2011-2015年晴隆县乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的 分析晴隆县2011-2015年乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)的发病特征及流行趋势,为制定乙肝防治措施提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对疫情资料进行分析.结果 2011-2015年晴隆县累计报告乙肝病例549例,年平均发病率为32.87/10万.报告发病率呈逐年下降趋势,各年发病率分别为49.37/10万、48.43/10万、23.82/10万、22.25/10万和21.23/10万.乙肝发病以16～60岁人群为主,占总病例数的84.70％,15岁以下人群发病率低于其他年龄组.男性发病率高于女性,男女病例数比为1.13∶1.发病最高的职业为农民,占88.89％;学生次之,占3.83％.发病时间分布无明显季节高峰.全县14个乡镇均有病例,县城城区及其周边乡镇发病率远高于边远乡镇.结论 晴隆县乙肝发病率呈下降趋势.农民、学生为乙肝发病重点人群,应加强对这些高危人群的乙肝疫苗接种工作.     

交城县2006—2012年乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的了解交城县乙型肝炎(乙肝)的发病水平及流行特征,为制定和完善防控策略提供科学依据。方法采用国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统提供的病例资料,通过描述性流行病学和Excel2003软件进行统计,对交城县2006—2012年乙肝疫情资料进行分析。计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2006—2012年交城县累计报告乙肝病例3 109例,年平均发病率197.41/10万(3 109/1 574 897),男性发病率为235.62/10万(1 884/799 576),女性发病率为158.00/10万(1 225/775 321),男女发病性别比为1.49∶1,男性显著高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。25~29岁年龄组发病率最高(420.24/10万),其次为20~24岁年龄组(406.42/10万),0~15岁年龄组发病率最低(17.53/10万)。职业构成以农民为多,占67.39%,学生次之,占7.85%。结论交城县乙肝的发病以青壮年男性农民为主,在学生中也有较高的发病率。应制定针对青壮年、农民、学生等乙肝高危人群的防控方案,进一步提高重点人群中乙肝疫苗预防接种率,并在农村地区、学校加强健康宣传教育,以降低乙肝的发病率。     

2011～2013年聊城市乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的分析聊城市乙型肝炎发病现状和流行病学特征,为制定控制策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对2011～2013年聊城市乙肝疫情资料进行分析。结果 2011～2013年聊城市累计报告乙肝病例11 475例,年均发病率为65.48/10万。2011～2013年年均发病率,不同年份发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。东昌府区最高(95.57/10万);无明显季节性分布;20～69岁发病率较高,占发病总数的92.83%;男性发病高于女性(P<0.01)。全部病例中,农民占72.79%。结论 2011年以来聊城市乙肝发病呈上升趋势,青壮年和农民是乙肝防治的重点人群,因此应加强对次人群乙肝的防治力度。     

海林市2002～2006年乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的了解海林市乙型肝炎的流行特征。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对海林市2002～2006年乙型肝炎疫情资料进行分析。结果2002～2006年海林市乙型肝炎病例925例，年平均发病率42．23／10万，男女发病率比值为1．80。20—29岁年龄组发病率最高（58．56／10万），其次为50～59岁年龄组（54．80／10万），0～9岁年龄组发病率最低（5．28／10万）。职业构成以农民为多，占31．35％，家务及待业次之，占28．76％。结论海林市2002～2006年乙型肝炎病发病以20～59岁为主，男性高于女性。职业构成以农民和家务及待业者为多。在做好新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫接种的同时，应制定针对青壮年、农民、家务及待业、工人和学生等乙肝高发人群的免疫方案，进一步提高人群乙肝疫苗预防接种率，提高人群免疫力，降低乙型肝炎的发病率。     

2006～2011年济阳县乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的分析济阳县2006～2011年乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）的流行特征,为制定防治乙肝对策提供科学依据。方法从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中提取济阳县2006～2011年的乙肝网络直报数据,运用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果济阳县2006～2011年累计报告乙肝1 407例,年均发病率为43.05/10万。全县10个乡镇中,年均发病率居前两位的是济阳街道办事处（58.79/10万）和仁风镇（52.02/10万）;男性发病率为59.40/10万,女性为26.45/10万,男女发病性别比为2.27∶1。发病以20～40岁年龄组为主,占病例总数的57.23%。全县10个乡镇均有病例报告,职业构成以农民为主,占病例总数的70.67%。结论济阳县乙肝发病无明显的季节性;各乡镇间发病有差异;男性发病率高于女性;以青壮年为主;乙肝的高危职业人群为农民;应加强高危人群乙肝疫苗接种工作。     

2007-2011年乐山市乙肝流行特征

目的 了解乐山市乙型肝炎疫情发展动态,为制定乙肝防治策略提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学分析方法,对乐山市2007-2011年乙肝流行态势和发病情况进行分析.结果 2007-2011年乐山市共报告乙肝发病7 311例,年均发病率为44.74/10万,其中2007-2011年乙肝发病率分别为52.34/10万、50.90/10万、46.54/10万、36.92/10万、36.93/10万.发病无明显的季节性差异和地域性,发病年龄以20～ 49岁为主(62.11％),0～9岁发病数构成比较低(0.82％),1岁组最低,无病例报告,职业分布以农民为主(55.51％).结论 2007-2011年乐山市乙肝报告发病率呈逐年下降趋势,发病以青壮年农民为主,儿童发病率保持在低发水平.     

2005-2013年沈阳市乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

摘要:目的　了解沈阳市乙型病毒性肝炎的发病特征及流行趋势,为卫生行政部门制定乙肝防治措施提供科学依据。方法　采用描述流行病学方法对沈阳市2005-2013年乙肝报告发病情况进行分析。结果　2005-2013年沈阳市累计报告乙肝病例19 588例,年平均报告发病率为28.62/10万。报告发病率呈逐年下降。男性年平均报告发病率18.62/10万,女性为10.00/10万。乙肝发病以20～60岁的人群为主,占总发病数的79.34%。15岁以下人群发病率低于其他年龄组。乙肝发病居前三位的是铁西区、和平区和大东区,发病率分别为37.23/10万、37.10/10万和36.91/10万。市区、郊区和县发病率差异明显。发病最高的职业为家务及待业,占27.21%。农民其次,为16.61%。乙肝发病季节性不明显。结论　沈阳市乙肝发病呈下降趋势,青壮年、农民、家务及待业人群为乙肝发病重点人群,应加强对这些高危人群的乙肝疫苗接种工作。     

1994-2005年汕头市濠江区乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的 分析1994-2005年濠江区乙型肝炎流行规律,为有效预防和控制乙型肝炎的发生和流行提供科学依据.方法 用描述性流行病学方法对1994～2005年濠江区乙型肝炎疫情资料进行分析.结果 12年共发病905例,年平均发病率为42.55/10万,占病毒性肝炎发病总数的66.15%,占甲乙类传染病发病总数的26.67%.发病率最高为97.56/10万,最低为15.90/10万,总体发病呈下降趋势.发病没有明显的季节性;男性发病明显高于女性,男女发病比例为2.44∶1;人群以20～59岁的青壮年发病数最高,占总发病数的72.71%,0～7岁儿童乙型肝炎的发病构成比从1994-1996年的8.25%下降到2003-2005的零.结论 新生儿乙肝疫苗接种对低年龄组儿童已见明显保护效果,今后乙型肝炎的应对策略应采取以提高人群乙型肝炎免疫力,切断乙型肝炎传染途径为重点的综合防治措施.     

溧阳市1999～2004年乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的了解溧阳市乙型肝炎的流行特征。方法采用描述性流行病学研究方法对1999~2004年溧阳市乙型肝炎的疫情资料进行分析。结果1999~2004年溧阳市报告乙型肝炎病例1 172例,年平均发病率为24.89/10万,各年发病率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。男女发病率之比为3.53∶1,40~49岁年龄组发病率最高(48.41/10万),其次为30~39岁年龄组(44.04/10万),0~9岁年龄组发病率最低(2.04/10万)。职业构成中以农民为主,占59.81%,工人次之。结论溧阳市乙型肝炎的发病率变化不大,发病以青壮年男性农民为主。应进一步强化乙肝疫苗的预防接种,提高人群免疫力,降低乙肝的发病率。     

溧阳市1999～2005年乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学分析

[目的]了解溧阳市乙型肝炎的流行病学特征.[方法]采用X2的统计学方法对溧阳市1999～2005年乙型肝炎疫情资料的分布特征进行描述.[结果]1999～2005年溧阳市报告乙型肝炎病例1335例,年平均发病率为24.38/10万.不同年份发病率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).男女发病率之比为3.73:1,30～39岁年龄组发病率最高(43.46/10万),其次为40～49岁年龄组,1～9岁年龄组发病率最低(1.82/10万).不同年龄组及性别间发病率的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).职业构成中以农民为主,占58.95%,工人次之.[结论]乙型肝炎的发病呈下降趋势,要加强乙肝疫苗的预防接种,提高人群免疫力,降低乙肝的发病率.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.