消化道黏膜下肿物的内镜及超声内镜下特点分析

目的探讨消化道黏膜下肿物的内镜及超声内镜下特点。方法对153例消化道黏膜下肿物进行内镜及超声内镜检查,最终经病理学及免疫组化明确诊断。结果确诊消化道平滑肌瘤51例、胃肠道间质瘤37例、脂肪瘤30例、类癌21例、异位胰腺7例、神经鞘瘤3例、错构瘤3例和血管球瘤1例。超声内镜对平滑肌瘤、间质瘤、脂肪瘤、类癌、异位胰腺、神经鞘瘤、错构瘤和血管球瘤的诊断符合率分别为92%、92%、100%、71%、71%、0、0和100%,其总诊断符合率为86%,明显高于内镜总诊断符合率(70%)。结论超声内镜可明确消化道黏膜下肿物的大小、起源、回声、生长方式,对消化道黏膜下肿物的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要作用。     

Current clinical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are the most common malignant subepithelial lesions(SELs) of the gastrointestinal tract. They originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal located within the muscle layer and are characterized by over-expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT. Pathologically, diagnosis of a GIST relies on morphology and immunohistochemistry [KIT and/or discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1(DOG1) is generally positive]. The prognosis of this disease is associated with the tumor size and mitotic index. The standard treatment of a GIST without metastasis is surgical resection. A GIST with metastasis is usually only treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors without radical cure; thus, early diagnosis is the only way to improve its prognosis. However, a GIST is usually detected as a SEL during endoscopy, and many benign and malignant conditions may manifest as SELs. Conventional endoscopic biopsy is difficult for tumors without ulceration. Most SELs have therefore been managed without a histological diagnosis. However, a favorable prognosis of a GIST is associated with early histological diagnosis and R0 resection. Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration(EUSFNA) are critical for an accurate diagnosis of SELs. EUSFNA is safe and effective in enabling an early histological diagnosis and adequate treatment. This review outlines the current evidence for the diagnosis and management of GISTs, with an emphasis on early management of small SELs.     

Endoscopic treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Advantages and hurdles

One of the most prominent characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) is their unpredictable and variable behavior. GISTs are not classified as "benign" or "malignant" but are rather stratified by their associated clinical risk of malignancy as determined by tumor size, location, and number of mitoses identified during surgicalhistology. The difficulty in assessing the malignant potential and prognoses of GISTs as well as the increasing incidence of "incidental GISTs" presents challenges to gastroenterologists. Recently, endoscopic enucleation has been actively performed as both a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for GISTs. Endoscopic enucleation has several advantages, including keeping the stomach intact after the removal of GISTs, a relatively short hospital stay, a conscious sedation procedure, relatively low cost, and fewer human resources required compared with surgery. However, a low complete resection rate and the risk of perforation could reduce the overall advantages of this procedure. Endoscopic full-thickness resection appears to achieve a very high R0 resection rate. However, this technique absolutely requires a very skilled operator. Moreover, there is a risk of peritoneal seeding due to large active perforation. Laparoscopy endoscopy collaborations have been applied for more stable and pathologically acceptable management. These collaborative procedures have produced excellent outcomes. Many procedures have been developed and attempted because they were technically possible. However, we should first consider the theoretical basis for each technique. Until the efficacy and safety of sole endoscopic access are proved, the laparoscopy endoscopy collaborative procedure appears to be an appropriate method for minimally destructive GIST surgery.     

CT和超声内镜诊断胃肠道间质瘤的现状

胃肠道间质瘤是原发于胃肠道和腹部的间叶源性肿瘤,绝大多数存在c-Kit基因突变。内镜检查胃肠道间质瘤有一定困难,而CT和超声内镜结合有助于胃肠道间质瘤的定位和良、恶性的判断,对指导临床治疗和估计预后有一定的价值。     

消化道黏膜下肿物内镜下切除及其并发症防治

目的探讨消化道黏膜下肿物(gastrointestinal submucosal tumor,SMT)的内镜下切除方法及其并发症的防治。方法对382例SMT采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)以及内镜全层切除术(EFTR)进行肿物切除。结果 ESE切除332例,胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合切除36例(其中20例为腹腔镜为主内镜辅助腹腔镜治疗,16例为瘤体较大,与浆膜层分界不清,单独内镜下挖除瘤体困难,术中转外科腹腔镜与胃镜双镜联合治疗),STER切除10例,EFTR切除4例。术中穿孔24例,其中内镜下瘤体剥离后发生胃壁穿孔转外科腹腔镜下缝合穿孔7例、内镜下尼龙绳荷包缝合9例、内镜下钛夹缝合6例、内镜下OTSC金属夹闭合器达到严密缝合2例。术后发生迟发性出血1例。术后感染1例。无死亡病例发生。结论 ESE、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、STER以及EFTR是目前切除SMT微创、有效、安全、可行的方法。穿孔是其主要并发症,大多数穿孔可在内镜下达到严密缝合。     

Rare adult gastric duplication cyst mimicking a gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Gastric duplication cyst is a very rare gastrointestinal tract malformation that accounts for 2%-4%of alimentary tract duplications.Most cases are diagnosed within the first year of life,following presentation of abdominal pain,vomiting,and weight loss and clinical discovery of an abdominal palpable mass.This case report describes a very uncommon symptomatic gastric duplication cyst diagnosed for the first time in adulthood.Only a few other case reports of similar condition exist,and all were identified by endosonography.The current case involves a 52-year-old male who presented with a onemonth history of progressive iron deficiency anemia without overt gastrointestinal bleeding.The patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy,which revealed a 2.0 cm pinkish subepithelial lesion,suspected to be a gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)and source of gastrointestinal bleeding.The endosonography showed inhomogeneous hypoechoic lesions with focal anechoic areas arising from a second and third layer of the gastric wall.Differential diagnoses of GIST,neuroendocrine tumor,or pancreatic heterotopia were made.The lesion was removed using an endoscopic submucosal resection technique.Histopathology revealed an erosive gastric mass composed of a complex structure of dilated gastric glands surrounded by fibro-muscular tissue,fibroblasts,and smooth muscle bundles,which led to the diagnosis of gastric duplication.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃肠道间质瘤的安全性及疗效观察

目的评价内镜黏膜剥离术治疗胃肠道间质瘤的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析22例确诊为胃肠道间质瘤行内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗的患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、临床表现、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果22例患者均顺利完成ESD治疗,病变直径在0．8～4．0cm,均一次性完整切除病变,手术时间（自黏膜下注射开始至完整剥离病变的时间）在35～150min,平均64．5min,术中创面均有少量出血,经氩离子凝固术、电活检钳凝固治疗或金属夹闭合创面止血成功,有4例术中并发穿孔,穿孔发生率18．1％（4／22）,应用金属夹夹闭缝合穿孔,术后经胃肠减压、质子泵抑制剂抑酸、抗炎等治疗后,其中3例腹胀缓解,余1例腹胀严重者追加经腹壁穿刺排气后缓解。22例患者均未出现严重的术后出血,内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗后住院3～10d,平均4．5d,穿孔患者术后1个月胃镜复查见穿孔均闭合,所有患者接受随访3～18个月,未见病变残留和复发。结论内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃肠道间质瘤是安全和有效的,虽然出血和穿孔仍是其主要的并发症,但经积极地对症治疗后可以治愈。     

Role of hemostatic powders in the endoscopic management of gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding(AGIB) is a prevalent condition with significant influence on healthcare costs. Endoscopy is essential for the management of AGIB with a pivotal role in diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Recently, hemostatic powders have been added to our endoscopic armamentarium to treat gastrointestinal(GI) bleeding. These substances are intended to control active bleeding by delivering a powdered product over the bleeding site that forms a solid matrix with a tamponade function. Local activation of platelet aggregation and coagulation cascade may be also boosted. There are currently three powders commercially available: hemostatic agent TC-325(Hemospray), EndoClotTM polysaccharide hemostatic system, and Ankaferd Bloodstopper. Although the available evidence is based on short series of cases and there is no randomized controlled trial yet, these powders seem to be effective in controlling GI bleeding from a variety of origins with a very favorable side effects profile. They can be used either as a primary therapy or a secondline treatment, and they seem to be especially indi-cated in cases of cancer-related bleeding and lesions with difficult access. In this review, we will comment on the mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and technical challenges of the use of powders in several clinical scenarios and we will try to define the main current indications of use and propose new lines of research in this area.     

胃肠道间质瘤治疗新方法的探讨

目的探讨胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、内镜黏膜下挖除术(endoscopic submucosal excavation,ESE)及内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)治疗胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的效果和安全性。方法经胃(肠)镜、超声内镜及病理学、免疫组化证实GIST患者86例,对其中53例患者采用ESE、29例患者采用胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、4例患者采用STER法进行瘤体切除。结果 ESE、双镜联合及STER治疗的所有患者均完整切除瘤体,术后风险评估极低危56例、低危17例、中危8例、高危5例。三种方法均无术中及术后迟发性出血、剧烈腹痛等并发症,瘤体位于贲门者切除后患者贲门功能保持良好,术后随访无反流性食管炎等并发症。术后随访有1例中危GIST患者因术后未服用格列卫发生盆腔转移,其他患者无远处转移及复发。结论胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合技术、ESE及STER是治疗胃肠道间质瘤的微创、安全、有效的新方法。     

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to a rectal leiomyoma

The occurrence of leiomyoma of the rectum is uncommon. Most of these lesions are clinically silent and are found incidentally during laparotomy or endoscopic procedures for unrelated conditions. Symptomatic leiomyomas of the rectum are encountered less frequently, with only sporadic reports in the literature. We describe a case of a leiomyoma of the rectum presenting as recurrent lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage and secondary anemia.     

微探头超声对上消化道间叶源性肿瘤的诊断价值探讨

目的 探讨微探头超声对上消化道间叶源性肿瘤(GIMT)的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析38例进行微探头超声检查的GIMT患者的EUS特征,并将检查结果与术后病理结果进行对照.结果 38例GIMT患者EUS诊断间质瘤25例,平滑肌瘤11例,平滑肌肉瘤2例.病理组织学及免疫组织化学检查后确诊间质瘤28例,其中中、高度恶性间质瘤6例;平滑肌瘤8例,平滑肌肉瘤1例,神经纤维瘤1例.EUS诊断准确率达89%.结论 EUS能较好鉴别GIMT与其它黏膜下肿瘤,是目前诊断黏膜下肿瘤较为准确有方法.     

内镜超声在消化道黏膜下肿瘤诊断与治疗中的价值

目的 评价内镜超声在消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断及治疗中的价值.方法 对内镜检查中怀疑黏膜下肿瘤者进行内镜超声检查,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次及性质决定治疗方案,内镜治疗包括内镜下黏膜切除术、黏膜剥离-肿瘤摘除术、高频电切术及硬化治疗.结果 73例良性间质瘤起源于黏膜肌层,7例直肠类癌位于黏膜固有层;脂肪瘤13例、异位胰腺17例、胃底静脉曲张5例、囊肿6例起源于黏膜下层;95例良性间质瘤及21例恶性间质瘤起源于固有肌层,1例类癌侵及固有肌层.61例源于黏膜肌层及8例源于固有肌层的良性间质瘤、8例脂肪瘤、8例异位胰腺及7例类癌经内镜切除,4例囊肿行内镜下穿刺治疗;33例源于固有肌层的良性间质瘤、18例恶性间质瘤、2例脂肪瘤、2例异位胰腺及1例类癌经手术切除.病理符合率为97.97%.结论 超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,对黏膜下肿瘤治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导意义.     

Endoscopic enucleation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach： Report of five cases

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor （GIST） of the stomach was treated by endoscopic enucleation in five patients. They were three men and two woman, aged 36-56 years. Tumors located in the cardia were completely enucleated endoscopically without any serious complication. The largest diameter of removed tumors ranged from 1.2 to 2.5 cm. Histopathological diagnosis was GIST with low risk of malignancy （mitotic index 〈 5/50 high power field） in all cases. The patients were disease-free for 10.5-42.2 mo after endoscopic enucleation.     

Endoscopic en bloc resection of an exophytic gastrointestinal stromal tumor with suction excavation technique

Here, we report the first successful endoscopic resection of an exophytic gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) using a novel perforation-free suction excavation technique. A 49-year-old woman presented for further management of a gastric subepithelial tumor on the lesser curvature of the lower body, originally detected via routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound showed a 4-cm extraluminally protruding mass originating from the muscularis propria layer. The patient firmly refused surgical resection owing to potential cardiac problems, and informed consent was obtained for endoscopic removal. Careful dissection and suction of the tumor was repeated until successful extraction was achieved without serosal injury. We named this procedure the suction excavation technique. The tumor's dimensions were 3.5 cm × 2.8 cm × 2.5 cm. The tumor was positive for C-KIT and CD34 by immunohistochemical staining. The mitotic count was 6/50 high-power fields. The patient was followed for 5 years without tumor recurrence. This case demonstrated the use of endoscopic resection of an exophytic GIST using the suction excavation technique as a potential therapy without surgical resection.     

265例胃肠道间叶源性肿瘤的临床病理特征及超声内镜诊断价值

目的探讨胃肠道间叶源性肿瘤（gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor,GIMT）的临床病理特征及超声内镜（edoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）的诊断价值.方法观察265例GIMT病理特征并检测CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）、S-100、Ki-67等抗体的表达情况,确诊后回顾其中32例术前EUS检查结果.结果 265例GIMT中胃肠道间质瘤（gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST）146例,平滑肌（肉）瘤（leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma）113例,神经源性肿瘤6例.免疫组化结果：GIST以CD117阳性132/146（90.4%）和CD34阳性109/146（74.7%）为主,SMA和S-100分别在平滑肌（肉）瘤和神经鞘膜瘤中强阳性表达,9例GIST中7例Ki-67阳性且伴较多有丝分裂,病理诊断为交界性或恶性GIST.交界性、恶性GIST多见于男性患者.EUS对GIST、平滑肌瘤的定位准确率为96.9%,诊断准确率84.4%,良恶性鉴别准确率71.9%.结论 GIMT主要为GIST.形态上类似的GIST与平滑肌瘤及神经鞘膜瘤区别可用CD117、CD34、SMA、S-100等多种免疫组化标记物.联用Ki-67表达和有丝分裂数判断间质瘤的良恶性的敏感性、特异性高.EUS对于GIMT的诊断及良恶性鉴别有一定的应用价值,结合EUS引导下细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）活检是未来的诊断选择.     

经内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效、安全性以及切除前内镜超声检查(EUS)的价值。方法 SMT71例中食管36例，胃29例，十二指肠和直肠各3例，64例(90．1％)治疗前行EUS检查。SMT大小6～20mm，平均14．2mm。55例用双活检管道内镜行黏膜切除术(EMR)，把持钳剥离SMT后，将其切除；6例先用圈套器在SMT基底部勒紧，再注入生理盐水，切除SMT；10例≤10mm的用透明帽吸引法切除。结果 71例SMT中68例(95．8％)内镜下完全切除；2例(1例异位胰腺、1例胃平滑肌瘤)病变残留(4周时胃镜发现)；l例直肠平滑肌瘤，未能切除改行外科手术。67例平均随访18．7个月未见复发。组织学诊断平滑肌瘤51例(71．8％)，颗粒细胞瘤、纤维瘤、异位胰腺、脂肪瘤、间质瘤和类癌共15例(21．1％)，5例(7．0％)间叶肿瘤未做免疫染色，不能确定组织来源。并发症：9例局部少量出血，1例胃间质瘤切除后胃穿孔。结论 内镜切除SMT是一种较安全、有效的方法，并可获得组织学诊断，EUS对内镜治疔SMT选择适应证有重要的价值。     

53例胃肠道间叶性肿瘤内镜特点及病理研究

目的 观察53例胃肠道间叶性肿瘤的内镜和病理特点,加强对间叶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断.方法 收集53例胃肠道间叶性肿瘤患者的影像、病理资料,并完成CD117、CD34、SMA和Desmin的免疫组化检查,分析胃肠道间叶性肿瘤的临床、内镜、病理和免疫组化特征.结果 间质瘤和平滑肌源性肿瘤在内镜超声中有一定的影像学特点;胃和食管发生间质瘤和平滑肌瘤比例高于消化道其他部位,分别为64.71%和68.42%;间质瘤中CD117和CD34为弥漫性阳性表达,SMA和Desmin阳性表达率较低,但在小肠病例中SMA表达较CD34高;平滑肌源性肿瘤中SMA和Desmin呈弥漫阳性表达,而CD117和CD34的表达显著低于间质瘤;同时根据相关性分析证实,Desmin阴性对间质瘤的诊断意义增强,CD117和CD34阴性有利于平滑肌瘤的诊断.结论 内镜超声检查结合CD117、CD34、SMA和Desmin的联合检测可以提高对梭状细胞形态的间叶性肿瘤的诊断准确性.     

食管结核的内镜和超声内镜特点以及鉴别诊断

目的 提高对食管结核的认识,并为食管结核的内镜、超声内镜诊断与鉴别诊断提供一定的依据.方法 回顾性分析6年中39例食管结核患者的资料,分析归纳食管结核患者的内镜及超声内镜表现.结果 39例患者中位年龄为50.7岁;结核病变发生于食管中段29例,食管上段、下段各5例;内镜表现为隆起型30例,溃疡型9例;超声内镜表现为食管壁增厚9例,壁内占位17例,壁外占位累及食管13例;其中28例(78％)伴有食管旁及纵隔钙化淋巴结,且多数病变处食管外膜中断与壁外钙化淋巴结相互融合.结论 食管结核病变主要位于食管中段,内镜下可表现为隆起型和溃疡型,超声内镜最主要特点是食管壁内或壁外占位或管壁的全层增厚,往往伴有食管壁外或纵隔多发肿大的钙化淋巴结,这一特点为食管结核的诊断及鉴别诊断提供初步的影像学依据.     

胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤的内镜下诊断与治疗

目的探讨胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine neoplasms,NENs)的内镜下诊断及治疗方法。方法对50例经内镜及病理学证实的NENs进行回顾性分析,分析其内镜下表现及治疗方法。结果胃肠道NENs的发病部位以直肠(38/50)和胃(8/50)最为常见,直肠NENs在内镜下有一定特征性表现,但胃、食管、十二指肠NENs在内镜下表现形式多样,无特定典型表现。部分患者经内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)、内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)或胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合治疗,其中1例胃NENs表现为胃体6枚息肉样隆起,活检病理示炎性改变,遂行EMR切除,其病理回报NET 2级(G2),肿瘤紧靠基底及侧切缘,遂行二次ESD分别切除胃内NENs病灶残根。所有患者均完整切除瘤体,无术中及术后迟发性出血发生。随访内镜下治疗的患者目前均无复发及转移。结论胃肠道NENs主要通过内镜及病理学检查确诊,对于部分位于黏膜深层或黏膜下层、直径≤1 cm的瘤体可通过ESD在内镜下切除。     

Indications of Endoscopic Polypectomy for Rectal Carcinoid Tumors and Clinical Usefulness of Endoscopic Ultrasonography

PURPOSE This study was designed to define the indications of endoscopic polypectomy for rectal carcinoid tumors and evaluate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography.METHODS A total of 66 rectal carcinoid tumors treated at our hospital were analyzed histopathologically to clarify risk factors for metastasis. The depth of invasion was determined for 52 lesions examined by endoscopic ultrasonography, and the value of endoscopic ultrasonography for deciding whether a lesion is indicated for endoscopic polypectomy was assessed.RESULTS None of the 57 lesions measuring 10 mm in diameter invaded the muscularis propria or had metastasis. Of nine lesions with a diameter of 11 mm, five invaded the muscularis propria and four had metastasis. A central depression was found in three of the lesions with metastasis. The depth of invasion of 49 lesions examined by endoscopic ultrasonography was limited to the submucosa; 3 lesions invaded the muscularis propria. The depth of invasion of all lesions was correctly diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography. Ninety-six percent of the lesions that had submucosal invasion with narrowing of the upper two-thirds of the third layer (submucosa) as evaluated by endoscopic ultrasonography could be completely resected by endoscopic polypectomy.CONCLUSIONS Rectal carcinoid tumors that satisfy the following three conditions are indicated for local resection, including endoscopic polypectomy: a maximum diameter of 10 mm, no invasion of the muscularis propria, and no depression or ulceration in the lesion. Endoscopic ultrasonography also is useful for estimating the depth of invasion of rectal carcinoid tumors and for determining whether endoscopic polypectomy is indicated.Published online: 28 January 2005.Reprints are not available.