经直肠超声引导10点前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌临床分析

目的:探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导10点前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法:对71例血清PSA升高和直肠指诊阳性、彩色多普勒出现局部血流增加异常者,行经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导10点前列腺穿刺活检术。结果:71例患者中确诊为前列腺癌者24例(33.8%);前列腺增生28例(39.4%);前列腺炎14例(19.7%);前列腺炎性肉芽肿4例(5.6%);前列腺结核1例。71例患者接受10点前列腺穿刺活检术,有12例(16.9%)术后出现血尿;2例出现血便;1例出现血精,未出现严重的并发症。结论:经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导10点前列腺穿刺活检术是一种安全的方法,有助于提高前列腺癌的早期诊断及前列腺疾病的鉴别诊断。     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的:探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。材料和方法:对36例临床肛门指检、前列腺特异抗原及经直肠超声三项检查之一异常者行经直肠超声检查,并行超声引导下穿刺活检。穿刺部位选择在可疑的前列腺癌结节,再结合6点穿刺法对其它部位进行穿刺。结果:19例前列腺癌,超声发现结节11例,9例位于外腺或内外腺交界处;17例前列腺增生,超声发现结节9例,7例结节位于内腺。结论:对可疑前列腺癌病例行经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检是一种快速有效的诊断技术。     

经直肠彩色多普勒超声对小体积前列腺增生的诊断价值

目的 :探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声对小前列腺增生的诊断价值。方法 :应用经直肠彩色多普勒超声对 3 0例正常组和 3 6例小前列腺增生患者组进行对比观察。结果 :小前列腺增生时前列腺体积变化无特异性 ,主要表现为移行区指数 (TZI)增大或伴增生结节形成 ;而内腺动脉收缩期血流峰值 (Vs)和阻力指数 (RI)均有明显差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :小前列腺增生时 ,前列腺移行区指数增大 ,内腺血液供应增多 ,内腺动脉收缩期血流峰值和血流阻力增大。经直肠彩色多普勒超声对小前列腺增生具有诊断价值。     

经直肠彩色多普勒检查前列腺疾病诊断分析

目的 评价经直肠彩色多普勒超声检查显示前列腺疾病的作用。方法 98例因不同原因出现前列腺疾病临床症状后经直肠彩色多普勒超声检查，并将其结果与病理对比。结果 前列腺炎32例，前列腺增大40例、前列腺癌9例、前列腺囊肿17例。结论 经直肠超声检查诊断前列腺疾病特异性高，可为临床提供可靠的诊断依据。     

经会阴前列腺分层饱和穿刺活检在首次前列腺穿刺活检阴性患者中的价值

目的 探讨经会阴前列腺分层饱和穿刺活检在首次前列腺穿刺活检阴性患者中的应用价值。方法84例因直肠指诊、血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）和前列腺MRI检查异常而接受经直肠标准12针穿刺活检且结果为良性的患者,行超声引导下经会阴前列腺分层饱和穿刺活检,计算前列腺癌的检出率。结果84例患者行经会阴前列腺分层饱和穿刺活检,诊断为前列腺癌23例（27.4%）,良性前列腺增生61例（72.6%）,其中合并高级别上皮内瘤变3例,慢性前列腺炎5例。结论经会阴前列腺分层饱和穿刺活检可以提高前列腺癌的检出率,对于初次活检阴性,但直肠指诊、前列腺MRI检查异常并且血清前列腺特异性抗原持续升高的患者,可以考虑应用此穿刺活检方法再次穿刺活检予以明确诊断,避免漏诊和延误治疗。     

实时超声经直肠检查前列腺疾病价值探讨

本文报告应用实时超声经直肠对12例正常者,和38例患者进行前列腺检查结果。文章描述了慢性前列腺炎、前列腺增生症、前列腺囊肿、前列腺癌的主要声像图特征。探讨了实时超声经直肠检查前列腺疾病的价值。     

经直肠超声对前列腺癌诊断的价值

目的：本文观察前列腺癌部位声像图特点并与病理对照，以便帮助对前列腺癌诊断及穿刺点的正确选择，提高前列腺穿刺活检阳性率。方法：总结64例经病理证实为前列腺癌的112个部位的经直肠超声声像图，观察有无异常回声肿块和异常血流区域。结果：112个前列腺癌部位其经直肠超声(TRUS)检查发现异常的有90个，占80．4％；TRUS检查未发现可疑之处的为22个，占19．6％。结论：TRUS可作为诊断前列腺癌和前列腺穿刺活检穿刺点选择的重要方法。     

经直肠腔内超声在膀胱三角区隆起性病变的诊断

目的:探讨膀胱三角区隆起性疾病的经直肠腔内彩色多普勒超声血流特点及鉴别诊断价值。方法:对膀胱三角区隆起性病变患者50例经直肠腔内超声检查(腺性膀胱炎10例,膀胱癌20例,凸向膀胱的前列腺肥大20例三组),观察其形态回声和彩色多普勒血流特点,并测量其血流参数。结果:三组病变血流特点各有不同。膀胱癌组静脉的显示率比其它两组低,膀胱癌动脉最大血流速度(Vmax)和最小血流速度(Vmin)比其它两组高,前列腺肥大组的阻力指数(RI)比其它两组高,以上三组数据经统计学分析差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:膀胱三角区隆起性病变的经直肠腔内彩色多普勒超声各有其不同的特点,鉴别诊断比较经腹壁超声有一定优势。     

经直肠腔内超声检查在诊断前列腺疾病中的价值分析

目的：探讨经直肠腔内超声检查在诊断前列腺疾病中的价值。方法：选择临床拟诊的前列腺疾病61例,分别采用经直肠腔内超声及经腹超声对前列腺组织进行观察,并将其检查结果与穿刺活检或术后病理结果相比较。结果：穿刺活检或术后病理检查证实前列腺癌4例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断3例,经腹超声诊断0例;病理检查证实前列腺巨大囊肿16例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断16例,经腹超声诊断6例;病理检查证实前列腺重度增生伴钙化18例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断17例,经腹超声诊断9例;病理检查证实前列腺严重钙化23例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断23例,经腹超声诊断18例。经直肠腔内超声检查对前列腺癌、前列腺囊肿、前列腺增生合并钙化、前列腺钙化的诊断准确率均显著高于经腹部超声检查（P〈0.05）。结论：经直肠腔内超声检查对前列腺疾病的诊断价值优于经腹超声。     

经直肠超声在前列腺疾病诊断中的应用价值分析

目的 研究经直肠超声在前列腺疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2010年1月~2015年1月入院诊治的疑似前列腺疾病患者225例,分别应用经腹及经直肠超声检查前列腺,以直肠穿刺病理活检为诊断“金标准”,对比两种检查方法的诊断符合率、灵敏度和特异度。结果 病理诊断前列腺正常43例,前列腺癌20例,前列腺增生122例,前列腺炎13例,前列腺囊肿27例。以病理诊断结果为“金标准”,经直肠超声诊断的灵敏度为89.01%、特异度为74.42%、符合率为86.22%,均显著高于经腹超声(分别为73.62%、60.47%、71.11%)(P<0.05)。结论 经直肠超声检查前列腺疾病具有更高的分辨率,可有效观察细小病变,显著提高前列腺疾病的正确诊断率,显著优于经腹超声。     

Predictors of prostate carcinoma: accuracy of gray-scale and color Doppler US and serum markers

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of detecting prostate cancer by using (a) gray-scale and color Doppler transrectal ultrasonography (US), (b) serum and excess prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and (c) targeted and sextant transrectal US-guided biopsy. The relationship between US-detected neovascularity and tumor biologic activity was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999, 544 patients with elevated PSA levels and/or abnormal digital rectal examination underwent transrectal US-guided sextant biopsy and targeted biopsy of US abnormalities. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of gray-scale US, color Doppler US, targeted biopsy, and PSA and excess PSA were calculated. RESULTS: Gray-scale US depicted 78 (41.1%) of 190 cancers, whereas color Doppler US depicted 30 (15.8%) additional cancers. Targeted biopsy was used to detect 108 (56.8%) cancers, whereas sextant biopsy was used to detect 82 (43.2%) additional cancers. Although US-visible cancers had a higher Gleason grade than did cancers discovered at sextant biopsy (P <.05), 25 of the 66 cancers identified with sextant biopsy alone were Gleason grade 6 or higher. Color Doppler US-depicted hypervascularity correlated with biologically aggressive tumors. Excess PSA was normal in 58 (30.5%) cancers, with an accuracy of 67.3%, resulting in better prediction of prostate tumors than with serum PSA level alone. CONCLUSION: Gray-scale transrectal US, even coupled with color Doppler US, is inadequate for prostate carcinoma screening; therefore, targeted biopsy should always be accompanied by complete sextant biopsy sampling.     

The role of three dimensional transrectal ultrasonography (3-D TRUS) and power Doppler sonography in prostatic lesions evaluation

Aim of work

To evaluate the role of three dimensional (3D), two dimensional (2D) as well as power Doppler transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in diagnosis of different prostatic lesions.

Patients and methods

2-D TRUS, power Doppler and Transrectal 3-D US were performed for 100 patients between April 2009 and April 2010. All patients had been examined clinically with digital rectal examination (DRE) and had serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level (total and free). Patient age ranges from 42 to 67 years and the mean age was 55 years. TRUS guided biopsies were done for 77 cases showing any of the followings: abnormal focal lesion with ultrasound, abnormal vascularity with power Doppler exam, abnormal DRE, elevated serum total PSA >4 ng/ml or when the percent-free PSA is 10% or less in an outpatient setting. The results were recorded and analyzed.

Results

3-D TRUS was more sensitive, specific and more accurate than 2-D TRUS in detecting prostate cancer as it showed estimated sensitivity 78.9% and specificity 94.8% with total accuracy 90.9% with respect to an estimated sensitivity 63.1%, specificity 86.2% and total accuracy 80.5% with 2-D TRUS and was more accurate than 2-D ultrasound in identifying the capsular breaks with an estimated sensitivity 80% with respect to 40% with 2-D TRUS.Power Doppler showed 84.2% sensitivity in detecting prostatic cancer and was of 100% sensitivity in detecting prostatitis. 3-D TRUS was more accurate in estimating the volume of adenoma in cases of BPH with an estimated error not more than +6% with respect to an estimated error not more than +18% for 2-D TRUS.

Conclusion

3-D transrectal ultrasound and power Doppler sonography have specific diagnostic capabilities which added significantly to the ultrasound in detecting and staging of prostatic cancer and in the planning for management .They proved highly valuable in the diagnosis of prostatitis and 3-D TRUS was more accurate than 2-D TRUS in estimating the volume of adenomas in patients with BPH.     

Multiple prostatic biopsies in the "gray zone" of the specific prostatic antigen

PURPOSE: Aim of our study was to identify cases of undetected prostatic cancer in patients with normal findings at digital examination and transrectal US, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) values ranging 4-10 ng/mL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and ninety patients were submitted to transrectal US and random bilateral prostatic biopsy; 3 samples were collected from each side of the gland using 16-Gauge thru-cut needles. Of the 290 patients who gave fully informed consent, we selected 34 whose age ranged 56 to 76 years (mean: 64). Inclusion criteria were PSA 4-10 ng/mL, PSAD cut-off 0.15, free/total PSA ratio 15-25%, and normal findings at digital examination and transrectal US. PSA velocity was calculated collecting 3 blood samples every 30 days for 2 months. RESULTS: Five of the 34 selected patients (15%) had prostatic cancer, and 2 (6%) Pin (1 Pin 1 and 1 Pin 2). As for the other 27 patients, biopsy demonstrated 4 (12%) cases of prostatitis and 23 (62%) cases of BPH. PSA values increased in all patients with positive histology, versus only 6 (22%) of those with negative histology. PSAD was 0.15 or greater in 3 of 7 prostatic cancer patients. Free/total PSA ratio never exceeded the cut-off value. Gleason score ranged 2 to 4. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that prostatic biopsy can detect tumors also in areas which appear normal at transrectal US and digital examination, and that PSA rate increases in patients with positive histology. Finally, the actual clinical role of prostatic biopsy relative to all other diagnostic imaging techniques remains to be defined.     

前列腺穿刺活检联合血清前列腺特异抗原在前列腺癌诊断中的意义

目的探讨经直肠前列腺穿刺活检与血清前列腺特异抗原联合检测在前列腺癌诊断中的价值。方法对61例经直肠指检阳性，和（或）总前列腺特异抗原≥10ug／L，和（或）游离前列腺特异抗原/总前列腺特异抗原〈0．25的可疑前列腺癌患者，在超声引导下经直肠前列腺多点穿刺活检。结果61例中，前列腺活检病理检查诊断为前列腺癌25例（40．98％），良性前列腺增生36例（59．02％）。其中，游离前列腺特异抗原／总前列腺特异抗原〈0．20的患者中前列腺癌检出8例（8／13，占61．54％）。结论总前列腺特异抗原≥10ug／L，特别是游离前列腺特异抗原／总前列腺特异抗原〈0．20对前列腺癌的诊断比前列腺穿刺活检更为敏感，两者联合检测对临床诊治具有更重要的价值和意义。     

Initial experience with contrast-enhanced sonography of the prostate

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the usefulness of contrast-enhanced sonography to depict vascularity in the prostate and improve the detection of prostatic cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with an elevated prostate-specific antigen level (> or = 4 ng/ml) or an abnormal digital rectal examination were enrolled in a phase II study of an i.v. injected sonographic contrast agent. Continuous gray-scale, intermittent gray-scale, phase inversion gray-scale, and power Doppler sonography of the prostate were performed. Sonographic findings were correlated with sextant biopsy results. RESULTS: After the administration of contrast material, gray-scale and Doppler images revealed visible enhancement (p < 0.05). Using intermittent imaging, we found focal enhancement in two isoechoic tumors that were not visible on baseline images. No definite focal area of enhancement was identified in any patient without cancer. Contrast-enhanced images revealed transient hemorrhage in the biopsy tracts of three patients. CONCLUSION: Enhancement of the prostate can be seen on gray-scale and Doppler sonographic images after the administration of an i.v. contrast agent. Contrast-enhanced intermittent sonography of the prostate may be useful for the selective enhancement of malignant prostatic tissue.     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检的临床价值

目的：评价经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检的临床价值。材料和方法：怀疑前列腺癌并行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺患者２０例。结果：组织学证实前列腺癌（ＰＣＡ）５例、前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）１２例、前列腺内皮瘤形成（ＰＩＮ）２例和前列腺结核１例。在８例前列腺特异抗原（ＰＳＡ）＞１０μｇ／Ｌ中，ＰＣＡ２例、ＢＰＨ４例、ＰＩＮ２例；在５例ＰＣＡ中，有２例ＰＳＡ＜４μｇ／Ｌ。结论：前列腺穿刺活检是诊断ＰＣＡ的最有效方法之一，有助于前列腺疾病的鉴别诊断。经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检优于其它前列腺穿刺方法，患者无需麻醉、痛苦小、操作时间短、准确，值得在临床推广应用。     

Endorectal Doppler echography of prostate cancer. Potential role in therapeutic evaluation. A case report

The use of serial transrectal duplex sonography of the prostate in a patient treated for prostatic carcinoma is reported. Pre-treatment transrectal duplex sonography revealed abnormal Doppler signals in the prostate. After multiple-agent chemotherapy and bilateral orchiectomy, the prostate volume decreased by 65% and no abnormal Doppler signal could be recorded. Transrectal Doppler sonography of the prostate is expected to provide additional, original data on the response of prostatic tumors to endocrine manipulation or chemotherapy.     

PROSTATIC MR IMAGING: Accuracy in differentiating cancer from other prostatic disorders

Purpose: We assessed the accuracy of MR imaging in differentiating between cancer and other prostatic disorders, and evaluated the diagnostic criteria for various prostatic diseases.Material and Methods: A total of 74 endorectal coil MR studies were performed on 72 patients. Twenty patients had prostatic cancer, 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 4 acute bacterial prostatitis, 5 chronic bacterial prostatitis (2 also belonging to the previous category), 19 chronic non-bacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and 6 were symptomless voluntary controls. All studies were interpreted by two experienced radiologists in random order. Radiologists were blinded to all clinical data including the age of the patients. Based on MR findings, both radiologists filled in a form covering diagnostic criteria and diagnosis.Results: Accuracy in diagnosing prostate cancer was 74%. Sensitivity was 50% and specificity 83%, and positive and negative predictive values were 53 and 82%, respectively. Bacterial prostatitis showed some features similar to carcinoma. Abundant BPH rendered cancer detection more difficult. No diagnostic criterion was clearly better than the others. Interobserver agreement on the MR diagnosis ranged from moderate to good.Conclusion: Without knowledge of accurate clinical data, MR seems to be too insensitive in detecting prostate cancer to be used as a primary diagnostic tool.     

MRI对前列腺癌的诊断与分期

目的：探讨高场强MRI在前列腺癌的诊断和分期中的作用。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的26例前列腺癌的高场强MRI资料,并与病理结果和临床分期对照。结果：26例前列腺癌中MRI诊断前列腺炎2例,前列腺增生4例,前列腺癌20例,其中B期5例,C期13例,D期2例,定性诊断符合率为76.9%,20例前列腺癌分期符合率为85%;典型的前列腺癌在T1像呈稍低信号,与正常前列腺组织接近,在T2像上表现为正常较高信号的周围带内出现异常低信号灶,增强扫描多数早期较明显强化。结论：高场强MRI对前列腺癌诊断与分期有重要价值。