同胞关系及其与儿童青少年社会性发展的关系

  目的  对中文版Olweus欺负问卷（OBVQ）进行修订形成Olweus欺负问卷（同胞版）并评价其信度和效度,为我国儿童青少年同胞欺负的现况分析提供调查工具。  方法  利用分层整群抽样法选取湖南省1 559名8～18岁的儿童青少年,采用OBVQ（同胞版）、青少年侵害问卷（JVQ）调查其同胞欺负行为的发生情况。通过分析结构效度、效标效度、分半信度、重测信度和内部一致性信度对OBVQ（同胞版）进行信度和效度评价。  结果  OBVQ（同胞版）的12个条目与所在维度的相关系数为0.425～0.697（P < 0.001）,表明量表项目区分度较好。验证因子分析GFI = 0.911,RMSEA = 0.103,说明量表结构效度良好。OBVQ（同胞版）受欺负维度得分与JVQ受同胞欺负维度相关系数为0.453（P < 0.001）,提示量表效标效度较好。总量表、受欺负维度和欺负维度的内部一致性信度Cronbach′s α系数分别为0.832、0.764和0.777;分半信度分别为0.675、0.729和0.761;重测信度分别为0.841、0.867和0.891,说明量表的信度良好。  结论  Olweus欺负问卷（同胞版）的信度和效度评价结果较为理想,可用于调查我国儿童青少年同胞欺负的发生情况。     

Genome-wide identity-by-descent sharing among CEPH siblings

The concept of genetic identity-by-descent (IBD) has markedly advanced our understanding of the genetic similarity among relatives and triggered a number of developments in epidemiological genetics. However, no empirical measure of this relatedness throughout the whole human genome has yet been published. Analyzing highly polymorphic genetic variations from the Centre d'études du polymorphisme humain (CEPH) database, we report the first genome-wide estimation of the mean and variation in IBD sharing among siblings. From 1,522 microsatellite markers spaced at an average of 2.3 cM on 498 sibling pairs, we estimated a mean of 0.4994 and a standard deviation of 0.0395. In order to account for the impact of varying chromosomal lengths and recombination rates, the analysis was also performed at the chromosomal and marker levels and for paternal and maternal DNA separately. Based on the variation, we estimate an "effective number of segregating loci" of around 80 for sibling pairs over the whole genome (i.e., the number of loci that would yield the same standard deviation in IBD sharing if all loci were segregating independently). Finally, we briefly assess the impact of genotyping errors on IBD estimations, compare our results to published theoretical and simulated expectations, and discuss some implications of our findings.     

Transmission of hepatitis B virus among siblings

The authors investigated families with at least one hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carried in Okinawa, Japan, to determine possible routes of hepatitis B virus transmission within family units. A total of 175 members of 37 families on the western part of Iriomote Island, Okinawa, were followed up for 2-13 years; 68 were HBsAg-positive at least once. Sera were collected once a year. All serum samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay to determine presence of HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). In five of the 15 families with a positive mother and negative father, one or more HBsAg-positive children were found. In contrast, an HBsAg-positive child was found in only one of the eight families with a negative mother and positive father. In nine of the 14 families with both parents negative, two or more children were positive. Apparent sibling-to-sibling hepatitis B transmission occurred during the period of observation in four of the families with both parents negative. Eight children less than four years old were HBsAg-positive when first surveyed or became HBsAg carriers when four years of age or younger. No one over four years of age changed from HBsAg-negative to positive. This study found 1) in the family setting, there were cases of apparent maternal transmission but there were more cases of apparent sibling-sibling transmission, and 2) children under four years of age seemed to become carriers more easily than older children.     

Bullying among schoolchildren: Differences between victims and aggressors

Objective

To identify the factors associated with bullying behaviors among adolescents by analyzing victims, aggressors and victims/aggressors separately.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed in a representative sample of 3,089 secondary school students (13-18 years old) in Barcelona (Spain). To define bullying behaviors, we used three questions about different types of mistreatment (jeering, attacking, marginalizing).

Results

Compared with secondary school students not involved in bullying, victims, aggressors and victims/aggressors were more likely to be boys and to report negative mood states. Victims were younger, were more overweight or obese and were lighter cannabis users, while aggressors were also younger but reported more antisocial behaviors and more cannabis and alcohol use. Victims/aggressors reported more antisocial behaviors and were overweight.

Conclusions

Being involved in bullying, independently of the role adopted, was associated with health-related problems, which can lead to psychological disorders in adulthood.     

Bullying among middle school and high school students--Massachusetts, 2009

Multiple studies have documented the association between substance use, poor academic achievement, mental health problems, and bullying. A small but growing body of research suggests that family violence also is associated with bullying. To assess the association between family violence and other risk factors and being involved in or affected by bullying as a bully, victim, or bully-victim (those who reported being both bullies and victims of bullying), the Massachusetts Department of Public Health and CDC analyzed data from the 2009 Massachusetts Youth Health Survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which showed significant differences in risk factors for persons in all three bullying categories, compared with persons who reported being neither bullies nor victims. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for middle school students for being physically hurt by a family member were 2.9 for victims, 4.4 for bullies, and 5.0 for bully-victims, and for witnessing violence in the family were 2.6, 2.9, and 3.9, respectively, after adjusting for potential differences by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity. For high school students, the AORs for being physically hurt by a family member were 2.8 for victims, 3.8 for bullies, and 5.4 for bully-victims, and for witnessing violence in the family were 2.3, 2.7, and 6.8, respectively. As schools and health departments continue to address the problem of bullying and its consequences, an understanding of the broad range of associated risk factors is important for creating successful prevention and intervention strategies that include involvement by families.     

Bullying and Victimization and Internalizing Symptoms among Low-Income Black and Hispanic Students

The purpose of this study was to examine bullying/victimization and internalizing symptoms among low-income racial/ethnic-minority adolescents. In the total sample and for females only, victims and bully-victims were more likely to report symptomology. Middle and high school victims, but only middle school bully-victims, were more likely to experience internalizing symptoms. Internalizing symptomology was not significantly increased for bullies in any analysis. These study findings expand the association between bully/victim status and internalizing symptoms to a less-studied population that may be limited in their ability to use and obtain mental health assistance.     

Bullying and subjective health among adolescents at schools in Latvia and Lithuania

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of bullying among adolescents in Latvia and Lithuania and to study its association with self-rated health, health complaints, and life satisfaction. METHODS: A total of 3417 students in Latvia and 5626 in Lithuania were surveyed using the Health Behaviour Study among School-aged Children 2001/2002 (HBSC) questionnaire and research protocol. RESULTS: Being a victim, bully, or bully/victim was reported by 30.1% adolescents in Latvia and 52.3% in Lithuania with the highest proportion reporting being a victim. Bullying was associated with poor subjective health and low life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The factors explaining the difference of bullying prevalence between both countries should be studied to develop effective anti-bullying interventions relevant to local conditions.     

Bullying in UK schools: The DES Sheffield Bullying Project

The Sheffield Project has been inspired by the success of the Nationwide Anti Bullying Campaign in Norway. Evaluation of the Campaign which started in 1985 suggests that the interventions used can reduce bullying by some 50#pc. The Sheffield Project is similar to the Norwegian Campaign in broad terms.     

Violence among siblings and joint placement: a review of the literature

The question of joint placement arises when making the decision to place children of the same siblingship as part of the protective measures taken in the case of parental mistreatment, particularly when there is evidence of mistreatment among the siblings. This paper reviews 219 recent articles addressing the joint placement of brothers and sisters and/or mistreatment within siblingships. The authors refer to the different theories, methods and questions related to this issue and the tools that have been used, as well as the main results are reviewed here. In particular, the indications and contraindications of joint placement of siblings and its effects and factors as well as the psychopathological consequences of intra-sibling violence will also be addressed. This paper shows the need for further research in this area, in particular, so as to refine the methodologies and tools used to analyse the relationships between siblings before, during and after their placement.     

Reliability of self-reported ancestry among siblings: implications for genetic association studies

This study investigated the reliability of self-reported ancestry by comparing the interview responses of probands and their siblings. A total of 546 sibling pairs were ascertained in a family-based study of susceptibility genes for Parkinson's disease and asked to identify maternal and paternal countries of origin. Probands were recruited prospectively from the Department of Neurology of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from June 1, 1996, through May 31, 2005. Probands resided within Minnesota or one of the four surrounding states (Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota). Only 49 percent of these sibling pairs, primarily Caucasian, agreed completely on the countries of origin of both parents. The agreement increased to 68 percent when named countries were postcoded into six population genetic clusters (as previously defined by microsatellite markers). Self-reported ancestry may not be a reliable method to reduce the possible impact of population stratification in genetic association studies of outbred populations, such as in the United States.     

Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: international comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries

BACKGROUND: There have been no large-scale international comparisons on bullying and health among adolescents. This study examined the association between bullying and physical and psychological symptoms among adolescents in 28 countries. METHODS: This international cross-sectional survey included 123,227 students 11, 13 and 15 years of age from a nationally representative sample of schools in 28 countries in Europe and North America in 1997-98.The main outcome measures were physical and psychological symptoms. RESULTS: The proportion of students being bullied varied enormously across countries. The lowest prevalence was observed among girls in Sweden (6.3%, 95% CI: 5.2-7.4), the highest among boys in Lithuania (41.4%, 95% CI 39.4-43.5). The risk of high symptom load increased with increasing exposure to bullying in all countries. In pooled analyses, with sex stratified multilevel logistic models adjusted for age, family affluence and country the odds ratios for symptoms among students who were bullied weekly ranged from 1.83 (95% CI 1.70-1.97) to 2.11 (95% CI 1.95-2.29) for physical symptoms (headache, stomach ache, backache, dizziness) and from 1.67 (95% CI 1.55-1.78) to 7.47 (95% CI 6.87-8.13) for psychological symptoms (bad temper, feeling nervous, feeling low, difficulties in getting to sleep, morning tiredness, feeling left out, loneliness, helplessness). CONCLUSION: There was a consistent, strong and graded association between bullying and each of 12 physical and psychological symptoms among adolescents in all 28 countries.     

Bullying among 18 to 23‐year‐old women in 2013

Objective: To identify the prevalence of bullying among women aged 18–23 in 2013, and to describe the demographic characteristics, health and risk factors of those who experienced bullying. Methods: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from the 1989–95 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, a nationally representative cohort (n=16,801). Results: More than one‐quarter of women (28.4%) indicated they had never been bullied, 53.4% reported experiencing bullying in the past and 18.2% indicated that they were recently bullied. Women who had experienced bullying were more likely to have lower levels of education, less likely to be studying or employed, and had more difficulty managing on their income. Women who experienced bullying were more likely to use tobacco or illicit drugs, be overweight or obese and to be sedentary. Even after adjusting for these factors, women who had experienced bullying were at risk of poor physical health, psychological distress, suicidal thoughts and self‐harm. Conclusions: This is the first nationally representative study to demonstrate the strong association between being a victim of bullying and health outcomes in a post‐school‐age population. Implications for public health: The findings highlight the need for interventions for women who have already experienced bullying and are past school age.