河南省肾综合征出血热季节性及其变化趋势分析

目的 用圆形分布法对河南省2001 ～2010年肾综合征出血热疫情资料进行分析,为预防和控制肾综合征出血热提供科学依据.方法 按月统计肾综合征出血热发病数,用圆形分布法探讨其季节性分布特点.结果 除2006和2007年,河南省肾综合征出血热发病具有明显季节性(P＜ 0.01),各年发病高峰日不全相同(P＜0.05).结论 河南省肾综合征出血热发病存在明显的季节高峰,其发病高峰日多集中在11、12月份,近年来肾综合征出血热发病高峰日有前移的趋势.     

丹东市肾综合征出血热疫情分析

丹东市从1963年有完整的肾综合征出血热疫情资料以来,肾综合征出血热发病呈现低发、波动上升至高发的流行趋势.为掌握丹东市肾综合征出血热发病强度、流行特征及趋势,为制定防控措施和防治规划提供依据,现对丹东市1963～2006年肾综合征出血热疫情资料进行分析.     

泉州市2005-2010年流行性出血热监测分析

目的 分析泉州市2005-2010年流行性出血热(出血热)疫情流行特征,为制定防治措施提供依据.方法 收集疫情和个案调查资科进行分析.结果 2005-2010年,泉州市共报告出血热77例,年均发病率为0.21/10万,无死亡病例.近年疫情有上升趋势,发病时间主要集中在5～11月;男性多于女性;农民占46.8％,其他人群...     

宁乡县2006-2010年肾综合征出血热疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握宁乡县肾综合征出血热（以下简称出血热）疫情动态和流行规律以及主要宿主动物种类和病毒感染情况,为分析出血热流行趋势和制定相应的防治措施提供科学依据。方法按照《湖南省肾综合征出血热监测实施方案》开展出血热流行病学和病原学监测。采用直接免疫荧光法监测宿主动物肺组织汉坦病毒抗原。结果近5年宁乡县出血热年平均发病率为2.19/10万,发病地区主要集中在县域东、南、北部,发病季节以冬春两季为主,农民中青年男性多发。鼠标本汉坦病毒阳性检出率黑线姬鼠为3.28%、褐家鼠为2.87%为优势带毒鼠种。结论宁乡县2006-2010年5年内肾综合征出血热疫情除2007年出现了一个小高峰外,其他年份疫情基本趋于平稳下降,5年来宁乡县出血热疫情采取以灭鼠为主的综合性控制措施取得较好效果。     

2001—2011年北京市西城区肾综合征出血热疫情流行病学分析

目的总结分析2001—2011年北京市西城区肾综合征出血热疫情分布情况。方法总结西城区肾综合征出血热的疫情资料,对其流行病学特征及流行趋势进行分析。结果历年发病率在0.11/10万～0.64/10万之间,具有一定的波动性,2001、2005年出现两个发病高峰,春季多发,30～50岁年龄段为主,在各街道间表现为散在发生又相对集中的特点;鼠带毒率为0.80%,抗体阳性率为2.14%。结论西城区总体疫情趋于平稳,主要与开展重点人群的健康宣教、大力开展爱国卫生运动改善环境有关。     

长春市1990-2004年肾综合征出血热流行病学分析

目的分析长春市1990—2004年肾综合征出血热（HFRS）流行趋势，为制定有效的防控策略提供科学依据。方法采用Excel录入、分析长春市1990—2004年肾综合征出血热疫情数据。结果疫情数据分析显示，长春市肾综合征出血热发病呈现春秋两个高峰，并以春峰为主。农村发病明显高于城市。年龄主要集中在20～54岁的青壮年，占发病总数的83．70％；职业以农民为主，占发病总数的73．95％。结论长春市已进入肾综合征出血热发病高峰期，采取以灭鼠和疫苗接种为主的综合性防制措施势在必行。     

2004～2010年五莲县肾综合征出血热流行病学分析

[目的]分析五莲县肾综合征出血热的流行特点,为今后的防控工作提供科学依据。[方法]收集中国疾控信息系统五莲县2004~2010年肾综合征出血热的疫情资料进行分析。[结果]2004~2010年五莲县共报告肾综合征出血热病例470例,年均发病率为13.15/10万(470/3 575 051),发病率呈逐步下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。发病以中南部山区洪凝镇、街头镇为主,占43.62%;秋冬季高峰明显,每年的10~11月为主要发病月份;发病以青壮年农民为主,男性多于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。职业农民发病最多415例,占72.92%。[结论]近年五莲县的出血热疫情呈下降趋势,今后应在做好日常防控工作的基础上重点加强秋冬季山区农民的防控工作。     

2007——2011年吉林省珲春市肾综合征出血热流行特征分析

目的 探讨吉林省珲春市肾综合征出血热流行特征及发病趋势.方法 采用Excel2003软件对珲春市2007--2011年肾综合征出血热疫情资料进行统计分析.结果 2007--2011年珲春市肾综合征出血热年平均发病率为9.79/10万,年平均死亡率为0.28/10万,年平均病死率为2.83%.全市每年都有发病;农村乡镇年平均报告发病率是城区的2.10倍;男性患者多于女性,男女性别比为3.82:1,发病年龄主要集中在25-64岁年龄组,占83.96%;职业以农民为主,占51.89%;发病时间呈明显双峰型,即春季4-6月,秋冬季9-11月份,发病数占66.98%.结论 2007--2011年珲春市肾综合征出血热疫情比较严重,应加强宣传和监测力度,采取综合防治措施,有效控制肾综合征出血热流行.     

鞍山市1999～2003年肾综合征出血热疫情分析

目的了解肾综合征出血热的流行规律,评价防治效果,制定合理的防治措施.方法应用描述流行病学研究方法进行分析.结果从1999～2003年肾综合征出血热的各年度发病数据得出,有农村向城市蔓延的趋势,发病季节呈明显的双峰状态,且男性发病率远大于女性.结论鞍山市近几来的疫情呈逐年上升趋势,应大力开展灭鼠以及人群的疫苗接种工作.     

中国大陆2004-2015年肾综合征出血热的时空分布

目的 观察中国大陆肾综合征出血热(HFRS)疫情的时空分布,为HFRS的防治工作提供数据参考.方法 2004-2015年中国大陆的HFRS疫情资料来自中国卫生统计年鉴及中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)报表,采用Excel 2013和地理信息系统(GIS)软件统计和分析数据.结果 2004-2015年,中国大陆HFRS发病数呈季节性波动;年均发病数、发病率及病死率分别为13 237人、1.00/10万(0.66/10万～1.93/10万)和1.02％(0.46％～1.31％);自2007年以来,年发病率均低于1.00/10万人;2012年以来,病死率均低于1.00％.传统疫情高发地区如黑龙江、吉林和辽宁的HFRS发病率下降明显.结论 近年来我国的HFRS疫情总体呈下降趋势,这可能与政府各部门的环境治理、灭鼠防鼠、疫苗接种、健康教育等措施和城市化进程相关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.