喉罩联合七氟醚吸入麻醉在小儿舌系带矫正术中的 临床应用

目的 探讨喉罩联合七氟醚吸入麻醉应用于小儿舌系带矫正术中的临床应用效果和安全性。方法 择期行舌系带矫正术小儿60例,分为气管插管组（T组）和喉罩组（L组）两组,每组30例。8%七氟醚+5 L/min氧气诱导,开放外周静脉,静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg,罗库溴铵0.3 mg/kg。待脑电双频指数（BIS）达45~50时,T组插入气管导管,L组置入喉罩并在口腔两侧放入纱布,术中调整1.5%~3%七氟醚和2 L/min氧气,维持BIS 40~60。分别记录麻醉前（T1）、置管/喉罩即刻（T2）、手术开始时（T3）、拔管/喉罩即刻（T4）的SBP、HR、ETCO2和SpO2,手术时间、诱导时间、苏醒时间以及患儿术后呛咳、喉痉挛、反流误吸及苏醒期躁动等不良反应的发生情况。结果 两组患儿均没有出现反流误吸。T组术后呛咳8例,苏醒期躁动9例,喉痉挛1例,而L组术后呛咳1例,苏醒期躁动2例,喉痉挛未出现。与T组相比,L组术后呛咳和苏醒期躁动病例数减少,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与T1比较,T组在T2、T4时点SBP、HR增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与L组相比,T组苏醒时间延长,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 喉罩联合七氟醚吸入麻醉可安全应用于小儿舌系带矫正术,对小儿呼吸道刺激小,并发症少。     

喉罩下七氟醚丙泊酚联合骶管阻滞在小儿尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的：研究喉罩下七氟醚丙泊酚联合骶管阻滞在小儿尿道下裂手术中的应用效果。方法选择择期行尿道下裂成形术的患儿60例,年龄1~6岁,随机分为喉罩七氟醚丙泊酚联合骶管阻滞组(A组),喉罩七氟醚丙泊酚舒芬太尼组(B组)两组。术中均保留自主呼吸,记录呼吸循环变化,诱导和苏醒时间,术中体动和术后不良反应的发生率。结果A组比B组诱导平稳,苏醒时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。术毕时院B组HR明显快于A组。 B组术中体动、阴经勃起、气道辅助处理和苏醒期躁动发生率明显高于A组(P<0.05)。结论喉罩下七氟醚,丙泊酚全麻联合骶管阻滞麻醉,气道管理方便,能有效抑制应激反应,不良反应少,此方法可安全有效地应用于尿道下裂手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术的麻醉体会

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉方法及术中并发症的处理。方法　 60例患者均采用气管内插管静脉复合麻醉 ,先用 2 .5 %硫喷妥钠 6～ 8mg kg ,司可林 1.5～ 2mg kg ,芬太尼 1.0～ 2 .0 μg kg诱导 ,术中用异丙酚 2～ 4mg·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ,维库溴铵 0 .6～ 1.2mg·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ,1%～ 2 %异氟醚维持麻醉。结果　气腹建立后 ,3 2例出现血压升高和心率增快 ,占 5 3 .3 % ;1例发生严重皮下气肿 ,占 1.67% ;1例出现频发室性早搏 ,占 1.67% ,经处理后无 1例发生意外。结论　腹腔镜胆囊切除术选择气管内插管静脉复合麻醉是安全有效的     

七氟醚与丙泊酚在小儿包皮环扎术的临床比较

目的 比较七氟醚与丙泊酚在小儿包皮环扎术的应用效果方法选2～8岁行包皮环扎术患儿60例,随机分为两组,分别以七氟醚吸入和静脉注射丙泊酚麻醉,再加局麻进行手术.监测心率、血氧饱和度.记录睫毛反射消失时间、有无哭闹、呛咳、呼吸抑制、分泌物增多,局部神经阻滞时有无体动、术毕清醒时间及术后有无呕吐.结果 P组诱导前及睫毛反射消失时心率比S组快;P组睫毛反射消失时间明显短于S组,术毕清醒时间S组明显短于p组;P组哭闹率高.结论 七氟醚吸入和丙泊酚静脉全麻用于小儿包皮环扎术各有优点,均为安全有效的麻醉方法,而七氟醚吸入法更易于为患儿和家长接受.     

七氟醚与丙泊酚在小儿包皮环扎术的临床比较

目的比较七氟醚与丙泊酚在小儿包皮环扎术的应用效果方法选2～8岁行包皮环扎术患儿60例,随机分为两组,分别以七氟醚吸入和静脉注射丙泊酚麻醉,再加局麻进行手术。监测心率、血氧饱和度。记录睫毛反射消失时间、有无哭闹、呛咳、呼吸抑制、分泌物增多,局部神经阻滞时有无体动、术毕清醒时间及术后有无呕吐。结果 P组诱导前及睫毛反射消失时心率比S组快;P组睫毛反射消失时间明显短于S组,术毕清醒时间S组明显短于P组;P组哭闹率高。结论七氟醚吸入和丙泊酚静脉全麻用于小儿包皮环扎术各有优点,均为安全有效的麻醉方法 ,而七氟醚吸入法更易于为患儿和家长接受。     

颅脑手术后期麻醉中应用异丙酚或异氟醚的临床研究

目的 比较静脉输注异丙酚与吸入异氟醚用于颅内手术后期麻醉时病人应激及苏醒过程的差异.方法 择期颅内手术36例,随机分成异氟醚组(A组)和异丙酚组(B组),每组各18·例当手术开始缝合硬脑膜时停用一切静脉麻醉药,A组继续吸入异氟醚维持麻醉,B组停用吸入麻醉药,加用异丙酚维持麻醉"两组病人均监测围术期的收缩压、舒张压、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼吸频率,记录术后拔管时间,并统计苏醒时的副反应及使用拮抗药的情况.结果 A组术后拔管时间明显长于B组,且A组使用拮抗药的剂量明显大于B组;A组在拔管时及拔管后5 mm的心率明显高于B组,A组拔管时收缩压明显高于术前:A组苏醒时的副反应(恶心、呕吐)的发生率明显高于B组.结论 异丙酚用于颅内手术麻醉,既能维持麻醉平稳,同时术后又能迅速完全苏醒,苏醒时副反应少.     

喉罩通气下吸入地氟醚麻醉维持在婴幼儿颜面部混合血管瘤介入手术中的应用

目的探讨喉罩通气下吸入地氟醚麻醉维持在婴幼儿颜面部混合血管瘤介入手术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2016年2月至2017年4月本院收治的118例颜面部混合血管瘤介入手术治疗的婴幼儿(3~15个月)临床资料,按麻醉方式差异分为对照组(51例)和观察组(67例),2组患儿均给予舒芬太尼麻醉,对照组以喉罩通气下丙泊酚维持,观察组给予喉罩通气下吸入地氟醚维持。比较2组患儿平均动脉压MAP、脉搏血氧饱和度Sp O2、心率HR、呼吸末二氧化碳ETCO2、喉罩拔除时间、失去意识时间、喉罩拔除时间、意识复苏时长、临床疗效及术中术后不良反应等麻醉监测指标的差异。结果对照组患儿的喉罩拔除时间、意识复苏时长明显长于观察组患儿,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);在麻醉诱导后、喉罩插入时刻、手术开始时刻和拔除喉罩时刻,观察组和对照组患儿的MAP、HR均低于麻醉诱导前,且对照组患儿的MAP、HR均低于观察组,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗总有效率(97.02%)显著高于对照组(88.24%),对照组患儿不良反应率(23.52%)显著高于观察组(7.46%),2组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论患儿颜面部混合血管瘤介入手术中,喉罩通气下吸入地氟醚进行麻醉维持,在有效保障麻醉效果及临床疗效的同时,还可降低麻醉风险,减小术中血压波动,尤其在稳定患儿血流动力学方面的效果突出。     

七氟醚和异丙酚对上肢体感诱发电位的影响

目的:比较全麻药物异丙酚和不同浓度的七氟醚对病人的体感诱发电位(SEP)监测结果的影响.方法:选取50例全麻手术病人,随机分为七氟醚(S)组30例和异丙酚(P)组20例.S组于诱导后吸入七氟醚,使肺泡内七氟醚浓度依次达到0.5、1.0、1.5 MAC,并分别将其作为观察点作SEP术中监测;P组于诱导后全凭静脉稳定泵入异丙酚,并分别将诱导后泵入前、泵入后15、30、45 min作为观察点作SEP术中监测.记录两组麻醉前及上述各时点的SEP波幅、潜伏期变化.结果:S组随着麻醉深度的改变和七氟醚浓度的增加,其SEP潜伏期明显延长,波幅明显下降,在各肺泡七氟醚浓度之间比较差异有极显著意义(P＜0.001).P组平稳麻醉各时点对SEP潜伏期及波幅的影响小,其间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:麻醉时吸入性麻醉药物七氟醚对SEP波幅、潜伏期有明显影响,吸入浓度小于1.0 MAC时SEP较为稳定,麻醉效果较为理想;异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉对SEP影响较小.     

异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉对新生鼠空间学习和记忆能力的影响

目的探讨异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉对新生鼠空间学习和记忆能力的影响。方法新生7 d龄SD大鼠,每90min给予30 mg/kg异丙酚或七氟醚吸入麻醉6 h,给予葡萄糖溶液组给予对照,于第7周进行Morris水迷宫实验测试空间学习和记忆能力的影响。结果异丙酚麻醉组2～4 d大鼠的潜伏期,游泳距离均明显长于对照组,表明异丙酚麻醉组有着明显的行为缺陷,而七氟醚吸入麻醉组和对照组相比没有明显的差异。结论异丙酚麻醉会引起新生鼠长久的学习和记忆能力的损伤,而七氟醚则没有此影响。     

七氟醚在小儿麻醉诱导中的临床应用

目的通过研究七氟醚在对小儿麻醉中的相关诱导作用,总结临床经验。方法对我院2011年5月~2012年5月收治的全麻下行手术患儿进行观察研究,将患儿分为对照组和观察组,对照组患儿采用氯胺酮进行静脉麻醉,而观察组采用七氟醚吸入麻醉,对患儿的呼吸和心率进行观察总结,并记录停药之后患儿的疼痛持续时长等项目。结果在进行对比后发现,对照组患儿的分泌物增加、术后呕吐等数量远远高于观察组患儿,差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论采用七氟醚对患儿进行麻醉,效果较好、麻醉速度快、没有刺激性味道,不太影响患儿的循环呼吸且术后苏醒快,是应该推广使用的临床方法。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.