腹腔镜下胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理

目的: 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laporoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管结石嵌顿的处理经验.方法: 回顾分析2001年3月至2005年3月施行的LC临床资料,共1 180例,其中33例胆囊管结石嵌顿,行胆囊管切开取石,并选择性行术中胆道造影.结果:32例成功,其中包括1例术中胆道造影提示胆总管结石者,行腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜下网篮取石术;1例因嵌顿结石紧靠胆总管取出困难而中转开腹.结论: 胆囊管结石嵌顿经适当处理均能在腹腔镜下完成胆囊切除术.如合并胆总管结石则可在腹腔镜下胆管切开胆道镜取石或中转开腹.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理经验

本文报道腹腔镜胆囊切除术中15例胆囊管嵌顿结石处理方法:经胆囊管壁外向胆囊底推移结石,再施钛夹;推移不动者剪开嵌顿部位胆囊管前壁,取出结石,切口近侧施钛夹、圈套器套扎或缝扎关闭胆囊管残端.缝扎的1例术后漏少量胆汁,5天后消失.其余14例术后无胆汁漏和其他并发症.住院时间无明显延长.术后随访6～12个月,未发现有胆总管狭窄征象.     

腹腔镜处理胆囊管嵌顿性结石31例

1992年2月～2004年12月，我院施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）3258例，其中处理胆囊管结石嵌顿31例，取得满意疗效，现就处理方法及结果报道如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管结石嵌顿的处理体会

目的探讨胆囊管结石嵌顿的腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的手术时机和安全性。方法回顾性分析2011年5月至2013年12月我院普外科诊治的48例胆囊管结石嵌顿患者行LC术的临床资料。术中充分游离胆囊三角,骨骼化胆囊动脉、胆囊管、明确显露出胆囊管与胆总管汇合部,依据胆囊管内嵌顿结石大小,及胆囊管同肝总管汇合部的距离给予不同处理方式。结果 44例患者顺利行LC术,4例中转开腹,40例取石成功,除2例出现胆汁漏外均未发生胆管损伤,出血,结石残留等并发症,术后住院时间4~12d.术后随访3个月到35个月均未发生胆道狭窄等并发症。结论灵活运用LC术的处理技巧,胆囊管结石嵌顿时候行LC是安全可行的,但必要时仍需中转开腹。     

颈部结石嵌顿的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

胆囊颈部结石嵌顿导致胆囊三角区解剖不清，给腹腔镜胆囊切除（简称I－C）造成一定的困难。我院自开展I．C以来，遇到此类病人31例，除亚例怀疑为Mi－rizZi综合征外，其余病例经仔细操作均完成手术，无严重并发症。现总结如下。临床资料我院自1993年5月至1996年12月共进行I。C432例。其中颈部结石嵌顿31例，占7．2％。31例中男性13例，女性18例，年龄30～72岁，平均47．2岁。病史最长16年，最短2年。术前经B超诊断颈部结石嵌顿、胆囊张力大、胆囊壁增厚28例。胆囊壁增厚达srnmo31例中1例考虑有Mirizzi综合征而中转开胆，余30例均完成I…     

急性胆囊管结石嵌顿的腹腔镜治疗

目的：总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊管结石嵌顿的经验。方法：对42例患者行腹腔镜探查/治疗,7例中转开腹,35例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。结果：1例术后出血,经保守治疗治愈;1例结石落入胆总管,术后行EST取石痊愈;4例术后出现胆漏,经通畅引流痊愈。29例随访0.5～5年,无胆管炎、胆管狭窄及残余结石情况发生。结论：随着临床经验的积累,腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊管结石嵌顿是安全可行的。     

胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的腹腔镜治疗

目的评价研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）在处理胆囊管结石嵌顿的措施。方法回顾分析2003年1月-2008年12月32例胆囊颈部结石并嵌顿行腹腔镜胆囊切除术病例,总结处理胆囊结石嵌顿的对策和技巧。结果29例成功,中转开腹3例,胆囊三角“胼胝样”粘连2例,Mirrizzi综合征1例。中转开腹行胆囊切除＋腹腔引流术;无严重并发症发生。结论对胆囊颈部结石嵌顿发病在48h内、胆囊周围粘连不致密、Calot三角易解剖者可行Lc。     

胆囊颈、管结石嵌顿的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

近几年来,腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC）以其创伤小、术后恢复快等优点已被广泛应用,成为治疗有症状的胆囊结石的首选[1]。但对胆囊颈或胆囊管结石嵌顿性胆囊炎是否为LC的适应证,目前尚存在分歧。为探讨LC治疗胆囊颈或胆囊管结石嵌顿的可行性,本文回顾性分析我院2006年9月～2009年12月LC治疗62例胆囊颈或胆囊管结石嵌顿的临床资料,报道如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的可行性、安全性和手术时机.方法 回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗280例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿患者的临床资料.结果 本组中转开腹8例,LC成功率97.1%,无一例发生胆管、肠管损伤,均获治愈.结论 在术者熟练的操作技巧、合理选择中转开腹时机的前提下,胆囊颈部结石嵌顿患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的.     

胆囊颈部结石嵌顿腹腔镜治疗体会

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的经验。方法2001年1月～2008年11月对胆囊颈部结石嵌顿58例采用四孔法和冲吸钝性解剖法行LC。结果47例成功完成LC,9例中转剖腹,原因：一例胆道损伤,一例出血,其它均为胆囊三角解剖不清。术后两例胆漏。术后未发生腹腔内出血,肝下积液等并发症。56例痊愈出院。结论腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿要掌握好手术时机和适应症,采用充分暴露胆囊三角区,辨清三管关系并把握好中转剖腹手术的时机。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管处理体会

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管的处理方法。　方法　回顾分析 1995年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月我院 10 5 2例LC中 2 4例粗大胆囊管的临床资料 ,其中胆囊管 (0 4～ 0 6 )cm 12例 ,(0 6～0 8)cm 8例 ,(0 8～ 1 0 )cm 2例 ,>1cm 2例。分别采用二夹法 (10例 ) ,三夹法 (5例 ) ,梯形钳夹法 (6例 ) ,旋转钳夹法 (3例 )处理。　结果　 2 1例顺利完成LC ,3例因术中出血中转开腹。全组无胆漏、膈下积液发生。　结论　腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管采取不同方法处理可顺利完成LC。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管的处理体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，Lc）中胆囊管的处理方法。方法1997年1月-2005年12月，我院行3100例LC，对不同类型的胆囊管分别采取不同的处理方法：常规中号钛夹处理胆囊管2387例（77．0％），大号钛夹法93例（3．0％），可吸收夹法62例（2．0％），丝线结扎法155例（5．0％），阶梯钛夹法217例（7．0％），圈套器处理法184例（5．9％），因局部炎症较重未找到胆囊管者实施特殊处理2例（0．1％）。结果术后发生胆囊管胆汁漏4例（0．1％），留置腹腔引流管引流，辅以内镜逆行胰胆管造影，分别行鼻胆管引流及内支架引流3周后胆管造影，未见胆汁明显外溢及胆管扩张后拔出引流管，全部患者治愈。结论LC中根据不同胆囊管类型，采取个体化处理方案可减少胆管损伤、胆汁漏等并发症，提高手术成功率。     

The significance of cystic duct stones encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Cystic duct stones (CDS) are occasionally encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They may be noticed during the dissection of the cystic pedicle or seen to extrude from the cystic duct (CD) when it is divided or opened to perform the intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC). The procedures for dealing with CDS range from the simple removal of stones that fall out when the duct is opened to incising the duct over an impacted stone to facilitate its removal or converting to open surgery due to a large stone in a CD adherent to the bile duct (e.g., Mirizzi syndrome). Therefore, we set out to establish criteria that might be predictive of CDS, to examine the technical problems caused by them, to look for the most effective ways of avoiding adverse consequences, especially the risk of missing bile duct stones. Methods: We performed a review and analysis of a database that included preoperative, operative, and postoperative data for all patients treated at our hospital who were found to have CDS. Results: In a series of 520 LC performed over a period of 5 years, 64 cases of CDS were documented (12.3%). The preoperative risk factors in 45 of these cases (70.3%) were recent sever acute pain with or without liver function test (LFT) derangement (34.3%), jaundice (14%), pancreatitis (14%), and previous acute cholecystitis (7.8%). At operation, a single stone was found in the CD in 64% of the cases; multiple stones were found in 36%. Dissection of the pedicle was difficult in 21 cases and had to be carried out fundus-first in four cases. The CD was reported to be wide in 18 cases; five of them eventually needed to be closed with endoloops. Operative difficulty was reported in three of 19 cases where there were no preoperative risk factors. Simple removal of the stones was possible in most cases. CDS needed be crushed, the CD incised, or the procedure converted to open in only five cases (7.8%). IOC was attempted in all cases; it was normal in 39 (61%) and failed in two cases (3%). Eighteen patients (28%) were found to have bile duct stones; another five (7.8%) had CBD dilation or debris indicating possible recent passage of stones. Fourteen transcystic and nine direct bile duct explorations were performed. Conclusion: Some CDS may slip from the gallbladder into the CD or the CBD during dissection. Careful retraction and manipulation should therefore be done to minimize this risk. Most CDS are easy to deal with, but some of them can result in increased operative difficulty. If IOC is not carried out on a routine basis, it becomes mandatory if CDS are encountered because \leq35% of them may be associated with bile duct stones. apd: 13 March 2001     

Management of major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the presentation, characteristics, related investigation, and treatment results of major bile duct injuries (MBDI) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 27 patients who were treated between January 1995 and December 2002 for MBDI after LC at a single unit in a tertiary center. Major bile duct injury was defined according to the Strasberg classification. All patients underwent magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to delineate the biliary anatomy and assess the level of injury. On the basis of the cholangiographic findings, all patients underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy after a waiting period of 8-12 weeks.Results: A total of 29 hepaticojejunostomies were performed in 27 patients. Seventeen patients (63%) presented with biliary fistula and ascites; 10 (27%) presented with obstructive jaundice. In 14 patients (52%) the MBDI was identified during the LC. Twenty patients (74%) had undergone one or more procedure before referral. Eight patients (30%) had E1, five patients (18.5%) had E2, nine patients (33%) had E3, and five pattients (18.5%) had E4 injury. Two patients had early anastomotic stricture, for which redo hepaticojejunostomy with access loop was performed.Conclusions: Major bile duct injury after LC commonly presents with biliary fistula and ascites. High-injuries are common after LC. Hepaticojejunostomy repair yields excellent results in these cases.Presented at the First European Endoscopic Surgery Week, at the annual meeting of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES), Glasgow, Scotland 15–18 June 2003     

Double cystic duct preoperatively diagnosed and successfully treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A case report

IntroductionA single gallbladder with a double cystic duct is a very rare finding. In addition, few cases with this rare condition are preoperatively diagnosed. However, the preoperative confirmation or suspicion of this rare condition could facilitate safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality for gallbladder disease. We herein present a case of gallstone disease in a patient with a double cystic duct who was preoperatively diagnosed and successfully treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Presentation of caseA 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with epigastric pain. Gallstone disease in the gallbladder and common bile duct was diagnosed by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) revealed that the aberrant cystic duct arose from the cystic duct and communicated with the intrahepatic bile duct of the posterior segmental branch. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successfully performed in combination with intraoperative cholangiography.DiscussionIf an anomaly of the biliary duct system is not identified during surgery, it may turn out to be a bile leak. The preoperative diagnosis of a double cystic duct allows laparoscopic cholecystectomy to be performed safely in combination with intraoperative cholangiography.ConclusionsA single gallbladder with double cystic duct is a very rare anomaly. However, laparoscopic surgery can be facilitated by the use of preoperative and intraoperative images.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中特殊类型胆囊管的处理

目的介绍腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中对某些特殊类型胆囊管的处理方法。方法本组12000例LC中约5％的胆囊管具有特殊解剖或病变解剖形状，对其腹腔镜下的处理技术及结果进行了回顾性分析。结果2例因直径过细而漏夹闭或直径过粗而夹闭不全的胆囊管术后出现胆汁漏，1例因胆囊管电热损伤，于术后第9天发生胆汁性腹膜炎。其余病人均获得一期恢复。结论LC术中宜根据这类特殊胆囊管的具体病变和解剖，针对性地采用不同的处理措施来避免常规方法可能带来的诸如胆囊管残端漏、肝外胆管损伤、胆囊管残留结石等并发症。     

Routine versus selective intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background Routine use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a matter of debate. Methods Data from 2,130 consecutive LCs and patients’ follow-up during 9 years were collected and analyzed. During the first 4 years of the study, 800 patients underwent LC, and IOC was performed selectively (SIOC). Thereafter, 1,330 patients underwent LC, and IOC was routinely attempted (RIOC) for all. Results In the IOC group, 159 patients met the criteria for SIOC, which was completed successfully in 141 cases (success rate, 88.6%). Bile duct calculi were found in nine patients. All other patients with no criteria or failed SIOC were followed, and in nine patients retained stones were documented. Thus, the incidence of ductal stones was 1.1% and sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) for the detection of ductal stones were 50, 100, 98.6, and 100%, respectively. In the RIOC group, IOC was routinely attempted in 1,330 patients and was successful in 1,133 (success rate, 90.9%; p = 0.015). Bile duct stones were detected in 37 patients (including 14 asymptomatic stones). In two cases, IOC failed to reveal ductal stones (false negative). There was no false-positive IOC. Therefore, with RIOC policy, the incidence of ductal stones, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV were 3.3, 97.4, 100, 99.8, and 100%, respectively (significantly higher for success rate, incidence, sensitivity, and NPV; p < 0.05). Abnormal IOC findings were also significantly higher in the RIOC group. Common bile duct injury occurred only in the SIOC group [two cases of all 2,130 LCs (0.09%)]. Conclusion RIOC during LC is a safe, accurate, quick, and cost-effective method for the detection of bile duct anatomy and stones. A highly disciplined performance of RIOC can minimize potentially debilitating and hazardous complications of bile duct injury.     

Analysis of bile duct injuries (Stewart-Way classification) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

In order to investigate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bile duct injuries (BDIs) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), we analyzed results for 34 patients (0.59%; 17 men, 17 women; average age, 57 years) with BDI out of 5750 LCs, based on questionnaire responses from surgical operators, records of direct interviews with these operators, operative reports, and videotapes of the operations. The indications for LC in the 34 patients were chronic cholecystitis in 32 patients and acute cholecystitis in 2. The BDIs in these patients were divided into four classes using the Stewart-Way classification: class I, incision (incomplete transection) of the common bile duct (CBD), n = 6 (17.6%); class II, lateral damage to the common hepatic duct (CHD), n = 9 (26.5%); class III, transection of the CBD or CHD, n = 15 (44.1%); and class IV, right hepatic duct or right segmental hepatic duct injuries, n = 4 (11.8%). In all class III and 3 class I cases (18 in total; incidence 53%), the mistake involved misidentifying the CBD as the cystic duct. Of all types (classes) of injuries, class III injuries showed the mildest gallbladder inflammation, and there was a significant (P = 0.0005) difference in the severity of inflammation between class II and III injuries. We conclude that complete transection of the CBD, which is rare in laparotomy, was the most common BDI pattern occurring during LC and that the underlying factor in the operator making this error was mistaking the CBD for the cystic duct.     

胆囊管逆行分离法在1460例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下安全、有效的解剖胆囊管的方法。方法2002年12月～2005年12月，我院采用胆囊管逆行分离法解剖胆囊管行1460例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）。结果顺利完成LC 1442例，手术时间15～100min，平均42min。中转开腹18例（1．23％），胆管损伤5例（0．34％），腹腔出血3例（0．21％），胆漏3例（0．21％）。随访2～24个月，平均11．8月，胆总管残余结石2例。结论胆囊管逆行分离法解剖胆囊管行LC是一种安全、容易掌握的手术方法。     

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目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管增粗的处理方法。方法　自 2 0 0 1年 3月至 2 0 0 3年 5月 ,对3 1例胆囊管增粗病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ,其中胆囊管直径 0 4～ 0 6cm 2 0例 ,直径 >0 6～ 0 8cm 6例 ,直径 >0 8cm 5例。在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中分别采用阶梯施夹法 (2 2例 )、大号钛夹法 (4例 )、圈套器法 (5例 )三种方法处理胆囊管 ,14例置腹腔引流管。结果　 3 0例无并发症治愈出院 ,1例术后第 2天出现胆漏 ,经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP) 内镜下鼻胆管引流术 (ENBD)及腹腔引流 1个月后治愈出院。结论　在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中 ,应采用适当的方法处理胆囊管增粗