DSCT在肺静脉解剖及变异中的应用研究

目的利用DSCT对肺静脉正常解剖及变异类型、变异率进行研究,指导房颤导管消融手术的准确定位。方法选择300例通过DSCT冠状动脉成像序列进行肺静脉成像,其中男性210例,女性90例,年龄14～81岁,平均年龄54.8岁,对肺静脉的数量、位置、分型和变异进行分析。结果 300例样本中,双侧均为标准型肺静脉者共144例,肺静脉总变异率为52%,左侧、右侧肺静脉变异分别为123例、102例,其变异率分别为41%、34%,其中右侧肺静脉变异以独立肺静脉较为常见,占60%,左侧肺静脉变异以肺静脉共同口较为常见,占96%;此外,本样本中肺静脉开口数目为2个、3个、4个、5个和6个的分别有19例、72例、196例、36例和4例。结论肺静脉解剖存在较大变异,DSCT增强扫描可准确显示肺静脉解剖及其变异和类型,对指导房颤射频消融及心胸外科手术均具有重要意义。     

肺静脉MSCT成像与房颤的射频消融治疗

肺静脉多层螺旋CT成像技术简单、易行,获取的影像学信息丰富、细致,其在导管消融治疗心房颤动中的作用也越来越重要。就肺静脉多层螺旋CT成像技术及其获得的解剖学信息和在射频消融治疗房颤中的应用进行综述。     

肺静脉MSCT成像与房颤的射频消融治疗

肺静脉多层螺旋CT成像技术简单、易行,获取的影像学信息丰富、细致,其在导管消融治疗心房颤动中的作用也越来越重要.就肺静脉多层螺旋CT成像技术及其获得的解剖学信息和在射频消融治疗房颤中的应用进行综述.     

64层螺旋CT左心房和肺静脉成像在心房颤动射频消融术中的价值及应用

目的 应用64层螺旋CT(MSCT)对左心房和肺静脉进行形态学分析,用以指导心房颤动(简称房颤)环肺静脉线性消融术,并评估预后.方法 对232例患者(房颤组146例,对照组86例)行64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像,比较房颤组及对照组肺静脉解剖学变异的发生率,测量各支肺静脉开口的径线及形态,观察左心房的大小及左心房耳部的形态.结果 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像可以提供详细的左心房与肺静脉连接方式及肺静脉解剖学变异,肺静脉解剖变异占总样本数的16.8%(39/232).各组肺静脉开口均呈上下径大于前后径的椭圆形.房颤组及对照组中左心房的内径差异存在统计学意义[房颤组:(39.47±8.98)mm;对照组:(36.94±5.49)mm;P=0.02],而2组患者肺静脉开口的径线差异无统计学意义[房颤组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.15±1.35)mm,左下(16.96±1.18)mm,右上(17.50±1.12)mm,右下(17.65±0.94)mm;对照组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.07±0.94)mm,左下(17.50±0.57)mm,右上(18.03±1.02)mm,右下(17.94±0.76)mm,P值均＞0.05;房颤组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.26±1.89)mm,左下(11.96±0.61)mm,右上(12.32±1.08)mm,右下(12.39±0.95)mm;对照组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.74±1.03)mm,左下(12.23 ±0.75)mm,右上(12.64±0.87)mm,右下(12.72±0.67)mm,P值均＞0.05].结论 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像不仅可以了解环肺静脉线性消融术前肺静脉及左心房解剖变异的情况,而且可以进一步评价心房功能和风险,对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

64层螺旋CT在房颤患者射频消融术前的应用价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT在房颤患者射频消融术前的应用价值.方法 对50例房颤射频消融术前患者进行64层螺旋CT检查,观察左心耳血栓、肺静脉的解剖与变异、左心耳的形态及左心耳开口与左肺静脉开口的毗邻关系.其中有37例患者同时进行了经食管超声检查(TEE).结果 50例房颤患者均获得可用于诊断的图像.在37例TEE检查的病例中64层螺旋CT检出左心耳血栓8例,正常29例,有33例与TEE相符合.50例中41例肺静脉为4支,占82%,9例检出肺静脉变异,占18%;左上肺静脉(LSPV)最大径为(2.28±0.29) cm, 开口的角度为32.06°±9.84°,左下肺静脉(LIPV) 最大径为(1.73±0.28) cm, 开口的角度为13.33°±9.55°,右上肺静脉(RSPV)最大径为(2.03±0.42) cm,开口的角度为28.36°±10.03°,右下肺静脉(RIPV) 最大径为(1.88±0.37) cm,开口的角度为14.34°±8.22°.同测肺静脉之间距离变异较大,左侧平均为(0.73±0.34) cm,右侧平均为(0.76±0.38) cm.50例患者左心耳开口与左肺静脉开口间为0.12～1.41 cm不等,平均距离为(0.67±0.21) cm, 左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口处于同一水平者44例,略高于左上肺静脉开口者4例,略低于左上肺静脉开口者2例.结论 64排多层螺旋CT能准确检出房颤患者左心耳血栓,准确反映肺静脉与左心耳的解剖及变异以及左心耳开口与左肺静脉开口间的关系,对射频消融术具有重要的指导价值.     

多层螺旋CT肺静脉解剖成像及进展

肺静脉的解剖结构存在着一定的共性,但是也常发生变异。随着医疗技术的不断发展和对肺静脉相关疾病的逐渐认识,充分了解肺静脉的正常解剖关系及变异显得越发重要。因此,对MSCT技术在肺静脉成像中的应用现状、优缺点和进展作一综述患者。     

肺静脉成像及解剖学研究与房颤射频消融术

肺静脉的解剖存在变异，其与房颤的发生关系密切，射频消融术可完全治愈房颤。术前影像学检查对肺静脉解剖结构的观察、手术径路的设计及手术器具的选择有指导作用。目前，肺静脉的主要影像学检查技术包括多层螺旋CT血管成像及磁共振血管成像。     

16层螺旋CT在心房颤动射频消融术前的应用测量

目的研究心房颤动导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离术前左心房、肺静脉和食管16层螺旋CT成像技术及临床意义。资料与方法40例心房颤动患者在术前1-3天行多层螺旋CT（MSCT）检查,采用容积再现（VR）、多平面重组（MPR）及最大密度投影（MIP）等方法重组并测量各肺静脉口直径、左心房至肺静脉第一分支的距离、食管与左心房后壁接触的范围、食管壁厚度、左心房后壁厚度以及左心房与食管间的脂肪垫厚度。结果共显示肺静脉165支,右上肺静脉口前后径和上下径分别为（16.3±3.1）mm和（19.0±2.6）mm;右下肺静脉分别为（16.4±3.6）mm和（18.0±3.5）mm;左上肺静脉分别为（14.4±3.0）mm和（18.4±3.6）mm;左下肺静脉分别为（12.6±2.8）mm和（17.0±2.8）mm。食管与左心房后壁接触的平均长度为（56±12）mm,在双上、下肺静脉水平与左心房后壁接触的食管平均宽度分别为（10±5）mm和（14±5）mm。60%的食管位于左心房后壁中线偏左,大致与左上、下肺静脉口平行;40%的食管沿左上肺静脉向右下肺静脉斜行走行。左心房后壁和食管前壁的平均厚度分别为（2.2±0.8）mm和（3.5±1.6）mm。95%的左心房与食管间可见脂肪垫,其平均厚度为（0.8±0.2）mm。结论应用MSCT造影增强扫描可清楚显示各肺静脉口直径、分支特征、走行以及有无发育畸形,同时还能评价食管与左心房的关系,为心房颤动导管射频消融术的顺利实施提供重要解剖依据。     

肺静脉成像及解剖学研究与房颤射频消融术

肺静脉的解剖存在变异,其与房颤的发生关系密切,射频消融术可完全治愈房颤.术前影像学检查对肺静脉解剖结构的观察、手术径路的设计及手术器具的选择有指导作用.目前,肺静脉的主要影像学检查技术包括多层螺旋CT血管成像及磁共振血管成像.     

MSCT诊断新生儿肺静脉异位引流的临床价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在新生儿肺静脉异位引流中的应用价值.方法 对15例肺静脉异位引流患儿进行MSCT扫描,并进行分型.结果 MSCT能很好显示肺静脉异位引流的引流途径、开口位置及并发畸形,确诊15例,诊断准确率100％,诊断伴发畸形准确率为86.7％.结论 MSCT(MPR、CPR、MIP、VR)重建图像所显示的肺静脉异位引流情况与术中所见一致,可作为新生儿肺静脉异位引流术前的重要检查手段.     

MR evaluation of pulmonary vein diameter reduction after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

Fifty consecutive patients aged 52±12 years suffering from drug refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent baseline and post-ablation MR angiography (MRA) at a mean follow-up of 4±3.5 months. Pulmonary vein (PV) disconnection was performed with a maximum energy delivery of 30 W. MRA allowed a two-plane measurement of each PV ostium. After ablation, no significant stenosis was observed, and only 1/194 (0.5%) and 3/194 (2%) PVs had a diameter reduction of 31–40% in the coronal and axial planes, respectively. There was a significant overall post-procedural PV narrowing of 4.9% in the coronal plane and 6.5% in the axial plane (P=ns between both planes). MRA is an efficient technique that can be used in pre- and postoperative evaluation of AF patients. Using a maximal power delivery limited to 30 W, no significant PV stenosis was observed at mid-term follow-up. Late PV anatomical assessment is needed to confirm these results on long-term follow-up.     

Identification of pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation using MRI

Pulmonary vein stenosis is one of the frequent complications after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. MRI plays an important role in depicting the pathoanatomic structure of the pulmonary veins, and measuring the blood flow velocity in the pulmonary veins before and after therapy, and is superior to transesophageal echocardiography for this purpose.     

Magnetic Resonance angiography of the pulmonary veins before and after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation

PURPOSE: To study the usefulness of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in imaging of the pulmonary veins (PV) before and after radiofrequency ablation procedures in patients with atrial fibrillation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2002 and April 2003, 50 patients with atrial fibrillation underwent MRA prior to ablation; 18 patients also underwent post-procedure MRA. Images were acquired with 3D-spoiled gradient echo sequences after intravenous administration of the paramagnetic contrast medium gadopentetate dimeglumine; an automatic triggering device was used to start the angiographic sequence (Smartprep, General Electric Medical Systems). Postprocessing was performed with maximum intensity projection (MIP) and virtual endoscopy (VE) software (Navigator, GEMS). RESULTS: The venoatrial junction was visualised with MRA VE in 49 of 50 patients (98.0%). Twenty-seven patients out of 49 (55.1%) had two PV ostia on both sides, 13 (26.5%) had two right ostia and a single common left ostium, 5 (10.2%) had supernumerary PV and 4 (8.2%) had both a supernumerary right PV and a single common left ostium. Flythrough navigation showed the number and spatial arrangement of second-order PV branches in 48 out of 49 patients (98.0%). In postablation examinations, mild stenosis was detected with MIP and VE in 17 out of 83 PV examined (20.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging for visualising PV ostia in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Before the ablation procedure, MRA allows an accurate evaluation of PV number, shape and size; after the procedure, MRA is useful in screening for post-ablation stenosis and describing the location and severity of stenosis when present.     

Carto三维标测系统指导导管射频消融治疗心房纤颤6例

心房纤颤（房颤）是最常见的心律失常之一,其发生率随年龄而增加,常可导致心悸、心力衰竭、脑卒中和肢体栓塞等。治疗房颤的理想目标是恢复窦性心律,这是防范继发心血管事件和血栓并发症的最佳手段。 最常见的复律方法是药物复律,有时还会采用电复律。但许多房颤患者常难以通过药物或直流电恢复窦性心律而只能控制室率,这些患者常因不能耐受或依从而使用抗凝药物,成为并发栓塞的高危患者。近10年来,有关房颤电生理机制和治疗手段的研究取得了令人鼓舞的成果。     

Magnetic resonance angiography virtual endoscopy in the assessment of pulmonary veins before radiofrequency ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a safe and non-invasive imaging method that can readily depict the pulmonary veins (PV), whose imaging has acquired momentum with the advent of new techniques for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated whether virtual endoscopy from 3D MRA images (MRA-VE) is feasible in studying the morphology of PV. Fifty patients with AF underwent pre-ablative MRA (1.5 T). Images were acquired with axial T-2 weighted and 3D-SPGR sequences after intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA and automatic triggering. Postprocessing was performed by an experienced radiologist with maximum intensity projection (MIP) and virtual endoscopy software (Navigator, GEMS). The venoatrial junction was visualized with MRA-VE in 49 of 50 patients (98.0%). Twenty-seven patients (55.1%) had two ostia on both sides, 13 patients (26.5%) had two ostia on the right and a single common ostium on the left, 5 patients (10.2%) had accessory PV and 4 patients (8.2%) had both an accessory right PV and a single common ostium on the left. Flythrough navigation showed the number and spatial disposition of second-order PV branches in 48 out of 49 patients (98.0%). MRA-VE is an excellent tool for at-a-glance visualization of ostia morphology, navigation of second-generation PV branches and easy endoluminal assessment of left atrial structures in pre-ablative imaging.     

CARTO系统标测指导下射频消融治疗心房颤动患者的术中护理

目的：探讨CARTO系统标测指导下加冷盐水灌注射频消融治疗房颤的术中配合经验、护理措施及预防并发症发生的方法。方法：对16例接受射频消融术治疗房颤的患者进行回顾性分析,包括术中配合与监护,并针对各自的并发症实施相应的护理对策。结果：16例患者介入手术成功率100％,术中1例因疼痛出现迷走反射,经即刻心室起搏、注射咪唑安定后症状缓解,继续手术,术后1～3天均康复出院。结论：通过准确的术前决策,充分的术前准备,注重患者的心理护理,术中娴熟的操作技术配合及严密监护,对发生的异常情况进行分析并迅速采取护理措施,是手术顺利进行、减少并发症和提高手术成功率的重要保证。