孝感市349例围产儿出生缺陷监测资料分析及干预措施

目的:了解孝感市围产儿出生缺陷的发生情况及其影响因素,以便制定有效的干预措施,降低出生缺陷发生率,为提高出生人口素质提供可靠依据。方法:利用孝感市助产机构近两年来分娩的围产儿出生缺陷监测资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果:围产儿出生缺陷总发生率为4.47‰,两年来围产儿出生缺陷变化不明显,差异无统计学意义,孕产妇年龄大于35岁,出生缺陷发生率明显增高;男、女婴出生缺陷发生率比较差异无统计学意义;农村围产儿出生缺陷发生率明显高于城镇;孝感市围产儿出生缺陷前6位是多指/多趾、唇裂、唇腭裂、外耳畸形、先天性心脏病、马蹄内翻足;产前诊断率为16.91%;出生缺陷发生与孕前监测、遗传有一定的关系。结论:农村为出生缺陷预防的重点,应加强婚前及孕期保健的宣传,提倡婚前检查,提高围产期保健服务质量及产前诊断水平,早预防、早诊断、早处理,降低出生缺陷的发生,以提高出生人口素质。     

舟山市围产儿出生缺陷分析

目的分析2013—2018年舟山市围产儿出生缺陷发生情况及影响因素,为制定舟山市围产儿出生缺陷干预措施提供依据。方法收集2013—2018年县级及以上医疗助产机构分娩的孕周≥28周至产后7天的围产儿出生缺陷监测资料,对出生缺陷发生率、主要病种及顺位进行描述性分析。结果 2013—2018年舟山市共监测围产儿45 039人,出生缺陷1 067例,平均发生率为23.69‰;2013—2018年出生缺陷发生率呈上升趋势(P0.05)。男婴出生缺陷发生率为27.60‰,高于女婴的19.37‰(P0.05)。城镇围产儿出生缺陷发生率为49.28‰,高于农村的11.61‰(P0.05)。不同母亲年龄的围产儿出生缺陷发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。出生缺陷前五位依次为先天性心脏病、手指(趾)畸形、外耳畸形、唇裂伴腭裂和腭裂,发生率依次为12.12‰、2.29‰、1.07‰、0.62‰和0.53‰。结论 2013—2018年舟山市围产儿出生缺陷发生率呈上升趋势,先天性心脏病居首位,出生缺陷与围产儿性别、户籍、母亲年龄有关。     

围产儿42 272名出生缺陷分析

[目的]了解西安市出生缺陷的发生情况、分布特征及影响出生缺陷发生的有关因素,为政府部门制定预防出生缺陷决策提供依据. [方法]采用前瞻性监测方法,对2002年10月1日～2003年9月30日在西安市所有县级以上共111所产科医院出生的孕28周～生后7 d,且为西安市户口的42 272名围产儿进行监测.采用EPI软件进行数据录入,SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析. [结果]西安市出生缺陷的发生率为9.27‰,其中出生缺陷的77.81%为单发畸形.发生率最高的前五位出生缺陷依次为脊柱裂、多指、、先天性脑积水、唇裂合并腭裂、无脑畸形.乡村的出生缺陷发生率明显高于城镇(χ2=6.256,P＜0.05);城镇男童出生缺陷发生率明显高于女童(χ2=5.970,P＜0.05);季节校正后的春、秋季显著高于夏、冬季节(χ2=10.975,P＜0.05).35岁以上妇女为高危人群.产母文化程度越高出生缺陷发生率越低.1/3出生缺陷能够在产前确诊.出生缺陷围产儿死亡数占同期围产儿死亡的41.10%. [结论]西安市的出生缺陷发生非常严重,分布特征明确,且是围产儿死亡的主要因素,所以对重点人群、地区高发畸形,采取针对性的三级预防措施,降低出生缺陷的发生,提高人口素质.     

酒泉市肃州区2000～2006年出生缺陷监测结果分析

目的:了解肃州区出生缺陷的发生率、疾病顺位及影响因素,制定干预措施,有效降低出生缺陷率,降低围产儿死亡率。方法:按照全国出生缺陷监测中心制定的监测方案,采用流行病学前瞻性研究方法,对2000~2006年围产儿出生缺陷情况进行分析。结果:25152例围产儿出生缺陷211例,出生缺陷发生率8.39‰。出生缺陷前5位顺位依次为神经管畸形、总唇裂、先天性脑积水、多指(趾)并指(趾)、先天性心脏病。农村明显高于城市,有极显著性差异(P<0.01);产母年龄≥35岁组的出生缺陷发生率明显高于其他组(P<0.01);出生缺陷发生率与性别无相关性(P>0.05);季节对出生缺陷发生无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论:广泛开展孕早期健康教育,特别是要加大优生优育的宣教力度,加强孕前及孕早期保健工作,提高产前诊断水平,降低出生缺陷发生率和围产儿死亡率。     

围产儿出生缺陷监测分析

目的了解承德市出生缺陷发生状况、变化趋势及相关因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法按照中国出生缺陷监测中心制定的出生缺陷诊断及统计标准,对2003~2005年监测医院住院分娩的围产儿进行监测。结果出生缺陷发生率7.35‰,围产儿死亡率9.20‰,缺陷围产儿死亡率420.53‰,占围产儿死亡的33.60%;前5位出生缺陷依次为神经管畸形、总唇裂、先天性脑积水、多指、先天性心脏病;出生缺陷发生率与性别无关(χ2=1.98,P>0.05),城镇发生率为5.76‰,乡村8.34‰,乡村明显高于城镇(χ2=8.52,P<0.01),产妇≥35岁年龄组高于35岁以下组(χ2=4.31,P<0.05)。结论广泛开展预防出生缺陷知识宣传教育,增强防范意识,加强孕前、孕期保健、遗传咨询、产前诊断工作,减少出生缺陷的发生。     

宁德市出生缺陷监测结果分析

目的调查福建省宁德市出生缺陷发生情况,了解其相关危险因素,为病因学研究提供线索,为政府部门制定妇幼卫生保健决策提供依据.方法制定统一监测方案,对全市县级以上爱婴医院32 566例围产儿进行监测分析.结果检出先天畸形223例,出生缺陷发生率6.85‰,围产儿死亡率12.01‰,出生缺陷顺位为总唇裂、先天性脑积水、神经管畸形、多指、先天性心脏病;母亲年龄≥35岁组出生缺陷发生率明显高于其他年龄组,最佳生育年龄为25～30岁;农村出生缺陷发生率明显高于城市.结论加强出生缺陷的三级预防,积极开展先天性甲状腺功能低下、苯丙酮尿症、先天听力障碍等筛查诊断和治疗.     

海南省2005～2010年围产儿死亡率及相关因素分析

目的:分析海南省围产儿出生缺陷的基本情况及动态变化,探索影响围产儿出生缺陷的原因及预防策略。方法:对2005～2010年海南省某妇幼保健院出生缺陷围产儿的资料进行统计分析。结果:11 483例围产儿中发生出生缺陷286例,出生缺陷发生率为24.91‰;出生缺陷儿死亡率为3.57‰。出生缺陷前5位疾病是:唇腭裂、多指畸形、外耳畸形、先天性心脏病、神经管发育畸形;出生缺陷发生率与孕产妇年龄呈正相关,年龄35岁以上是发生出生缺陷的高危因素;分娩出生缺陷新生儿的孕妇以城乡低收入、低文化人群为主。结论:加强育龄孕妇产前筛查和优生优育教育,营造优生优育的社会和文化环境,降低婴儿出生缺陷的发生率。     

1998～2003年长春市出生缺陷监测资料分析

目的研究和分析长春市围产儿出生缺陷发生的动态情况,为制定和采取预防措施提供决策依据.方法按中国出生缺陷监测中心制定的出生缺陷诊断及统计标准对围产儿进行监测.结果出生缺陷发生率呈逐年增高趋势;缺陷儿围产期死亡率368.19‰,占围产儿死亡的28.72%;出生缺陷前6位依次为先心病、神经管畸形、唇腭裂、外耳畸形、多指(趾)、脑积水;农村围产儿畸形率明显高于城市,产母年龄35岁以上为出生缺陷高发年龄.结论出生缺陷工作的重点在农村,应加强优生知识宣传.提高产前诊断技术,降低出生缺陷发生率,提高人口素质.     

2009—2013年沧州市出生缺陷发生情况及其相关因素

目的了解2009—2013年沧州市围生儿出生缺陷的发生率及其相关因素,为今后出生缺陷的监测和预防提供依据。方法采用方便抽样联合整群抽样的方法,对近5年沧州市围生儿出生缺陷的监测资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2009—2013年沧州市围生儿出生缺陷发生率为10.06‰,呈逐年上升趋势(χ2趋势=4.002,P=0.045);年龄、母亲的文化程度和围生儿性别与出生缺陷发生有关,年龄小于20岁和大于35岁的孕妇其围生儿出生缺陷发生率明显高于其他年龄组(χ2=12.713,P=0.013);文化程度越低,则出生缺陷发生率越高(χ2=8.098,P=0.017);男性围生儿出生缺陷发生率明显高于女性围生儿(χ2趋势=4.120,P=0.044);出生缺陷前3位的顺位是先天性心脏病、多指(趾)和总唇裂;出生缺陷活产比例高达71.82%。结论沧州市近5年围生儿出生缺陷发生率逐年升高,相关因素有孕妇年龄、母亲的文化程度和围生儿性别。     

承德市2004～2008年出生缺陷流行病学分析

[目的]分析承德市出生缺陷发生情况、流行病学特征及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据. [方法]对2004～2008年承德市全人群出生缺陷监测报告病例进行流行病学分析. [结果]5年监测218 300例围产儿,其中出生缺陷儿1 792例,平均出生缺陷发生率为8.21/‰,5年的出生缺陷发生率分别为7.04/‰、7.91/‰、7.66/‰、9.23/‰、9.42/‰,呈上升趋势.前6位出生缺陷依次为神经管畸形、总唇裂、先天性脑积水、多指、先天性心脏病、马蹄内翻足;出生缺陷发生率与性别无关(X2=2.452,P>0.05);乡村发生率明显高于城市(X2=8.52,P<0.01);产妇年龄≤20岁和≥35岁组高于平均发生率(P<0.01). [结论]加强优生遗传工作力度,广泛开展宣传教育,增强出生缺陷防范意识,加强婚检、孕前、孕期保健、产前筛查与产前诊断是减少出生缺陷发生的根本措施,而贫困农村是当前工作重点,应加大政府对农村妇幼保健工作投入,保障预防保健措施实施.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.