三亚市2004～2006年流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

[目的]为了解三亚市流行性腮腺炎的流行特征,有效控制该病提供科学依据.[方法]采用描述性流行病学分析方法对2004～2006年三亚市流行性腮腺炎发病情况进行分析.[结果]2004～2006年共发生流行性腮腺炎病例615例,年均发病率39.05/10万.城市发病明显高于农村地区,市区年均发病率为70.42/10万,农村年均发病率为24.63/10万,两地区差异有统计学意义(x2=179.64, P<0.0001);全年均有发病,季节高峰不明显;患者男女比例为2.06:1,人群发病主要集中在3～10岁,占全部病例的86.02%,病例主要分布在学生、幼托儿童和散居儿童3个群体中,占91.54%.[结论]降低学生、幼托儿童和散居儿童发病率是今后防控工作的重点.     

安阳市北关区2011-2015年流行性腮腺炎流行特征

目的 了解安阳市北关区流行性腮腺炎发病特征,为制定防控措施提供依据.方法 收集整理《中国疾病预防控制信息系统》数据,用描述流行病学方法,对北关区2011-2015年流行性腮腺炎发病特征进行分析.结果 北关区2011-2015年累计报告流行性腮腺炎1 389例,年均发病率112.87/10万,无死亡;5年报告发病率居当年法定传染病前3位.各乡镇均有病例报告,发病有明显季节特征,12月至次年6月发病占72.1％;男性较多,性别比1.5∶1;＜15岁占90.1％,3～10岁幼托儿童和学生为高发人群,共报告1 216例(87.5％).结论 2011-2015年北关区流行性腮腺炎呈高发状态,幼托儿童和学生是高发人群.应针对重点人群做好传染源管理,推广使用麻腮风疫苗,提高人群防病意识和疫苗接种依从性,以降低流行性腮腺炎发病率.     

2006-2011年天津市宝坻区流行性腮腺炎流行特征

目的 分析天津市宝坻区流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征,为制定有效的预防控制策略提供科学依据.方法 对宝坻区2006-2011年的流行性腮腺炎发病资料进行描述流行病学分析.结果 2006-2011年宝坻区共报告流行性腮腺炎1123例,年平均发病率24.39/10万.全年发病高峰为5～7月.学生占发病人数的82.64％,散居儿童占7.84％,幼托儿童占2.67％.发病年龄以5～ 19岁为主(85.44％),男性(681例)发病高于女性(442例);共报告4起中小学校流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情,发病401例,占总病例数的35.71％.结论 宝坻区腮腺炎的发病以学生为主,除了进一步加强流行性腮腺炎监测工作外,还应对学龄前儿童接种麻腮风三联疫苗.     

2004-2013年洪泽县流行性腮腺炎流行特征分析

目的了解洪泽县2004-2013年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为制定流行性腮腺炎的预防控制策略和措施提供参考。方法收集中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统2004-2013年流行性腮腺炎的疫情资料,运用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果洪泽县2004-2013年累计报告流行性腮腺炎发病数652例,年平均报告发病率为17.77/10万;<15岁儿童病例数占报告总病例数的88.34%;学生和幼托儿童病例数为577例,占报告例数的88.50%;3-6月份为发病高峰期;男性报告发病高于女性;10年来,小学、幼儿园流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情共计15起,发病256例,占总病例数的39.26%。结论小学和幼托机构是防治流行性腮腺炎的重点单位,应加强学校和幼托机构流行性腮腺炎疫情监测,针对15岁以下人群应采取针对性措施预防和控制流行性腮腺炎。     

1997～2005年广州市流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

目的了解广州市流行性腮腺炎的流行特征。方法采用描述流行病学分析方法对1997~2005年广州市流行性腮腺炎发病情况进行分析。结果1997~2005年广州市共发生流行性腮腺炎22 955例,年平均发病率为36.23/10万,2004~2005年发病率明显上升,其中2005年发病最高,发病率为105.53/10万。全年均有发病,发病高峰在6、7月份,分别占发病总数的13.37%和13.16%。病例主要分布在学生(50.46%)、幼托(23.68%)和散居儿童(12.95%),病例集中在0~14岁年龄组,占总病例数的87.12%;男性年平均发病率为44.25/10万,女性年平均发病率为27.80/10万,男性发病率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论近年广州市腮腺炎发病率呈逐年上升趋势。降低学生和幼托儿童发病率是今后腮腺炎防控工作重点。     

永安市2005-2011年流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征分析

目的 分析永安市2005-2011年流行性腮腺炎(流腮)疫情特征,为制定防控策略和措施提供依据.方法 用描述性流行病学法对疫情资料进行分析.结果 2005-2011年永安市共累计报告流腮1 853例,年均发病率75.94／10万;发病具有明显季节性,以5～7月和12月至次年1月高发;市区发病高于农村;病例主要集中在3～14岁,占总病例数88.29％(1 636/1 853);男多于女,性别比1.70∶1;以学生和幼托儿童居多,分别占56.0％和29.6％,暴发疫情分布在小学和托幼机构.结论 加强儿童流腮疫苗的接种和补种,做好学校和托幼机构等重点场所的防控工作是防止流腮流行的关键.     

2007～2011年北京市大兴区流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征

目的了解北京市大兴区2007～2011年流行性腮腺炎(流腮)的流行病学特征,以减少流腮的发生,为制定预防控制策略提供依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对大兴区2007～2011年流腮进行流行病学特征分析。结果 2007～2011年大兴区流腮发病率呈逐年下降趋势;每月均有发病,以4～8月最多;发病年龄以2～14岁组为主;幼托儿童和学生为发病的主要人群;病例主要集中在流动人口聚集的镇(街道);无免疫史或免疫史不详的发病数高于有免疫史的;男性发病高于女性。结论学生、幼托儿童是防控的重点人群,外来人口聚集地区是防控的重点地区,通过有效地综合防控措施,尤其是做好预防接种是控制腮腺炎流行的最经济、有效措施。     

三亚市2004—2006年流行陛腮腺炎流行病学分析

[目的]为了解三亚市流行性腮腺炎的流行特征，有效控制该病提供科学依据。[方法]采用描述性流行病学分析方法对2004。2006年三亚市流行性腮腺炎发病情况进行分析。[结果]2004～2006年共发生流行性腮腺炎病侧615例。年均发病率39．05／10万。城市发病观显高于农村地区，市区年均发病率为70．42／10万，农村年均发病率为24．63／10万，两地区差异有统计学意义（X^2=179．64，P〈0．0001）；全年均有发病，季节高峰不明显；患者男女比例为2．06：1，人群发病主要集中在3～10岁，占全部病例的86．02％，病例主要分布在学生、幼托儿童和散居儿童3个群体中，占91．54％。[结论]降低学生、幼托儿童和散居儿童发病率是今后防控工作的重点。     

2012年东海县流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

目的了解东海县流行性腮腺炎流行特征,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对2012年东海县流行性腮腺炎疫情资料进行分析。结果 2012年流行性腮腺炎共报告427例,发病率为36.18/10万。发病有明显季节性,春末夏初（4—7月）,冬季（11—2月）为流行性腮腺炎发病高峰,发病年龄主要集中在15岁以下学生和儿童,占总病例数81.97%,地区以城区所在镇发病最多。结论学校和幼托机构是防控的重点场所,学生、幼托儿童是防控的重点人群,做好常规疫苗的接种工作和学校的疫情防控工作是控制流行性腮腺炎的关键。     

2004-2014年平塘县流行性腮腺炎流行状况分析

摘要:目的　分析平塘县2004-2014年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为及时有效预防和控制流行性腮腺炎提供依据。方法　采用描述流行病学方法对2004-2014年11年间流行性腮腺炎发病状况进行分析。结果　2004-2014年共报告流行性腮腺炎729例,年均发病率为20.88/10万,以5月、10月为高峰,分别占总病例数的14.54%和15.77%;发病年龄主要集中在5～10岁,占总病例数的85.32%;职业以学生为主,占总病例数的77.23%,其次是散居儿童和幼托儿童,分别占总病例数的9.33%和8.78%;构成突发公共卫生事件5起。结论　提高疫情监测敏感性,加强学校和托幼机构传染病防控工作,开展健康教育,有针对性开展重点人群疫苗预防接种,提高疫苗接种覆盖率,是有效控制学校及托幼机构流行性腮腺炎发生的关键。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.