温州市鹿城区1993-2015年艾滋病疫情分析

目的 分析温州市鹿城区艾滋病流行特征,为制定防控措施提供依据.方法 通过国家疾控信息系统艾滋病综合防治信息系统,对鹿城区1993-2015年疫情资料进行分析.结果 鹿城区1993-2015年累计报告HIV/AIDS病例1 476例(HIV 815例,AIDS 661例),累计死亡255例.2004年前报告病例较少,2005-2011年增长迅速(年均增长38.6％),2011年后增速放缓(年均增长3.2％).病例性别比4.4∶1;以20～49岁为主(79.7％);≤初中文化占63.4％;工人(21.9％)、商业服务占比较高(19.5％);以流动人口为主,外省占47.2％;感染途径多样化,性传播占94.5％,同性佳传播上升,注射吸毒感染下降.结论 鹿城区艾滋病疫情进入缓慢增长期,应在流动人口聚集地积极开展多种形式的健康宣传,加大男男同性恋人群的干预和宣传,以控制疫情蔓延.     

昆山市艾滋病流行特征与防控策略

目的 分析昆山市艾滋病病毒感染者(HIV)和艾滋病病人(AIDS)流行特征,提出HIV/AIDS防治对策.方法 对昆山市1994-2011年HIV/AIDS常规监测资料进行分析. 结果 1994-2011年昆山市累计报告HIV/AIDS共172例,AIDS 33例,死亡11例.2006年以来,HIV/AIDS报告例数明显增多;20～49岁年龄组占85.47％、15～19岁组占5.81％.男女性别比为3.9:1.各区镇均有报告病例,以玉山镇最高达55.81％.三种传播途径共存,传播途径以性传播途径为主,占78.49％.近年,男男性行为人群增加明显. 结论 昆山市近年艾滋病疫情发展迅速,开展疫情监测的同时,加强对男男性行为高危人群、农村流动人口及青少年等弱势人群的艾滋病防治应作为以后工作的重点.     

大理市1990-2015年艾滋病流行特征分析

目的 了解大理市艾滋病流行特征、强度和趋势,为制定预防策略和干预措施提供科学依据.方法 利用大理市1990-2015年艾滋病监测数据,分析艾滋病疫情的流行病学特征.结果 大理市累计报告艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者1 748例,艾滋病病人(AIDS)1 878例,死亡1 056例,2013年起报告人数开始下降;地区分布差异大,疫情最重的是下关镇,存活病例数占下关镇总人口数的0.71％;病例发现晚,2015年新报告即为AIDS病例占新报告数的31.2％,新报告当年即死亡占6.4％;每年报告HIV/AIDS经异性传播感染比例由3.4％上升到76.6％,经同性性传播比例感染由0上升至5.3％;老年人群发现HIV/AIDS比例由2.4％上升至32.5％;离异或丧偶人群报告HIV/AIDS比例由4.6％上升19.4％;文化程度大专、农民、学生、离退休、干部比例逐年上升.病例主要来源于医院就诊检测和自愿咨询检测.结论 大理市艾滋病疫情快速增长势头得到抑制并有逐渐下降趋势,病例分布地区差异大,经性接触传播感染逐年增加,发病和死亡病例较多,病例发现晚.应针对不同地区、人群制定综合干预措施,加强宣传教育和动员检测工作,扩大检测范围,及早发现感染者;要加强艾滋病病人管理和治疗,提高患者生存质量,防止二代传播.     

西湖区1996-2012年艾滋病流行特征分析

目的：了解杭州市西湖区艾滋病流行特征并分析其流行因素。方法对西湖区1996-2012年报告的HIV/AIDS病例进行描述性流行病学分析。结果西湖区1996-2012年累计发现HIV/AIDS 236例,其中AIDS 70例, HIV 166例,累计死亡6例;男女性别比为10.24∶1;20～44岁青壮年占85.17％;浙江省外户籍占45.76％;大专及以上文化程度占48.73％;商业服务人员占30.08％,干部职员占12.29％,学生占11.02％;97.03％为性传播,其中同性传播占性传播的65.68％。结论西湖区艾滋病流行呈快速增长趋势,感染人群呈多样化特征,疫情正在从高危人群向一般人群蔓延,要加强男男同性恋人群的检测和干预,控制艾滋病疫情发展。     

肥东县2004～2011年HIV/AIDS报告病例流行特征分析

目的探讨肥东县HIV/AIDS的流行特征和相关因素,为制定艾滋病的防控措施提供科学依据。方法用描述流行病学的方法对肥东县2004～2011年报告的HIV/AIDS病例进行流行病学分析。结果累计报告户籍本地的HIV/AIDS 44例,其中HIV感染者16例,AIDS患者28例,死亡4例。艾滋病疫情分布在15个乡镇,报告病例以20～50岁男性青壮年为主,占93.18%;男性37人,女性7人,男女之比为5.29:1;职业以农民工为主,占45.45%;传播方式以性传播方式为主,占97.73%。结论肥东县艾滋病疫情呈现快速增长趋势,疫情分布广泛,疫情正在从高危人群向一般人群扩散,应采取以切断性传播为主的综合干预措施,预防控制艾滋病疫情的发展。     

1999-2010年四川省江油市艾滋病疫情分析

目的 分析1999-2010年江油市艾滋病疫情变化趋势.方法 对131例HIV/AIDS资料进行统计分析.结果 江油市1999-2010年累计报告HIV/AID 131例,其中死亡20例.性别以男性为主94例(71.76％),女性37例(28.24％).传播途径以性传播为主95例,占报告总数的72.52％,其次为注射吸毒感染34例占25.95％.结论 新发现报告病例数呈逐年上升趋势；由高危人群向一般人群扩散；传播途径由2007年以前注射吸毒途径为主转变为性传播途径为主,尤其是男男同性性传播上升速度明显；青壮年仍足主要感染人群,感染者的年龄较大者呈上升趋势.因此,应进一步加强艾滋病宣传教育和行为干预工作.     

2000-2010年西藏自治区艾滋病疫情分析

目的 分析2000-2010年西藏艾滋病病例特征,了解西藏艾滋病疫情现状及流行态势.方法 运用SPSS 18.0统计软件对西藏艾滋病病例的人口学特征、地理分布及传播途径等进行统计描述.结果 西藏2000-2010年共累计艾滋病病例132例,其中AIDS患者19例,死亡9例.2009年西藏艾滋病感染率0.34/万,估计西藏成年人现存艾滋病病例感染率为2.04/万,均低于全国平均水平;但西藏艾滋病疫情正在上升,且年增长幅度较多;西藏艾滋病病例民族涉及臧、汉、彝、回、苗和壮族等;7个地区均有艾滋病病例报告,其中拉萨市累计HIV/AIDS 93例(70.45％);林芝地区累计12例(9.09％);西藏艾滋病病例20 ～49岁人群占90.2％,男性比例63.63％,男女比例为1.75:1;经性传播的艾滋病病例累计97例,占73.49％.结论 西藏艾滋病疫情低于全国平均水平,但有上升的趋势;西藏艾滋病病例来源多源化,地区分布差异大;西藏艾滋病病例以男性青壮年为主,传播途径以性传播为主;西藏艾滋病疫情与贫困、人员流动相关联.     

柳州市2010年艾滋病疫情流行病学分析

目的 分析柳州市2010年艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者和艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)病人流行病学特征及趋势,为进一步预防控制艾滋病的蔓延提供依据.方法 通过AIDS疫情监测网络报告,对HIV/AIDS发病资料进行描述流行病学分析.结果 柳州市2010年报告HIV/AIDS病例2 083人,其中死亡523人;报告病例中以男性青壮年居多,10 ～49岁1 482例,占报告病例71.15％,50岁及以上老年人576人,占27.65％;以农民居多,占43.78％;报告病例中以异性性传播感染途径为主,占77.48％,血液传播占13.15％;57.7％的病例当年首次报告即为AIDS病人,69.4％的病例当年首次报告即在当年死于艾滋病.结论 柳州市艾滋病疫情严峻,已经进入了发病和死亡高峰,在继续加大宣传和综合干预的同时,提高检测和治疗力度,做到“早发现、早管理、早治疗”,最终控制柳州市艾滋病的持续蔓延.     

枞阳县2005～2011年艾滋病流行特征分析

目的了解枞阳县艾滋病流行特征,感染途径,探讨高危人群分布情况,为制定HIV/AIDS的防控措施提供科学依据。方法收集枞阳县2005～2011年本地报告和外地报告的HIV/AIDS病例,分析感染和发现途径,样本检测两次筛查阳性者,经实验室检测进行确证。结果枞阳县艾滋病感染和发病呈上升趋势,2005～2011年累计报告发现HIV/AIDS 50例,以青壮年为主,20～49岁占86.00%;以农民及民工为主,占76.00%;初中及以下文化程度占90.00%;感染途径以异性传播为主,占84.00%,男男同性传播占14.00%;本地户籍病例占90.00%;术前检测和其他就诊者检测占48.00%。结论枞阳县HIV/AIDS总体感染发病呈上升趋势,以性传播途径为主,外出劳务农民是主要影响人群。     

2002—2011年重庆市铜梁县HIV/AIDS疫情分析

目的了解重庆市铜梁县2002—2011年艾滋病病毒(感染者)/艾滋病(患者)(HIV/AIDS)流行特征和发展趋势,为制定艾滋病防制措施提供科学依据。方法对铜梁县2002—2011年HIV/AIDS疫情报告资料进行流行病学分析。结果铜梁县2002—2011年累计报告HIV/AIDS病例259例,感染途径前期以静脉注射吸毒和性传播为主,后期以性传播为主;病例以中青年为主,占71.43%;男性占总数的70.27%,女性占总数的29.73%;文化程度以中低文化程度为主;职业以待业和民工、农民为主。结论铜梁县HIV/AIDS病例呈逐年增长的趋势;感染者以中青年为主,感染途径已发生变化,健康的性观念和使用安全套是针对高危人群的主要干预措施,在普通人群中开展艾滋病防治知识的健康教育十分重要。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.