离体皮肤渗透试验重复优化盐酸利多卡因凝胶剂处方工艺

目的 :考察多种渗透促进剂对盐酸利多卡因凝胶经皮渗透的影响 ,并从中筛选其最佳处方组成。方法 :采用离体皮肤渗透试验 ,以渗透速率常数 (Y)和渗透率 (J)为指标 ,均匀设计和正交设计优化处方工艺 ,考察不同渗透促进剂对卡波普 (Carbopol)凝胶中利多卡因的经皮渗透效果。结果 :含氮酮 (Azone) 1.5 %、聚乙二醇 -4 0 0 (PEG-4 0 0 ) 0 .5 %、泊洛沙姆 (F-68) 4%、丙二醇 (PG) 2 5 %的盐酸利多卡因凝胶的经皮渗透效果最佳 ,并具有良好的稳定性 ,对皮肤无刺激性。结论 :通过重复优化法筛选出渗透促进剂对凝胶中盐酸利多卡因的最佳处方。     

超声波促进盐酸利多卡因经皮渗透的研究

目的 研究低频超声波对盐酸利多卡因凝胶经皮渗透的促进作用。方法 制备2.5%盐酸利多卡因凝胶;应用单室扩散池和乳猪皮肤,测定盐酸利多卡因凝胶在20 kHz超声波作用下,利多卡因的经皮渗透性能,并以复方利多卡因乳膏作为对照品,用HPLC测定接受液中的盐酸利多卡因浓度;考察超声强度和作用持续时间等因素的影响。结果 超声波能明显促进盐酸利多卡因的经皮渗透,且随着超声强度的增加和超声作用持续时间的延长,促渗效果明显增强;功率为2.26 W·cm-2,持续时间5 min的超声波处理皮肤,盐酸利多卡因凝胶的2 h累积经皮渗透量是被动扩散的9.3倍,是复方利多卡因乳膏的2.4倍。结论 超声波能显著促进盐酸利多卡因凝胶的经皮渗透,2 h内的体外透皮速率大于复方利多卡因乳膏,可发展成为血管穿刺止痛的新给药方法。     

依达拉奉凝胶的制备及体外透皮性能研究

目的 考察依达拉奉凝胶体外经皮渗透性,筛选凝胶剂最佳处方。方法 采用Valin-Chien双室渗透扩散池,以大鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,以HPLC测定依达拉奉的浓度,考察含药量、月桂氮（艹卓）酮用量、环糊精的型号和含量对依达拉奉凝胶剂经皮渗透性的影响。结果 凝胶剂最佳处方为6%依达拉奉、10%月桂氮（艹卓）酮、10% β-环糊精、2%羧甲基纤维素钠,依达拉奉12 h累积渗透量平均值为(501.95±27.59)μg·cm^-2,渗透速率平均值为(42.25±7.39)μg·cm^-2·h^-1。结论 依达拉奉凝胶剂具有较好的经皮渗透特性,有望成为新的给药制剂。     

盐酸利多卡因凝胶剂的制备工艺研究

目的制备并优化盐酸利多卡因凝胶剂。方法以盐酸利多卡因为主药,卡波姆-941、PEG-400和azone等为基质,制备凝胶剂;以离体皮肤渗透速率为指标,采用正交实验优化处方。结果最优处方为:盐酸利多卡因8.8g,卡波姆-941 3.5g,1,2-丙二醇62.5g;azone 6.5g,PEG-400 13.0g,蒸馏水加至200g。该凝胶剂的盐酸利多卡因离体皮肤渗透速率为744.45μg.h-1.cm-2,稳定性好。结论制备的盐酸利多卡因凝胶剂符合药典要求,质量稳定。     

蛇床子素凝胶剂的处方优选研究

目的优化蛇床子素凝胶剂的处方。方法采用Franz扩散池,以离体大鼠腹部皮肤为透皮屏障,用高效液相法测定接受液中蛇床子素的含量,考察不同浓度卡波姆、不同促渗剂单用及合用对经皮渗透的影响,以透皮速率Jss为指标优化蛇床子素凝胶剂处方,并对蛇床子素凝胶剂物理性质进行表征。结果 0.5%卡波姆的透皮速率较高;几种不同的促渗剂对蛇床子素凝胶剂透皮吸收具有促进作用,促渗剂单用考察中,氮酮:3%>5%>1%,油酸:5%>1%>10%,冰片:3%>5%>1%,合用考察中:5%异丙醇+3%冰片>5%,2%异丙醇+3%氮酮>3%氮酮+5%油酸。结论 5%异丙醇与3%冰片合用后,促渗效果较二者单用表现明显的协同作用,为蛇床子素经皮给药制剂处方设计提供依据。     

透皮促进剂对吡罗昔康经皮渗透的影响及吡罗昔康凝胶剂体外透皮性质评价

目的考察透皮促进剂对吡罗昔康体外经皮渗透的影响,制备吡罗昔康凝胶并评价该制剂的经皮渗透特性。方法以大鼠皮肤作为试验材料,HPLC法测定药物浓度,采用智能透皮试验仪考察吡罗昔康经皮渗透参数。结果月桂氮革酮、薄荷醇、尿素均能促进吡罗昔康的渗透,其中月桂氮革酮和丙二醇联合应用时,促透效果最好;以羟丙基纤维素为基质的吡罗昔康凝胶比以卡波姆为基质的凝胶渗透效果好。结论选用月桂氮革酮与丙二醇为透皮促进剂,以羟丙基纤维素为基质制备的吡罗昔康凝胶剂,药物的经皮渗透性最佳。     

盐酸利多卡因脂质体凝胶剂的体外透皮扩散研究

目的 对盐酸利多卡因(lidocaine hydrochloricde,LDH)脂质体凝胶剂体外透皮量、皮肤层滞留量进行评价.方法 超声法制备LDH脂质体,再用卡波普为基质制成凝胶剂;以体外经皮渗透释药法,比较LDH脂质体凝胶剂及LDH凝胶剂中的经皮渗透规律.结果 平均包封率为(83.4±1.81)%;LDH 凝胶剂的渗透符合Higuchi方程,其中脂质体凝胶剂24h内药物渗透速率为770.32μ g·h-1,明显高于游离药物凝胶渗透率280.01μg·h-1.结论 载药脂质体凝胶剂可显著促进药物经皮吸收,为经皮吸收药物的理想载体.     

透皮促进剂对肤康祛斑凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响

目的考察透皮促渗剂对肤康祛斑凝胶的主药熊果苷体外经皮渗透的影响。方法对优化后的肤康祛斑凝胶处方,以大鼠离体皮肤作为渗透屏障,用高效液相色谱法测定凝胶中熊果苷经皮透入接收液含量。考察氮酮、氮酮-薄荷油、氮酮-冰片作为促渗剂对熊果苷透皮吸收的影响。结果肤康祛斑凝胶中熊果苷的体外累积渗透率符合Weibull分布,以氮酮-薄荷油作为促渗剂的处方中,熊果苷累积渗透率最高,渗透促进剂的促透效果为:氮酮-薄荷油>氮酮-冰片>氮酮。结论以氮酮-薄荷油作为促渗剂,对熊果苷有较好的促渗作用。     

醋氯芬酸贴剂的制备

目的以体外释放度和经皮渗透性为指标,制备醋氯芬酸贴剂并优化压敏胶和促渗剂的处方。方法采用不同类型丙烯酸酯压敏胶为基质制备醋氯芬酸贴剂,以体外释放度为指标考察筛选压敏胶;以不同种类促渗剂制备醋氯芬酸贴剂,采用改良Franz扩散池,以离体大鼠皮肤为渗透屏障,考察其经皮渗透性能,筛选经皮渗透促进剂。结果醋氯芬酸贴剂在12 h内体外释放曲线遵循Higuchi动力学方程,经皮渗透曲线遵循零级动力学方程,且以Duro Tak 87-2677为压敏胶基质、质量分数为5%的氮酮为促渗剂时醋氯芬酸贴剂具有较快的释放和经皮渗透速率。结论醋氯芬酸贴剂为皮肤控释型骨架释药系统,选择适宜的基质和促渗剂可保证足够的药物释放并穿透皮肤发挥理想的治疗作用。     

促渗剂对利多卡因凝胶透皮作用的影响

目的 :研究薄荷醇和氮酮对利多卡因凝胶皮肤渗透性的影响。方法 :制备包含不同浓度的薄荷醇和氮酮的10%利多卡因凝胶 ,采用改良的Franz扩散池 ,用离体小鼠皮肤进行体外透皮作用研究 ,紫外分光光度法测定利多卡因累积渗透量及渗透速率。结果 :不含促渗剂的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率为0 834,含1%、3 %、5%薄荷醇的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率分别为0 810、1 947、0 904 ;含1%、3 %、5 %氮酮的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率为0 702、0 981、0 788 ;含3 %薄荷醇和1 %、3 %、5 %氮酮的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率分别为1 299、0 986、0 914。结论 :3 %浓度的薄荷醇对利多卡因有明显的促渗作用。     

Development of lidocaine gels for enhanced local anesthetic action

In relieving local pains, lidocaine, one of ester type local anesthetics, has been used. To develop the lidocaine gels of enhanced local anesthetic effects, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) based bioadhesive polymer gel containing an enhancer was formulated. As the drug concentration in the gels increased up to 3%, the permeation rate of drug linearly increased, thereafter reaching a plateau. As the temperature of surrounding solutions increased, the permeation of drug increased. The activation energy of drug permeation was 3.29 kcal/mol for lidocaine. The permeation rate of drug through skin was studied using various enhancers, such as glycols, non-ionic surfactants, and bile salts. Among the enhancers studied, diethylene glycol showed the greatest enhancing effects on drug permeation through skin. The analgesic activity was examined using a tail-flick analgesimeter. In the area under the efficacy curve (AUEC) of the rat-tail flick tests, lidocaine gel containing diethylene glycol showed about 3.89-fold increase in analgesic activity compared with the control. The addition of vasoconstrictor in the gels prolonged the analgesic effects. The result of this study supports that the bioadhesive gel with efficient anesthetic effect could be developed using HPMC with combination of enhancer and vasoconstrictor.     

不同促渗剂对盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响

目的：研究不同透皮促渗剂对盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响,为筛选最佳透皮促渗剂提供实验依据。方法：采用Franz扩散池法,以离体大鼠皮肤为模型,选择3种常用透皮促渗剂月桂氮芯卓酮（azone,AZ）、丙二醇（propylene glycol,PG）、二甲亚砜（dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO）,分别考察单一促渗剂及二元促渗剂对盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响。结果：含促渗剂盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收显著高于未添加促渗剂盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶及市售制剂;采用单一促渗剂时,1% PG促渗效果最好;采用二元促渗剂时,3% AZ+1% PG促渗效果最好;3% AZ+1% PG促渗效果优于1% PG,含促渗剂3% AZ+1% PG的盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶透皮性优于市售制剂艾拉。结论：添加促渗剂的方法能够显著改善盐酸氨酮戊酸的体外透皮吸收性,3% AZ+1% PG构成的二元促渗剂用于盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶促渗效果最佳;本研究为设计优良的盐酸氨酮戊酸经皮给药系统药物奠定了重要基础。     

An alternative lidocaine hydrochloride liposomal gel formulation: preparation, percutaneous permeation, and release kinetics

Liposomal hydrogel formulations of lidocaine hydrochloride (LDH), suitable for topical application, were prepared, and drug percutaneous permeation and release properties were evaluated in vitro. Liposomes composed of lechitin and cholesterol, with LDH entrapped in the inner water compartment, were prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation technique. An optimal hydrogel formulation with carbopol as base included permeation enhancers polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), Azone, poloxamer, and propylene glycol, and this was screened in vitro. Percutaneous permeation kinetic models of LDH in three formulations, liposome solution, conventional gel, and liposomal gel, were studied. Results showed that the mean diameter of LDH liposomes was 88.31+/-6.82 nm and entrapment efficiency was 66.21+/-4.8%. The percutaneous permeation rate of LDH across skin from gel increased after LDH was entrapped in the water compartment of liposome compared with conventional gel, and the permeation kinetics of LDH across skin was not linear, but followed the Higuchi function.     

Effects of vehicles and enhancers on transdermal delivery of clebopride

The effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the skin permeation of clebopride were evaluated using Franz type diffusion cells fitted with excised rat dorsal skins. The binary vehicle system, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether/isopropyl myristate (40/60, w/w), significantly enhanced the skin permeation rate of clebopride. The skin permeation enhancers, oleic acid and ethanol when used in the binary vehicle system, resulted in relatively high clebopride skin permeation rates. A gel formulation consisting of 1.5% (w/w) clebopride, 5% (w/w) oleic acid, and 7% (w/w) gelling agent with the binary vehicle system resulted in a permeation rate of 28.90 microg/cm2/h. Overall, these results highlight the potential of clebopride formulation for the transdermal route.     

不同透皮促进剂及基质对黄体酮透皮作用的影响

目的：观察促进剂及基质对黄体酮凝胶本外透皮作用的影响。方法：采用改良的Ｆｒａｎｚ扩散池,以离体大鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,用高效液相色谱法测定不同种类和浓度的促进剂及不同基质的黄体酮凝胶的体外接受液的含量,进而计算其积累透皮量和稳态透皮速率。结果：３种基质中以Ｃａｒｂｏｐｏｌ＋ＰＶＰ作为基质的渗透作用为好,几种促进剂的促进作用大小顺序为：丙二醇（ＰＧ）＋月桂氮Ｚｈｏｕ酮（Ａｚｏｎｅ）〉月桂氮Ｚｈｏｕ酮〉丙     

Effect of some penetration enhancers on the permeation of glibenclamide and glipizide through mouse skin

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of some penetration enhancers on in vitro permeation of glibenclamide and glipizide through mouse skin. Ethanol in various concentrations, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, transcutol, propylene glycol and terpenes like citral, geraniol and eugenol were used as penetration enhancers. The in vitro skin permeation experiments were conducted by both simultaneous application of drug and enhancer solution and by pretreatment of the skin with neat enhancer. At the end of the experiment drug retained in the skin was estimated. The flux values (microg/cm2/h) of both drugs significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the presence of penetration enhancers, except transcutol and propylene glycol. The glibenclamide flux values ranged from 1.42 +/- 0.09 without enhancer, to 18.25 +/- 1.21 in a combination of 50% ethanol and 5% eugenol. Glipizide flux values ranged from 3.21 +/- 0.51 without enhancer, to 57.21 +/- 5.25 in a combination of 50% ethanol and 5% eugenol. Skin retention and solubility of both drugs increased with all penetration enhancers compared to control (except propylene glycol). As the target permeation rates for glibenclamide and glipizide were calculated to be 193.8 and 184.8 microg/h respectively, the present study showed that the required permeation rates for both drugs could be achieved with the aid of enhancers by increasing the area of application in an appreciable range.     

Effect of penetration enhancers on in vitro percutaneous penetration of nimesulide through rat skin

The influence of several penetration enhancers alone and/or in various combinations on the percutaneous penetration of nimesulide (NM) from Carbopol 934 based gel formulations was investigated. Skin permeation studies were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells and full-thickness abdominal rat skin. Various types of compounds such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, Transcutol, Tween 80 and oleic acid were employed as penetration enhancers. The steady-state flux, the lag time and permeability coefficients of NM for each formulation were calculated. The results showed that the skin permeability of NM from gels tested was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by isopropyl alcohol (40%) and the combination of oleic acid (3%) with Transcutol (30%) when compared with the control formulation. In conclusion, these substances could be considered as penetration enhancers for NM topical formulations.     

Effect of penetration enhancers on the release and skin permeation of bupranolol from reservoir-type transdermal delivery systems

A reservoir-type transdermal delivery system (TDS) of bupranolol (BPL) was designed and evaluated for different formulation variables like gel reservoirs (made with anionic and nonionic polymers), rate controlling membranes and penetration enhancers on the drug release and in vitro skin permeation kinetics of the devices. Keshary-Chien type diffusion cells and pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were used for drug release studies and excised rat skin was used as a barrier for permeation experiments. The release rate of BPL from nonionic polymer gel reservoirs [hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)] was much higher than anionic polymer gel reservoirs [carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na CMC) and sodium alginate)]. Among different rate controlling membranes, Cotran-polyethylene microporous membrane demonstrated highest release rate for BPL than all other membranes. An optimized TDS formulation with HPC gel and Cotran-polyethylene microporous membrane was used to study the effect of penetration enhancers on the release and skin permeation rate of BPL from the TDS. Permeation rates of the devices containing 5% (w/v) pyrrolidone (PY) or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MPY) were about 3- and 1.5-fold higher than control (no enhancer, P<0.01) indicating PY to be better penetration enhancer for BPL than MPY. The permeation rates of devices containing partially methylated beta-cyclodextrin (PMbetaCD) and PMbetaCD-BPL complex were about 2.5- and 1.4-fold higher than control (P<0.01). Inclusion of 10 and 30% w/v propylene glycol (PG) in the devices increased the permeation rate by 1.4- and 1.8-fold higher than control (P<0.05). In conclusion, reservoir-type TDS of BPL was developed and penetration enhancers increased the skin permeation of BPL at 4-5 times higher levels than the desired target delivery rate.     

透皮促进剂对白花前胡甲素体外经皮渗透的影响

目的:考察透皮促进剂对白花前胡甲素(dl-praeruptorin A,Pd-Ia)体外经皮渗透的影响。方法:采用改进的Franz扩散池,以大鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,用高效液相色谱法对Pd-Ia进行含量测定,考察月桂氮酮(Azone)及1%Azone与不同浓度丙二醇(PG)混合物对Pd-Ia透皮吸收的影响。结果:使用Azone对Pd-Ia有促透作用,1%Azone效果较好,平均渗透速率达到4.064μg.cm-2.h-1;1%Azone与15%PG合用促透效果最好,平均渗透速率达到4.889μg.cm-2.h-1,且与单用1%Azone有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:1%Azone与15%PG合用时,含0.5%Pd-Ia溶液体外渗透具有最大促透效果,体现出协同作用。     

促渗剂对氟比洛芬体外经皮渗透的影响

目的研究不同的促渗剂对氟比洛芬体外经皮渗透的促渗作用。方法采用TK-6A型透皮扩散仪,用人皮进行体外经皮渗透实验,考察不同的促渗剂[二甲基亚砜、月桂醇、丙二醇、月桂氮酮(氮酮)、尿素、油酸]及其组合对氟比洛芬体外透皮吸收的促渗作用,以HPLC法测定各时间点接受室中药物浓度,求算透皮吸收的有关参数,比较各促渗剂的促渗作用。结果15%二甲基亚砜、3%氮酮、1%尿素可使氟比洛芬经皮渗透速率分别提高1.8,1.5,1.1倍,促渗剂联用取得的促渗效果更佳,5%油酸 20%丙二醇 1%尿素可使该药物的经皮渗透速率提高6倍。结论单用促渗剂对氟比洛芬经皮渗透促渗效果有限,促渗剂联合使用可以显著提高氟比洛芬经皮渗透速率。