高龄恶性肿瘤病人膳食营养素摄入调查

目的 了解住院病人恶性肿瘤病人膳食营养摄入情况。方法 对我科47例住院高龄恶性肿瘤病人进行了膳食调查，对食物构成和热能、营养素摄入情况进行分析。结果 停止化疗后病人每天总热量摄入偏低，热能分配不尽合理，多种营养素的摄入量明显下降。视黄醇、钙、锌、维生素等低于中国营养学会推荐的供给量标准。结论 对于高龄恶性肿瘤病人在化疗同时，加用营养支持治疗非常必要。     

胆石症患者膳食营养情况的调查与分析

目的:了解胆石症患者膳食营养素的摄入状况,以便更好地对病人进行饮食指导。方法:对89名胆石症患者进行连续3d的膳食调查,结合《中国居民膳食指南》,以全国及福建省食物成分表为依据,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DIRs)进行比较。结果:胆石症患者的营养素缺乏最为严重的依次为膳食纤维(82.02%),铁(78.65%),锌(77.52%),钙(67.41%),男女性患者在能量、蛋白质、镁、锌、维生素E及膳食纤维的摄入量上的差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:胆石症患者存在不同程度的营养素缺乏情况,临床护士应指导病人注意平衡膳食,控制脂肪,胆固醇的摄入同时,应增加膳食纤维和微量元素的摄入,多食果蔬,多饮水,做到健康饮食。     

30名护理实习学生膳食结构调查

目的 了解本院护理专业实习学生的膳食结构和营养状况,指导护生科学合理膳食.方法 采用24小时膳食记录法连续3天的膳食调查,详细记录每餐所摄入食物名称、数量,计算每人每日各种食物摄入量,与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔建议量和2000年中国居民营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)及中等劳动强度建议为标准进行比较评估.结果 实习学生膳食不合理,钙、铁摄入量不足,三大营养素产能分布基本合理,三餐热能分布不合理,膳食中优质蛋白质来源比例偏低.结论 建议加强护理实习学生营养知识教育和培训,调整膳食结构,注意饮食平衡,食物多样化,适当增加热能、优质蛋白质供给及钙、铁摄入,以保证各种营养素的摄入.     

大庆地区2型糖尿病患者膳食结构调查及营养状况分析

目的 通过调查糖尿病患者膳食结构分析评价其合理性并提出干预对策.方法采用食物频数法对255例糖尿病患者的膳食状况进行调查.结果 被调查患者膳食中粮谷类的比重低,禽肉类和水产类比重过高;与2002年全国营养调查的城市居民各类食物平均摄入情况相似.总能量摄入过高,三大营养素中脂肪供能比明显偏高,碳水化合物的供能比和膳食纤维的摄入量未达到要求.胆固醇摄入超过推荐量标准,而B族维生素、钙、硒、锌的摄入量均未达到推荐量标准.结论 被调查糖尿病患者膳食结构不合理,建议适当降低总能量和脂肪的摄入,增加膳食纤维的摄入,平衡膳食,均衡营养素,加强糖尿病营养教育.     

南京市金山医院184例美沙酮维持治疗病人膳食摄入状况调查

目的:了解南京市金山医院门诊美沙酮维持治疗病人膳食营养素摄入状况,为该特殊人群的营养干预提供依据。方法:采用24h膳食回顾法调查184例美沙酮维持治疗病人连续3d的膳食摄入,以2001年《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(ChineseDRIs)为标准进行比较评估。结果:金山医院门诊美沙酮维持治疗病人营养素摄入达到RNI或AI推荐值的人数比例很低,维持治疗者早餐能量摄入量较低。结论:金山医院门诊病人膳食摄入不合理,需加强营养健康宣教。     

2型糖尿病患者膳食调查

目的分析目前2型糖尿病患者的膳食的营养素摄入量与膳食结构。方法对182名社区非胰岛素依赖2型糖尿病患者进行膳食调查,采用24h膳食回顾法,记录平时2d与周末1d的膳食种类及数量。评价目前糖尿病患者的膳食营养素摄入量与膳食结构。结果糖尿病患者平时与周末热量与三大营养素摄入量无差异性.根据BMI分组,热量与三大营养素的摄入量无差异性,男性糖尿病患者热量、碳水化合物、蛋白质的摄入量明显高于女性糖尿病患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),脂肪摄入量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。糖尿病患者热量的来源,碳水化合物占总能量(51.07±6.71)%,蛋白质(17.42±2.73)%,脂肪(31.51±6.59)%。结论 182例2型糖尿病患者摄入比较稳定,但膳食结构不合理,进一步的营养宣教与营养指导很有必要。     

新疆喀什388名维吾尔族孕妇膳食调查

目的 了解维吾尔族孕妇的膳食结构和营养素摄入水平,为在少数民族地区进行妇幼营养的宣传教育、促进孕妇及胎儿健康提供依据.方法 以388名维吾尔族孕妇为调查对象,采用连续3d24h回顾法进行膳食状况调查,将收集的数据录入Excel建立数据库,与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》进行比较.结果 每天膳食摄入的营养素中钙、铁、锌及维生素B1、B2、C每天摄入量分别为585.36 (58.54％)、27.92 (79.77％)、12.54(76.00％)、1.19 (79.33％)、1.15(67.65％)、53.60(41.23％) mg.碘及叶酸的每天摄入量分别为17.87 (8.94％) μg、123.95 (20.66％)μgDFE.其余的营养素摄入量均达到推荐供给量标准;从植物性食物中摄取的蛋白质量占总蛋白的92.81％,动物性食物仅占7.19％.结论 孕妇三大产热营养素供热比合理,钙、铁、锌,以及维生素B1、B2、C,碘和叶酸摄入量不足.建议增加所缺乏营养素的摄入,更好地促进孕妇和胎儿健康.     

老年高脂血症与膳食相关性研究

目的 探讨膳食营养成分摄入量与老年高脂血症的关系。方法 采用3d膳食回顾法对老年高脂血症和非高脂血症各200例进行问卷调查。结果 老年高脂血症组在膳食的脂肪摄入量、脂肪占总热能比例、胆固醇摄入量明显高于对照组,而纤维摄入量明显低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论老年人通过控制总热能摄入、降低脂肪占总热能的比例、增加蔬菜水果摄入量和适度运动量等措施,有可能降低高脂血症的患病率。     

飞行人员膳食调查与身体质量指数分析

目的合理调整膳食结构,进一步提高飞行员的营养水平。方法通过称量法,对165名飞行员飞行时的膳食及各种营养素摄人情况进行调查分析。结果热能及多种营养素达到或超过营养素供给标准（RDA）;蛋白质质量较好;膳食中的脂肪来自动物性食物的所占比重较大,而钙、铁、锌则以植物性食物来源为主;膳食中硫胺素摄入不足,占RDA的81．2％。身体质量指数（BMI）显示,营养状况正常者为81．8％,超重或肥胖者为18．2％。结论应合理调整飞行员飞行期间膳食结构：①补充植物油调整动植物脂肪比例;②注意增加富含钙、铁、锌的动物性食物;③督促飞行员服用维生素片;④适当控制总热能的摄入量,提高营养水平;⑤加强身体锻炼,增强飞行员的身体素质,预防疾病。     

101例老年糖尿病患者的膳食现状调查分析

目的通过调查老年糖尿病患者膳食结构分析评价其合理性。方法对101例老年糖尿病患者进行膳食调查及人体测量。根据体质指数BMI分为正常体型组45例,超重体型组51例。采用24小时膳食回顾法,分析患者的膳食能量、三大营养素摄入量及所占总能量的比例。结果正常体型组能量,碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪摄入均大于标准供给量,有显著性差异(P<0.05);超重体型组能量,碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪摄入均超过标准供给量(P<0.01)。两组胆固醇摄入均大于300 mg/d,膳食纤维摄入量不足。结论老年糖尿病患者的膳食结构不合理,需要调整。     

Effects of calcium and potassium supplements on arterial tone in vitro in spontaneously hypertensive rats

1. Calcium and potassium intakes inversely correlate with blood pressure in experimental hypertension. Therefore, we examined the effects of calcium and potassium supplements alone and in combination on arterial tone in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats served as normotensive controls. Calcium and potassium contents in the control diet were both 1%, while those in supplemented chows were 3% and 3.5%, respectively. The sodium content of all diets was moderately elevated to 1.1%.
2. After 12 weeks of the study systolic blood pressures in SHR on high calcium and on high potassium diets were markedly lower (about 53 and 58 mmHg, respectively) than in hypertensive controls, while combined supplementation of these cations reduced blood pressure even further (about 69 mmHg).
3. Responses of mesenteric arterial rings in vitro were examined at the end of the study. Both high calcium and high potassium diets improved the impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) in SHR, while the combination of these supplements completely normalized this response. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by diclofenac augmented the relaxation to ACh in hypertensive controls but not in the other groups. Nevertheless, enhanced endothelium-mediated dilatation was still observed in the presence of diclofenac and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in all supplemented groups. Interestingly, additional blockade of Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels by tetraethylammonium abolished the improved relaxation to ACh in SHR on high calcium and on high potassium, but distinct responses were still observed in WKY rats and SHR on the combined supplement.
4. When hyperpolarization of smooth muscle was prevented by precontraction of the preparations with 50 mM KCl, only marginal differences were observed in the diclofenac and L-NAME-resistant relaxations to ACh between the study groups. Finally, endothelium-independent vasorelaxations of noradrenaline-precontracted rings to nitroprusside, isoprenaline and cromakalim were comparably augmented by all supplements.
5. In conclusion, the vascular mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effect of high calcium and high potassium diets during moderately elevated sodium intake in SHR may involve enhanced arterial hyperpolarization, increased smooth muscle sensitivity to nitric oxide and decreased production of vasoconstrictor prostanoids. The administration of these cations in combination was more effective than either of them alone in reducing blood pressure and restoring arterial tone.

     

Effects of dietary protein and calcium on thymus apoptosis induced by fluoride in female rats (Wistar rats)

Our previous studies showed that excessive fluoride (F) ingestion seriously damaged the nonspecific immune function in rabbits. However, the underlying mechanisms of the F-induced damage to the immune system are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether F induces thymus apoptosis in female rats and its underlying mechanisms by monitoring ultrastructural changes and DNA fragmentation. The results showed that excessive F induced ultrastructural changes and significantly increased the tail length and tailing ratio in thymus lymphocytes. Protein (Pr) supplementation markedly decreased the tailing ratio in thymus lymphocytes in the case of malnutrition. Furthermore, molecular analysis showed that excessive F ingestion significantly up-regulated the expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA, whereas Pr and calcium (Ca) supplementation down-regulated the expression levels induced by excessive F in the case of malnutrition. In conclusion, these results indicate that excessive F up-regulates the expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA and induces thymus apoptosis in female rats. Pr and Ca play key roles in process of F-induced thymus apoptosis in malnourished female rats.     

A synthetic stimulant never tested in humans, 1,3‐dimethylbutylamine (DMBA), is identified in multiple dietary supplements

A synthetic stimulant never before studied in humans, 1,3‐dimethylbutylamine (DMBA), was suspected of being present in dietary supplements. DMBA is an analogue of the pharmaceutical stimulant, 1,3‐dimethylamylamine (DMAA), which was recently banned by the US Food and Drug Administration. We obtained all dietary supplements sold by US distributors that listed an ingredient on the label, such as AMP Citrate, that might be a marketing name for DMBA. Supplements were analyzed for the presence and quantity of DMBA. Fourteen supplements met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed by two separate laboratories using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) ‐ mass spectrometry and a reference standard. The identity of DMBA was confirmed in 12 supplements in the range of 13 to 120 mg DMBA per serving. Following recommendations on the supplement label for maximum daily intake, customers would consume from 26 to 320 mg of DMBA per day. Supplements containing DMBA were marketed to improve athletic performance, increase weight loss and enhance brain function. DMBA has never before been detected in supplements. The stimulant has never been studied in humans; its efficacy and safety are entirely unknown. Regulatory agencies should act expeditiously to warn consumers and remove DMBA from all dietary supplements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dietary fats altered nephrotoxicity profile of methylmercury in rats

Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered semi-purified isocaloric diet containing soy oil (SO), seal oil (SE), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), fish oil (FO) or lard (LA) for 28 days, and then gavaged with 0, 1 or 3 mg MeHg kg(-1) body weight per day and fed the same diet for 14 days. Serum and 24 h urine samples were collected on the day of necropsy, and analyzed for markers of kidney function and diseases. Kidney slices were analyzed for para-amino-hippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) uptake, total mercury and MeHg content, and examined for pathological lesions. Total mercury and MeHg contents increased significantly and dose-dependently in all dietary groups. MeHg significantly increased relative kidney weight in all groups, serum creatinine in all except SO group, serum uric acid in the DHA and LA groups, serum Mg in all except the LA group, and urinary protein in the SO group. MeHg significantly decreased serum urea nitrogen in SE, FO and LA groups, urinary creatinine in the DHA group, PAH uptake in all except the SE group, and TEA uptake in all groups. MeHg caused nephrosis in all dietary groups. MeHg also significantly increased neutrophil counts in all except the SE group, decreased serum albumin and triglyceride in all except the DHA group, and increased serum total cholesterol in all groups, suggesting a nephrotic syndrome-like outcome. These results confirmed that kidney tubules are major targets of MeHg nephrotoxicity. Treatment with dietary fats did not prevent, but rather altered the profile of, nephrotoxicity of MeHg in rats.     

Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods

At present, there is a growing trend toward the intentional adulteration of dietary supplements (DS) with synthetic pharmaceuticals, which represents an alarming emerging risk to consumers and a serious problem for regulatory agencies. An amazing array of synthetic drugs and their analogues have been reported as adulterants in DS. Mainly, the presence of analogues represents a serious health risk as their efficacy and toxic effects have not been clinically assessed yet and may result in unpredictable adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview, over the period 2009–2019, of the most frequently reported adulterants in DS for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, obesity/overweight, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension and the analytical methods used for their detection.     

Issues in the management of dietary supplement use among hospitalized patients

Herbs and dietary supplements (HDS) are in widespread use in the United States, and are especially prevalent among chronically ill patients. This population is more likely to be admitted to health care facilities where they may continue to use HDS. The risk of adverse effects from HDS used during admission places significant liability on clinicians and hospitals. We describe the response of health care facilities in the Boston, Massachusetts area to this problem, and propose elements of a hospital policy which increases patient safety and satisfaction and minimizes the likelihood for adverse effects from HDS.     

锌营养水平对大鼠碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物岐化酶活性的影响

刚断乳的WKA纯系雄性大白鼠随机分为三组。分别喂以含锌6,15和24ppm。蛋白质均是10％的合成饲料8周,单笼饲养。结果表明:实验第四周,第八周时6ppm组的血清碱性磷酸酶活性均显著地低于15和24ppm组。全血超氧化物岐化酶活性在第四周时各组无显著差异,但在第八周时,6ppm组显著低于24ppm组(P<0.05)。我们认为,在单纯缺锌情况下碱性磷酸酶活性变化是诊断缺锌的较敏感的指标,而超氧化物岐化酶活性变化对诊断长期单纯锌缺乏较有意义。     

高蛋白高纤维高脂肪饮食对4种药物在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的：考察健康大鼠在长期给予不同饮食类型之后对4种药物在体内的药动学影响。方法：SPF级SD大鼠随机分成4组（高蛋白组A、高纤维组B、高脂肪组C、标准饮食组D）,分别给予不同饮食类型的食物,进行多种药物（左氧氟沙星、右美沙芬、美托洛尔、二甲双胍）的药动学实验,HPLC-MS/MS分析药物浓度,WinNonlin计算药动学参数,SPSS软件对不同组药动学参数进行统计学分析。结果：右美沙芬和美托洛尔的主要药动学参数C_max、AUC_0-∞、CL、Vd等组间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;二甲双胍和左氧氟沙星的主要药动学参数C_max、AUC_0-∞、CL组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其中左氧氟沙星的Vd高脂肪组与其标准组差异具有统计学意义。结论：不同饮食习惯会对药物的药动学产生影响,对不同的药物影响不同,可以成为个体之间药动学差异的一种解释,为后续研究饮食习惯影响药动学的具体因素（如药物的代谢酶、转运体等）提供依据。     

Effect of dietary fibers on losartan uptake and transport in Caco‐2 cells

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary fibers on the transport of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, in small intestinal cells. Using Caco‐2 cells in vitro, losartan uptake and transport were evaluated in the presence of various fibers (cellulose, chitosan, sodium alginate and glucomannan). Dietary fibers caused a decrease in the uptake of losartan, with chitosan causing a significant reduction. Chitosan and glucomannan significantly reduced the transport of losartan, while cellulose or sodium alginate did not. Dietary fibers also reduced the level of free losartan; however, this did not correlate with the observed reduction in losartan uptake and transport. In summary, chitosan had the greatest inhibitory effect on losartan uptake and transport, and this potential interaction should be considered in patients taking losartan. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.