的动态变化规律，而ｍＩＬ－２＾＋Ｂ１６了Ｂ１６的ＰＥＬ之间的这种动态变化又存     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.