高压氧预处理对急性低氧大鼠心肌超微结构和心功能保护机制的研究

目的 探讨高压氧(HBO)预处理对急性低氧大鼠心肌超微结构和心脏功能的影响.方法 取13只Wistar大白鼠随机分为2组:低氧组(n=7),将大鼠置于模拟海拔5400 m低压氧舱内3 d;HBO预处理组(HBO组,n=6),进入低压舱前2 d给予HBO预处理2 d,每天1次,然后置于模拟海拔5400 m低压氧舱内3 d.第4天上午在模拟海拔5400 m的低压氧舱内,2组动物用10%氨基甲酸乙酯腹腔麻醉,经右颈外静脉插入心导管至右心室、肺动脉,用多道生理记录仪连续描记肺动脉压力曲线5min,测定心率(HR)、肺动脉压力(PAP)、右室收缩压(RVSP)和舒张压(RVEDP)、右室等容收缩期心室内压力上升最大速率和右室等容舒张期心室内压力下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax>)等血流动力学指标,并观察心肌超微结构的变化.结果HBO组较低氧组HR、RVSP降低,±do/dtmax>增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);肺动脉舒张压降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肺动脉收缩压、肺动脉平均压、RVEDP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).低氧组心肌细胞线粒体肿胀、溶解,肌浆网扩张,局部区域形成许多泡状;HBO组心肌无明显病变,仅滑面内质网轻度扩张.结论 高压氧具有改善急性低氧大鼠血流动力学、降低肺动脉压、保护心功能的作用.     

富氧水对急性缺氧大鼠血流动力学和心功能作用机制的研究

目的：探讨富氧水对急性缺氧大鼠心脏功能和血流动力学的影响。方法。取14只Wistar大白鼠随机分为2组：①低氧组（n=7）：低氧模型是将大鼠置于模拟海拔5400m低压氧舱内3d；②富氧水组（n=7）：置于模拟海拔5400m低压氧舱内，每天早晚各灌服富氧水一次，每次5mL，连续3d。第4d上午在模拟海拔5400m的低压氧舱内，低氧组和富氧水组动物用10％氨基甲酸乙酯腹腔麻醉，分别经右颈外静脉插入心导管至右心室、肺动脉，用多道生理记录仪连续描记5min肺动脉压力曲线，测定心率（HR）、肺动脉压力（PAP）、右室收缩压（RVSP）和舒张压（RV-EDP）、右室等容收缩期心室内压力上升最大速率和右室等容舒张期心室内压力下降最大速率（±dp／dtmax）等血流动力学指标及心肌超微结构的变化。结果：富氧水组较低氧组HR、RVSP、肺动脉收缩压、肺动脉平均压降低，±dp／dtmax增高，有非常显著性差别（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）；RV-EDP和肺动脉舒张压差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：富氧水具有降低肺动脉压，改善血流动力学和心肌传导性的作用。     

氧化应激在低压缺氧性肺动脉高压形成中的作用

目的观察低氧对血清中活性氧(ROS)水平的影响,探讨氧化应激在低压缺氧性肺动脉高压形成中的作用。方法将24只Wistar大鼠随机分为平原对照组(C组),缺氧组(H组),N-乙酰半胱氨酸组(N组),缺氧+N-乙酰半胱氨酸组(H+N组)。建立低压缺氧模型21 d后,测定其右心室收缩压(RVSP)和平均肺动脉压(mPAP);HE染色观察各组大鼠的肺动脉壁厚度;比色法测定血清中ROS的含量。结果与C组相比,H组RVSP、mPAP明显升高(均P<0.05),HE染色示H组肺动脉壁增厚,且血清中ROS水平明显升高(P<0.05);给予ROS清除剂NAC后,RVSP及mPAP降低,肺血管重塑减弱。结论低氧时氧化应激参与了低压缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成。     

红细胞增多对高原兔心功能和心室重量的影响

出生生长于3658米高原兔分两组:一对照组,另一蛆注射COCl_2引起红细胞增多。结果表明:①注射COCl_2的兔Hb和Hct明显增加。②红细胞增多的兔右室收缩压、右室±dp/dt max及双心室重量指数明显增加,但左室功能和右室收缩指数无明显影响。③高原兔吸氧后右室收缩压下降接近于平原值和右室±dp/dt max减少,而高原红细胞增多的兔吸氧后右室收缩压虽然降低但仍存在着轻度肺动脉高压。以上结果表明红细胞增多可能在慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压和右室肥大发生起着重要作用。     

蒜油抗高原缺氧效应初探

目的:探讨蒜油对急进模拟高原大鼠的抗缺氧效应。方法:低压氧舱复制大鼠急进高原模型,观察蒜油对血气、血液动力学、自由基等指标的影响。结果:蒜油提高了大鼠急进高原模型动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、血氧饱和度(SaO_2),P<0.05;降低了肺动脉压(PAP),P<0.01;主动脉收缩压(SAP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室压力最大上升速率(+dp/dt_(max)),P<0.001;增加了血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,P<0.001。结论:蒜油具有抗高原缺氧效应,其作用可能是通过降低肺动脉高压(HPAP)及心肌氧耗,纠正自由基代谢失衡来实现。大蒜是较有潜力的抗高原缺氧药物。     

二氧化硫污染对运动大鼠心肌收缩功能的影响及AngⅡ、AT1R的调节作用

目的:观察二氧化硫(SO2)吸入对运动大鼠心肌收缩力的影响并分析其可能机制。方法:48只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(RG)、单纯运动组(EG)、单纯SO2污染组(SRG)和SO2污染运动组(SEG),每组12只。SRG组和SEG组置于SO2污染环境(10 mg/m3)中1 h/d,共4周;EG组和SEG组进行电动跑轮运动(8 m/min,1 h/d,连续4周)。实验结束后,称量大鼠体重、心脏重量,并利用公式计算心脏重量指数和体重增长率。采用心脏插管技术测定各组大鼠血液动力学参数;采用放射免疫技术测定各组大鼠心肌AngⅡ含量;采用免疫组织化学技术测定各组大鼠心肌AT1R含量。结果:EG组大鼠心脏重量指数、主动脉收缩压(SBP)、脉压差(PP)、左室内压峰值(LVSP)、左室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dtmax)、左室内压最大下降速率(-dp/dtmax)显著高于RG组(P<0.01),舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、心肌AT1R蛋白表达水平显著低于RG组(P<0.01,P<0.05);SRG组和SEG组大鼠心脏重量指数、左室末期舒张压(LVEDP)、心肌AngⅡ含量、AT1R蛋白表达显著高于RG组(P<0.05,P<0.01),±dp/dtmax显著低于RG组(P<0.01);SEG组大鼠SBP、PP、LVSP显著低于RG组(P<0.01),HR显著高于RG组(P<0.01);且SEG组大鼠HR、LVEDP、心肌AngⅡ含量、AT1R蛋白表达显著高于SRG组(P<0.01),SBP、PP、LVSP、±dp/dtmax显著低于SRG组(P<0.01)。结论:SO2污染对运动大鼠心脏收缩功能产生显著负性变力性效应,AngⅡ及其受体AT1R蛋白表达水平上调引起RAS系统功能紊乱是导致运动大鼠心肌收缩力降低的原因之一。     

低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠PLA_2、TNF的含量变化及意义

为了探讨ＰＬＡ2、ＴＮＦ与肺血管收缩、肺动脉高压形成的关系,作者建立了常压低氧大鼠肺动脉高压模型,观察这些物质的含量变化。将缺氧组大鼠放入常压缺氧舱内缺氧,缺氧期间舱内氧浓度控制在10%,每天缺氧8ｈ,连续21ｄ。缺氧结束后采用右心导管法检测血流动力学指标。包括肺动脉收缩压、肺动脉舒张压、右室收缩压(ＲＶＳＰ)等。测压结束后将正常对照组、缺氧组的大鼠心脏取出,并制备肺组织匀浆,行支气管肺泡灌洗(ＢＡＬ)术,测定血清、肺组织、ＢＡＬＦ中的磷脂酶Ａ2活力和ＴＮＦ的含量。结果显示缺氧组大鼠ｍＰＡＰ、ＲＶＳＰ均明显升高,说…     

缺氧复合氰化钠中毒对大鼠心功能的影响

目的研究缺氧复合NaCN中毒对大鼠心功能的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠84只,随机均分为平原实验组和高原实验组。平原实验组大鼠在常规实验室内进行实验,高原实验组大鼠置4000m低压舱中预处理3d后开始实验。两组各取6只大鼠麻醉后进行气管和左侧颈总动脉插管,术后静待30min后,背部皮下注射NaCN3.6mg/kg,记录中毒前10min(-10min)、中毒即刻及中毒后10、20、30、40、50、60、90min各时相点左心室收缩压峰值(mLVSP)、左心室压力上升最大速率( dp/dtmax)和心率(HR);余下两组各36只大鼠皮下注射3.6mg/kgNaCN,于中毒即刻及中毒后0.5、1、2、4、6h取动脉血测定心肌酶谱(AST、LDH、CK、CK-MB)。结果与平原实验组比较,高原实验组大鼠NaCN中毒后mLVSP、 dp/dtmax、HR、心肌酶谱的变化更为明显且更难以恢复正常。心肌酶谱中以LDH变化最为显著,这与缺氧环境下无氧呼吸相应增强一致。结论高原缺氧后NaCN中毒对大鼠心脏功能影响较平原更为严重,需要进一步探索相应的防治措施。     

肥厚型心肌病的超声心动图征象与肺动脉高压关系的探讨

目的:探讨肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的超声心动图征象与肺动脉高压(PH)之间的关系。方法:92例成年HCM患者按照肺动脉压力分为3组,对3组患者的各项超声心动图指标进行比较,同时采用一元和多元线性回归分析各参数与右室收缩压(RVSP)的独立相关关系,并用ROC曲线选取判定RVSP的最佳参数。结果:①34%的患者存在PH,3组患者的性别、纽约心脏病协会心功能分级(NYHA)比例和症状相似,与B组患者比较,C组患者的年龄更大(P=0.001 4)、运动能力更低(P=0.018)。②C组患者的左房压更高(P=0.025),静息状态左室流出道(LVOT)压差更高(P=0.000 1),E/e’值也更高(P=0.001)。③3组患者除了右室舒张早期应变率(RV-ESR)差异有统计学意义(P=0.01),室间隔和右室游离壁的其他形变参数差异均无统计学意义。④一元分析提示,年龄(P<0.001)、左房容积(P=0.006 7)、静息LVOT压差(P<0.001)、左室E/e’比值(P<0.001)和代谢当量(METs)(P=0.002 1)均与RVSP相关。多元分析显示,左房压(β-coefficient=-1.575,P<0.001)、静息LVOT压差(β-coefficient=0.425,P=0.001)与RVSP独立相关。⑤ROC曲线显示静息LVOT压差用于预测RVSP的敏感性为73%,特异性为69%,曲线下面积为0.87。结论:年龄、左房容积、左室E/e’值、静息LVOT压差及METs与HCM患者PH相关。多元分析提示,左房容积、静息LVOT压差与RVSP独立相关。     

尾部悬吊对大鼠肺循环血液动力学的动态影响

目的研究尾部悬吊模拟失重对大鼠肺循环的影响,为模拟失重对肺循环局部调节与立位耐力和运动能力降低机制研究积累资料。方法 -30°尾部悬吊(tail-suspension,TS)模拟失重的生理效应,Wistar雄性大鼠被随机分成3组:对照组(Con)、7d尾部悬吊组(TS7)和14d尾部悬吊组(TS14)。采用PowerLab/4SP生理记录系统记录肺动脉压、肺静脉压;超声流量计检测肺动脉流量。结果 TS7、TS14组大鼠肺动脉收缩压(arterial systolic blood pressure,SBP)显著降低(P0.05),TS7组肺动脉舒张压(arterial diastolic blood pressure,DBP)有降低趋势,TS14组大鼠肺动脉DBP显著降低。TS7、TS14组大鼠肺动脉平均压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)均显著(P0.05)或极显著降低(P0.01)。TS7、TS14组大鼠静脉压变化不明显。TS7、TS14组大鼠平均动、静脉压压差显著减小主要为动脉端压力变化所致。TS14组大鼠心率(heart rate,HR)是血容量减少的代偿反应,TS7组每分肺动脉流量有增加趋势,可能为从初期反应期到基本适应期肺循环的超调现象所致。结论 TS7和TS14肺动脉端阻力和肺循环阻力显著减小主要起因于肺动脉端压力变化,可能是造成模拟失重后立位耐力和运动能力降低的原因。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.