儿童颅咽管瘤术后血钠水平的波动及其与癫痫发作的关系

目的 探讨儿童颅咽管瘤患者术后7d内血钠水平的波动及其与癫痫发作的关系.方法 回顾性分析74例颅咽管瘤手术患儿的临床资料.其中术后发生癫痫者6例(8.1％).检测患儿术后当日、术后1～7d及发生癫痫时的血钠浓度,血钠值正常范围为135 ～ 145 mmol/L.依据各时间点的血钠值将患儿分为4组,均在正常范围者为血钠正...     

儿童颅咽管瘤手术治疗和长期随访

目的探求在保护下丘脑功能的条件下，安全地伞切或近全切儿童颅咽管瘤。并长期随访术后病儿的生存情况。方法手术切除儿童颅咽管瘤202例。采用经胼胝体一透明隔间隙一穹隆问入路、经额部纵裂入路等八种入路切除鞍区和第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤。术前和术后采取积极措施预防和治疗下丘脑功能紊乱。并对其中的105例进行了12个月到6年的长期随访。结果全切＋近全切184例（91．1％），死亡2例（0．9％）。术后主要并发症为：尿崩症发生率80．7％，长期尿崩症率11．4％；血电解质紊乱74．8％；癫痫9．4％。术后第1年和第4年是死亡高峰。手术后5年生存率68．2％。结论选择合适的手术入路在直视下尽可能全切除颅咽管瘤，并保护第三脑室前下外侧壁（下丘脑）。术后积极防治血钠紊乱和癫痫是确保手术安全的重要措施。术后放疗可明显降低颅咽管瘤的复发率。     

儿童鞍区肿瘤术后癫痫与血钠关系的临床研究

目的 研究儿童鞍区肿瘤术后癫痫与血钠关系及治疗。方法 观察术后发生癫痫情况，术前及术后每日检测血钠及24h出入量的变化并根据其变化进行治疗。结果 450例儿童鞍区肿瘤术后269例出现电解质紊乱，其中发生癫痫的29(29／269)例。结论 儿童鞍区肿瘤术后癫痫与血钠紊乱密切相关；血钠紊乱发生癫痫时常有血钠短时间内大幅度变化，变化幅度越大癫痫的发生率就越高；缓慢持续低钠血症或高钠血症，是不会因血钠紊乱而发生癫痫的。术后对血钠的监测并及时纠正，能有效的防治儿童鞍区肿瘤术后癫痫。     

QST分型对儿童颅咽管瘤术后血钠水平异常的影响

目的探讨不同QST分型颅咽管瘤患儿术后血钠水平异常的发生特点。方法回顾分析2016年1月至2017年6月经外科手术治疗的48例原发性颅咽管瘤患儿的临床、影像学及手术资料,分析不同QST分型对患儿术后血钠水平的影响及差异性。结果(56.25%),中至重度12例次占25%;高钠血症32例次(66.67%),中至重度16例次占33.33%。不同分型组患儿低钠血症(χ~2=11.420,P=0.003)和高钠血症(χ~2=15.702,P=0.000)发生率差异具有统计学意义,其中T型颅咽管瘤患儿术后中至重度低钠血症(Z=-3.324,P=0.001)和中至重度高钠血症(Z=-3.874,P=0.000)发生率高于Q型;单因素Logistic回归分析显示,QST分型是术后发生中至重度血钠水平异常的重要影响因素,T型为其危险因素(OR=315.422,95%CI:16.804～5920.786;P=0.000)。结论颅咽管瘤患儿术后应进行血钠水平长期监测,QST分型有助于预测血钠水平异常的发生及其严重程度,T型颅咽管瘤患儿可能为术后血钠水平异常的易感者。     

颅咽管瘤MRI表现与术后水钠代谢紊乱关系分析

目的分析MRI上颅咽管瘤与第三脑室底的关系及对估计术后水钠代谢紊乱的意义.方法回顾性分析64例颅咽管瘤,根据术前MRI上颅咽管瘤与第三脑室底的关系将其分为4级,术后钠代谢情况分为正常、低钠、高钠及混合4组,尿量分为正常、轻度尿崩及严重尿崩3组,分别进行统计学分析.结果各级颅咽管瘤与钠代谢情况、尿量之间均有统计学差异.结论颅咽管瘤对第三脑室底侵袭越多,术后水钠代谢紊乱程度越重.分析MRI上颅咽管瘤与第三脑室底的关系,可以在一定程度上预测术后部分下丘脑反应的严重程度.     

儿童颅咽管瘤围手术期内分泌和水电解质紊乱的临床研究

目的探讨儿童颅咽管瘤手术前后内分泌和水电解质代谢紊乱的变化规律和处理要点。方法对手术前后同时存在内分泌和水钠失衡的17例儿童颅咽管瘤进行显微手术治疗。手术前后每日监测血电解质、尿量和24h尿钠；入院时和术后3d检测生长激素（GH）、甲状腺激素（T3、T4）、性激素、皮质醇及抗利尿激素，对手术前后的变化进行对比分析并作针对性治疗。结果手术前后均易发生生长激素、皮质醇和性激素缺乏，以及尿崩症和低钠血症，但二者之间无必然联系；术后内分泌障碍发生几率较术前少，而水电解质代谢紊乱较术前重；手术前后生长激素、甲状腺激素、性激素、皮质醇和24h尿钠的测定结果比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而手术前后血浆抗利尿激素（ADH）水平和血浆渗透压比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。内分泌和水电解质代谢紊乱的类型和程度与肿瘤侵犯的部位、脑积水和手术损伤下丘脑-垂体柄等有关。术后高钠血症和尿崩症各死亡1例。结论内分泌和水电解质代谢紊乱是儿童颅咽管瘤围手术期常见并发症，对其正确诊断及积极治疗能提高手术疗效。     

颅咽管瘤术后应用甘露醇对水电解质紊乱的影响

目的比较颅咽管瘤术后应用甘露醇对尿崩和电解质紊乱的影响.方法将84例经手术治疗的成人颅咽管瘤病人分为甘露醇组与非甘露醇组,对术后尿量和血钠进行统计学分析.结果颅咽管瘤术后,两组尿量和血钠在统计学上无显著性差异.结论颅咽管瘤术后应用甘露醇并不是影响尿崩和电解质紊乱发生的重要因素,不应该成为治疗的禁忌.     

儿童颅咽管瘤术后水电解质紊乱的管理方案

目的 探讨儿童颅咽管瘤术后水电解质紊乱的管理方案。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月到2019年5月手术治疗的56例儿童颅咽管瘤的临床资料。术后高钠血症使用生理盐水补充每日钠需要量+5%葡萄糖溶液降血钠,术后出现重度低钠血症使用3%盐水微量泵持续补钠。结果 术后出现尿崩症40例（71.4%）,电解质紊乱30例（53.6%）。高钠血症患儿治疗第一天血钠波动幅度平均为（7.8±2.0）mmol/L,第二天平均为（5.9±2.2）mmol/L,控制时间平均（76.5±11.7）h。重度低钠血症患儿治疗第一天波动幅度平均为（7.7±2.0）mmol/L,第二天平均为（7.5±3.1）mmol/L,控制时间平均（89.8±14.2）h。治疗过程中,未出现意识障碍、癫痫、脱髓鞘等并发症。出院时,40例尿崩症患儿的尿量得到控制,30例电解质紊乱患儿连续3次血清Na+正常。结论 儿童颅咽管瘤术后电解质紊乱发生率高,稳定血清钠波动幅度,有助于改善病人预后。     

颅咽管瘤全切除术后血钠紊乱分析及治疗

目的总结颅咽管瘤全切除术后血钠紊乱的发生规律和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析46例颅咽管瘤病人术后血钠紊乱的情况,分析血钠紊乱与病人年龄、肿瘤位置的关系。结果术后出现血钠紊乱者42例(91.3%),其中单纯低钠型9例(19.6%),单纯高钠型6例(13.0%),混合型血钠紊乱27例(58.7%)。42例术后血钠紊乱者中,术后3个月内恢复正常40例;1例持续高钠血症者在术后1.5年恢复正常;另1例持续高钠血症者术后2个月死于肺栓塞。15例儿童病人中7例在围手术期出现癫疒间发作,31例成年病人无一例出现癫疒间发作。结论颅咽管瘤全切除后血钠紊乱的发生率显著高于术前(P<0.001);术后血钠紊乱的类型与年龄、肿瘤复发、肿瘤囊实性和肿瘤位置无关(P>0.05)。纠正血钠紊乱是儿童颅咽管瘤病人在围手术期预防癫疒间发作的关键。     

儿童颅咽管瘤术后血清TSH、皮质醇及血Na~+浓度对认知功能的影响

目的探讨儿童颅咽管瘤术后血清TSH、皮质醇及血Na+浓度对认知功能的影响。方法分析2013年1月至2014年6月在我院接受治疗的31例颅咽管瘤术后认知障碍的儿童的临床资料,并列为观察组,选取25例在我院进行健康检查的儿童作为对照组。结果观察组患者在延迟回忆(t=4.578,P0.001)、注意力及计算能力(t=3.762,P0.001)、MMSE总分(t=10.56,P0.001)水平上显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组研究对象在定向能力(t=1.687,P=0.097)、即刻回忆(t=1.455,P=0.151)及语言能力水平(t=1.089,P=0.281)上不存在统计学差异(P0.05);观察组患者术后TSH、皮质醇明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05),观察组患者血Na+浓度明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05)。观察组患者术前、术后TSH、皮质醇水平明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05);采用Pearson相关性检验分析观察组患者血清中TSH、皮质醇、血Na+浓度与MMSE相关性,结果显示观察组患者TSH与MMSE(r=0.453,P=0.011)及皮质醇(r=0.498,P0.001)呈现显著正相关,血清中血Na+浓度与MMSE呈现负相关(r=-0.383,P=0.033)。结论颅咽管瘤翼点入路术后血清TSH、皮质醇下降及血Na+浓度的升高可能对患儿认知功能产生一定的损伤。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

A projection to the striatum from the medial subdivision of the posterior group of the thalamus in the cat

Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus or the putamen of the cat result in retrograde thalamic cell-labeling in the rostral extension of the medial subdivision of the posterior group (POM). Autoradiography after [³H]amino acid injection of POM reveals a dense and discontinuous distribution of axons in the lateral half of the caudate and putamen concentrated at their middle rostrocaudal levels. This newly discovered thalamostriatal projection of POM may account for somatosensory activity observed in striatal cells.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Evidence for the collateral innervation of the esophagus and the heart from neurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus of the rat

We investigated whether the heart receives collateral projections from the neurons which innervate the esophagus with a retrograde double-labeling method using two fluorescent tracers. Following injections of True Blue (TB) into the esophagus and Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the heart, about 21.9% of the labeled esophageal motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (AmC) were retrogradely double labeled. No single-labeled cardiac motoneurons were found in the AmC. The present results provide anatomical substrates for the esophagocardiac reflex.     

Role of the paraventricular nucleus in the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb

Electrophysiological experiments were performed on anesthetized rats to determine the effects of lesions of the paraventricular nucleus on the amplitude of evoked potentials recorded in the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb after nucleus of the solitary tract electrical stimulation. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus enhance the amplitude of both the positive and negative components of the evoked potential in the olfactory bulb. The pathway from the paraventricular nucleus to the olfactory bulb seems to exert a suppressive influence over the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb under these conditions.     

On the origin of the serotonergic input to the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary

Single stimulations of the vagina and cervix were performed between proestrus and the first day of diestrus with a stimulator designed to grade the intravaginal penetration of a rod. The percent incidence of pseudopregnancy after this stimulation was exponentially related to the extent of intravaginal penetration and was also affected by the stage of the cycle at which the stimulation was performed. At 10.00 h on proestrus, an exponential increase in the incidence of pseudopregnancy was observed with shallow penetrations, while an exponential decrease was found when deeper penetrations were applied. Such negative exponential correlation had disappeared at 22.00 h on proestrus. At that time, also, some responses were elicited by very shallow penetrations (17 mm) and all the animals responded to penetrations of 20 mm or more. Sensitivity to cervicovaginal stimulation at 10.00 h on estrus was lower than that at 22.00 h on proestrus and it was even lower at 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. The response to 18 mm of penetration was studied every 3 h between 10.00 h on proestrus and 10.00 h on estrus, and then every 12 h until 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. This stimulation was usually ineffective to induce pseudopregnancy, except for a brief period encompassing the night between proestrus and estrus, when a peak in the incidence of responses was reached. This peak sensitivity could be advanced following the s.c. administration of 250 and 500 ng of LH-RH at 11.00 h on proestrus. Other doses were ineffective. The peptide (500 ng) was unable to induce pseudopregnancy in rats that received no cervicovaginal stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

On the development of the stratification of the inner plexiform layer in the chick retina

This study investigated the development of the subdivision of the chick inner plexiform layer (IPL). The approach included an immunohistological analysis of the temporal and spatial expressions of choline acetyltransferase, of the neural-glial-related and neural-glial cell adhesion molecules (NrCAM and NgCAM, respectively) and axonin-1, and of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels in 5- to 19-day-old (E5-E19) embryos. Ultrastructural investigations evaluated whether synaptogenesis accompanies the onset of differentiation of the IPL. We found that the differentiation of the IPL started at E9. Distinct cholinergic strata appeared, NrCAM immunoreactivity showed a poorly defined stratification, and Kir3.2 was expressed in the IPL and in the inner nuclear layer. From E10 until late E14, NgCAM- and axonin-1-immunoreactive strata emerged in an alternating sequence from the outer to the inner IPL. During this period, the NrCAM pattern sharpened, and eventually five bands of weaker and stronger immunoreactivity were found. Conventional synapses formed at the beginning of E9, and stratification of the IPL also began on the same day at the same location. Synaptogenesis and stratification followed a gradient from the central to the peripheral retina. The topographic course of differentiation of the IPL generally corresponded to the course of maturation of ganglion and amacrine cells. Synaptogenesis and the expression of G-protein-gated Kir3.2 channels accompanied the onset of stratification. These events coincide with the occurrence of robust and rhythmic spontaneous neuronal activity. The subsequent differentiation of the IPL seemed to be orchestrated by several mechanisms.