广州市男大学生运动伤害现况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解广州市男大学生运动伤害的现况及其影响因素,以减少运动伤害的发生.方法 选取广州市7所高校的1 786名男性大学生,调查其运动损伤的发生情况、性质、项目及损伤原因.结果 广州市男性大学生近1 a运动伤害的发生率为57.67%,伤害部位以踝关节、手、膝关节和腕关节为主;伤害类型主要为皮肤伤和关节伤;伤害性质主要为急性创伤.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:室外运动、水泥地、患病或带伤以及运动时间足构成运动伤害的危险因素,而穿运动服和学校定期体检是运动伤害的保护因素.结论 广州市男性大学生伤害发生率较高,加强对大学生运动伤害的健康教育,培养大学生的自我保护意识,改善学校运动场地及设施很有必要.     

不同时间注射吸毒者艾滋病知识影响因素分析

目的了解不同注射吸毒时间的吸毒者艾滋病知识的影响因素。方法于2003．2005年对四川省注射吸毒者进行3次横断面调查,调查内容包括人口学、注射吸毒行为、性行为及艾滋病相关知识等。应用K—means聚类法对调查对象的艾滋病知识水平进行聚类,然后对所有被调查者和不同注射吸毒时间（〈1年,1～3年和〉3年）的吸毒者进行累积Logistie回归分析。结果4310例被调查者中,注射吸毒〈1年者占14．1％,1～3年占4｜D．3％,〉3年占45．6％。调查对象按艾滋病知识掌握的程度,被聚类为3类,Ⅰ类2547人（好）,Ⅱ类共1447人（中）,Ⅲ类共313人（差）。注射吸毒〈1年者艾滋病知识的独立影响因素包括少数民族、注射频率低、未戒过毒、未曾得到发放的安全套、未得到过性病艾滋病预防知识讲解及未曾得到宣传材料。注射吸毒1～3年者艾滋病知识的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、未曾得到宣传材料、未参与针具交换、未曾接受性病检查或治疗、2004年及2005年招募者、招募于达州、凉山、自贡。注射吸毒大于3年者艾滋病知识的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、少数民族、未戒过毒、未参与针具交换、2004年及2005年招募者。结论调查显示半数以上注射吸毒者吸毒时间小于3年。文化程度低、少数民族、未曾得到HIV干预服务者艾滋病知识水平较低。,提示针对不同吸毒时间吸毒者的干预宣传侧重有所不同。     

Syringe Disposal Among Injection Drug Users in San Francisco

To assess the prevalence of improperly discarded syringes and to examine syringe disposal practices of injection drug users (IDUs) in San Francisco, we visually inspected 1000 random city blocks and conducted a survey of 602 IDUs. We found 20 syringes on the streets we inspected. IDUs reported disposing of 13% of syringes improperly. In multivariate analysis, obtaining syringes from syringe exchange programs was found to be protective against improper disposal, and injecting in public places was predictive of improper disposal. Few syringes posed a public health threat.Needlestick injuries resulting from injection drug users (IDUs) improperly disposing of syringes present a potential risk of transmission of viral infections such as hepatitis and HIV to community members, sanitation workers, law enforcement officers, and hospital workers.^1–8 There have been no reports of HIV, HBV, or HCV seroconversion among children who incurred accidental needlesticks.^6,7,9–11 Among IDUs, syringe exchange program (SEP) utilization is associated with proper disposal of used syringes.^12–16 In 2007, the San Francisco Chronicle published a series of articles containing anecdotal reports of widespread improper disposal of syringes on city streets and in Golden Gate Park. The reports implied that SEPs were responsible for improper disposal of syringes.^17–19 Concerned about public safety, the San Francisco Department of Public Health worked with other researchers to (1) determine the prevalence of improperly discarded syringes in San Francisco, and (2) examine syringe disposal practices of IDUs.     

男性吸毒人群甲型肝炎病毒感染状况及其影响因素的研究

目的　了解吸毒人员中甲型肝炎病毒的感染状况 ,为防制甲肝提供科学依据。　方法　采用现况研究 ,通过整群抽样 ,以问卷的方式调查男性吸毒人员 45 2名 ,收集有关资料并采集血标本 45 2份。用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA法 ) ,检测血清中抗 -HAV。采用Chi-square检验和Logistic回归分析对数据进行统计学分析。　 结果　 45 2名男性吸毒人员中检出抗 -HAV阳性 2 91人 ,总感染率为 64 .3 8% ;单因素分析 :不同地区甲肝感染率差异有显著性 (χ2 =7 3 49,P <0 .0 5 ) ;不同文化程度 ,不同年龄组 ,不同职业 ,不同吸毒年限甲肝感染率差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。多因素分析 :不同地区 ,不同职业 ,是否喝生水的甲肝感染率差异有显著性。　结论　吸毒人群是甲型肝炎感染的高危人群。吸毒人员中甲肝的感染与地区差异、职业及卫生习惯有关     

Prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis C Infection among Male Injection Drug Users in Detention,Tehran, Iran

For the benefit of planning for the future care and treatment of people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to help guide prevention and control programs, data are needed on HCV seroprevalence and associated risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional sero-behavioral survey of injection drug users (IDU) detained for mandatory rehabilitation during a police sweep of Tehran, Iran, in early 2006. During the study period, a consecutive sample comprising 454 of 499 (91.0%) men arrested and determined to be IDU by urine test and physical examination consented to a face-to-face interview and blood collection for HCV antibody testing. Overall, HCV prevalence was 80.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 76.2–83.6). Factors independently associated with HCV infection included history of incarceration (adjusted OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.88–10.08), age of first injection ≤25 years (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.09–6.82), and history of tattooing (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.05–5.17). HCV prevalence in this population of IDU upon intake to jail was extremely high and possibly approaching saturation. Findings support that incarceration is contributing to the increased spread of HCV infection in Iran and calls for urgent increased availability of HCV treatment, long-term preparation for the care of complications of chronic infection, and rapid scale-up of programs for the primary prevention of parenterally transmitted infections among drug users.     

Limited Uptake of Hepatitis C Treatment Among Injection Drug Users

We characterized hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment knowledge, experience and barriers in a cohort of community-based injection drug users (IDUs) in Baltimore, MD. In 2005, a questionnaire on HCV treatment knowledge, experience and barriers was administered to HCV-infected IDUs. Self-reported treatment was confirmed from medical records. Of 597 participants, 71% were male, 95% African-American, 31% HIV co-infected and 94% were infected with HCV genotype 1; 70% were aware that treatment was available, but only 22% understood that HCV could be cured. Of 418 who had heard of treatment, 86 (21%) reported an evaluation by a provider that included a discussion of treatment of whom 30 refused treatment, 20 deferred and 36 reported initiating treatment (6% overall). The most common reasons for refusal were related to treatment-related perceptions and a low perceived need of treatment. Compared to those who had discussed treatment with their provider, those who had not were more likely to be injecting drugs, less likely to have health insurance, and less knowledgeable about treatment. Low HCV treatment effectiveness was observed in this IDU population. Comprehensive integrated care strategies that incorporate education, case-management and peer support are needed to improve care and treatment of HCV-infected IDUs.     

Reduction in HCV Incidence Among Injection Drug Users Attending Needle and Syringe Programs in Australia: A Linkage Study

Objectives. We examined trends in HCV incident infection among injection drug users (IDUs) attending needle and syringe programs (NSPs) in Australia in 1995 to 2010.Methods. We created a passive retrospective cohort of 724 IDUs who tested negative for HCV antibodies by a simple deterministic method linking partial identifiers to find repeat respondents in annual cross-sectional serosurveillance.Results. We identified 180 HCV seroconversions over the study period, for a pooled incidence density of 17.0 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.68, 19.66). Incidence density declined, from a high of 30.8 per 100 person-years (95% CI = 21.3, 44.6) in 2003 to a low of 4.0 (95% CI = 1.3, 12.3) in 2009.Conclusions. A decline in HCV incidence among Australian IDUs attending NSPs coincided with considerable expansion of harm reduction programs and a likely reduction in the number of IDUs, associated with significant changes in drug markets. Our results demonstrate the capacity of repeat cross-sectional serosurveillance to monitor trends in HCV incidence and provide a platform from which to assess the impact of prevention and treatment interventions.HCV infection is a major global cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.1,2 Transmission is believed to occur primarily through blood contact, with unsterile medical injections an important pathway, particularly in some developing countries.2 In many industrialized nations, HCV is endemic among injection drugs users (IDUs), with prevalence exceeding 50%.3,4 Mortality among HCV-infected persons is now higher than among HIV-infected persons in the United States.5 Despite recent advances in the development of direct-acting antivirals for HCV,6,7 treatment uptake among IDUs is low,8 and monitoring of HCV incidence is critical to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of prevention programs targeting this group.HCV infection is acquired largely asymptomatically, and detection of incident cases requires repeat serological testing in at-risk populations. Globally, most estimates of HCV incidence among IDUs fall within the range of 20 to 40 seroconversions per 100 person-years.9 In Australia, HCV incidence estimates derived from prospective cohort studies of IDUs in community settings have ranged from 10.7 to 15.5 per 100 person-years in Melbourne10,11 and up to 45.8 per 100 person-years in Sydney.12 However, because the logistics of identifying, recruiting, and retaining in follow-up large samples of HCV-negative IDUs necessitate significant resources, such studies are usually time limited, making it difficult to monitor trends in HCV incidence over extended periods. Several studies have estimated incidence of HIV infection by analyzing the serological results of people who have undergone repeat testing.13–15 Major strengths of this method are lower cost (because data collected for other purposes are used) and the potential to create large retrospective cohorts across multiple years and wide geographic areas.Significant changes in Australia’s drug markets16–18 and advances in therapeutic interventions for HCV over the past 2 decades have increased the importance of methods that enable the use of existing data to examine trends in incidence over time. In the late 1980s, bipartisan political support led to the establishment of publicly funded needle and syringe programs (NSPs) and the subsequent development of a widespread network of approximately 1000 public-sector NSPs in both metropolitan and regional areas. Since 1995, a national cross-sectional serosurvey of HCV prevalence and risk behavior has been conducted annually among people attending NSPs. We linked serological results of repeat respondents to investigate HCV incidence trends and correlates in 1995 to 2010.     

Type 2 Diabetes and Its correlates: A Cross Sectional Study in a Tertiary Hospital of Nepal

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an emerging global health problem in Nepal. However, there is still a paucity of information on its burden and its risk factors among service users from a hospital based setting. This is a cross sectional study conducted among the service users of diabetes clinic in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital of Nepal. A sample size of 154 was selected systematically from the patient registration from 30th July to 16th August, 2013. Of the 154 participants, 42.85?% had T2DM. Higher mean body mass index (26.50?±?5.05 kg/m²) and waist circumference (92.47?±?11.30 cm) was found among the individuals with T2DM and, compared to those without diabetes (Body mass index 25.13?±?4.28 kg/m²: waist circumference 88.91?±?12.30 cm) (P?=?0.013). In further analysis, the sedentary occupation (aOR 3.088; 95?% CI 1.427–6.682), measure of high waist circumference (aOR 2.758; 95?% CI 1.238–6.265) individuals from lower socioeconomic status (aOR 3.989; 95?% CI 1.636–9.729) right knowledge on symptoms of diabetes (aOR 3.670; 95?% CI 1.571–8.577) and right knowledge on prevention of diabetes (aOR 3.397; 95?% CI 1.377–8.383) were significantly associated with T2DM status. The current findings suggest that health programs targeting T2DM should focus increasing awareness on harmful health effects of sedentary occupation, symptoms of T2DM and its prevention among the urban population.     

Beliefs that Condoms Reduce Sexual Pleasure—Gender Differences in Correlates Among Heterosexual HIV-Positive Injection Drug Users (IDUs)

Studies consistently find that negative condom beliefs or attitudes are significantly associated with less condom use in various populations, including HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). As part of efforts to reduce sexual risk among HIV-positive IDUs, one of the goals of HIV interventions should be the promotion of positive condom beliefs. In this paper we sought to identify the correlates of negative condom beliefs and examined whether such correlates varied by gender, using a subsample (those with an opposite-sex main partner; n = 348) of baseline data collected as part of a randomized controlled study of HIV-positive IDUs. In multivariate analyses, we found more significant correlates for women than for men. With men, perception that their sex partner is not supportive of condom use (negative partner norm) was the only significant correlate (Beta = −0.30; p < 0.01; R ² = 0.18). Among women, negative partner norm (Beta = −0.18; p < 0.05); having less knowledge about HIV, STD, and hepatitis (Beta = −0.16; p < 0.05); lower self-efficacy for using a condom (Beta = −0.40; p < 0.01); and more episodes of partner violence (Beta = 0.15; p < 0.05) were significantly associated with negative condom beliefs (R ² = 0.36). These findings suggest important gender-specific factors to consider in interventions that seek to promote positive condom beliefs among HIV-positive IDUs. Mizuno and Purcell are with the Prevention Research Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV/STD/TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Altanta, GA, USA; at time of the study, Latka was with the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Metsch is with the University of Miami, Miami FL, USA; at time of the study, Gomez was with the University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Latkin is with the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.     

Depression Among Portuguese Pregnant Women During Covid-19 Lockdown: A Cross Sectional Study

Maternal and Child Health Journal - Coronavirus disease 2019 was declared as a pandemic on March 2020. Research on its psychological effects is still lacking. Perinatal depression is a medical...     

COVID-19 Quarantine-Related Mental Health Symptoms and their Correlates among Mothers: A Cross Sectional Study

Background

One of the strictest quarantines worldwide to limit the spread of coronavirus was enforced in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives

This study investigated reported mental health and changes in lifestyle practices among Jordanian mothers during COVID-19 quarantine. The specific objectives included studying the level of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms and their potential statistical associations with demographic and lifestyle variables. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate differences in mental health between different demographic and socio-economic groups and to examine the major lifestyle changes that occurred on mothers during the quarantine.

Methods

An online survey was developed and administered to 2103 mothers. Participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and a lifestyle section comparing the life of mothers before and during the quarantine. Reported scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were calculated and compared across different levels of demographics including income, education level, employment status, and city of residence.

Results

This study found that mothers with lower income, lower education, not employed, or living in cities outside the capital of Jordan reported having more depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (p < .005). Changes in their lifestyle practices included weight gain, increased time allocated for teaching children at home, increased familial violence at home, and increased time allocated for caring for their family members (average increase of 5 hours daily).

Conclusions for Practice

The unprecedented times of quarantine have put mothers in unprecedented reported mental health problems. Providing psychological support to this group might be a priority.

     

四川省西昌市吸毒人群首次静脉注射吸毒情况调查

目的了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群从首次口吸毒到首次静脉注射吸毒的发生情况。方法于2004-05／07从社区中招募吸毒人群，调查其社会人口学、首次吸毒前吸烟、饮酒情况、首次吸毒的时间和方式及种类、首次静脉注射吸毒情况。结果在调查的451名吸毒人员中，首次使用的毒品均为海洛因，其中，首次为口吸和静脉注射的分别为80．7％（364／451）和19．3％（87／451）。从首次口吸到首次静脉注射的发生率为21．82／100人年（95％ CI为19．60～24．05），多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示，初中以下文化（HR=1．38；95％ CI为1．12～1．70）和15岁以前开始吸烟（HR=1．41；95％ CI为1．15～1．73）与首次口吸到首次静脉注射发生的关系有统计学意义。结论首次口吸到静脉注射毒品的时间与文化程度有关，这一转变的发生率也与吸毒人群吸烟早迟有关。但需进一步了解吸毒人群首次静脉注射吸毒的发生情况及其影响因素。     

Correlates of Drug Dealing in Female Methamphetamine Users

Female drug dealers have been a neglected population despite their potentially elevated risk for social, legal, family, and psychological health problems. This study examined correlates of drug-dealing behavior in a sample of 209 female methamphetamine users in San Diego, CA. Twenty-five percent of the sample reported dealing methamphetamine in the past 2 months. Women who dealt methamphetamine were significantly more likely than their nondealing counterparts to have started using illicit drugs before the age of 13 years (68 % versus 44.7 %, p = .003); to have been introduced to methamphetamine by a parent (15.1 % versus 5.8 %, p = .037); and to report currently using methamphetamine to stay awake (84.9 % versus 64.7 %, p = .004), enhance self-confidence (62.3 % versus 45.5 %, p = .025), and feel more attractive (54.7 % versus 38.5 %, p = .029). In a multivariate logistic regression, factors independently associated with methamphetamine dealing were: having a spouse or live-in partner (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 2.89), using methamphetamine with a broader range of types of person (AOR = 1.46), and reporting lower levels of emotional support (AOR = 0.57). These findings suggest that female methamphetamine dealers are in urgent need of access to substance use treatment, therapies to enhance self-worth and emotional support, and family-based substance use prevention interventions for dependent children and those at risk.     

Correlates of Condom Use Among Male High School Students in Nairobi, Kenya

BACKGROUND: Correct and consistent condom use is an effective strategy to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study examines sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychosocial characteristics of 3 groups of adolescent males: consistent, sporadic, and non-condom users.
METHODS: The sample consisted of 931 sexually experienced male high school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Cross tabulations and general linear models were used to test the relation between each explanatory variable and condom user group.
RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of respondents reported having used condoms. Compared with nonusers and sporadic users, consistent users engaged in sexual intercourse for the first time at an older age and reported higher condom use self-efficacy, more positive peer attitudes toward safe sex, and stronger attitudes toward condom use. Compared with sporadic and consistent users, nonusers reported fewer sexual partners, less substance use, and more frequent intercourse with non-romantic partners. Sporadic users, compared with the other 2 groups, had more sexual partners and stronger attitudes that support that males and females have separate roles. The 3 groups did not differ in HIV/AIDS knowledge. On average, respondents responded correctly to two thirds of the questions. All groups perceived their risk of contracting an STI as low, and this perception did not differ by condom use. Differences in participants' age by group were minimal.
CONCLUSIONS: The study supports the need for interventions that target specific condom use groups.     

吸毒人群艾滋病知识与相关高危行为监测报告

目的 了解吸毒人群中有关艾滋病知识和行为变化情况，以便能及时调整预防经吸毒感染HIV的控制措施。方法 采用问卷和血清学检测结合方法，对在戒毒所内的吸毒者隔年进行行为、知识和血清学调查。结果 调查对象与HIV传播相关的吸毒行为、性行为和人群感染率三次调查结果呈现出逐年上升趋势，知识水平与行为改变结果相反。结论 监测地点吸毒人群与HIV传播相关的高危行为仍在上升，HIV的播散风险越来越大。