腮腺显像对鼻咽癌放疗后腮腺功能的评价

目的利用腮腺显像研究鼻咽癌放疗后腮腺的摄取与排泄功能.方法48例鼻咽癌患者中,对38例肿瘤和肿大淋巴结行加速调强放疗（SMART）,其亚临床灶和预防照射区接受常规照射;余10例行常规放疗.放疗前后均行腮腺显像,计算腮腺的放射性摄取指数（UI）及酸性刺激后排泌指数（EI）,对腮腺功能损伤情况进行分析;同时记录患者口干程度并分级.结果鼻咽癌SMART组放疗后腮腺UI和EI分别下降21.9%和37.3%,中重度口干者12例;而常规放疗组腮腺功能明显下降,UI和EI分别下降56.1%和96.1%,中重度口干者9例,两者比较差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论腮腺显像可灵敏地监测鼻咽癌放疗后腮腺功能.     

调强放疗对36例鼻咽癌患者腮腺功能的保护作用

目的 探讨调强适形放疗对鼻咽癌患者腮腺功能的保护作用。方法采用均衡配对方法将36例鼻咽癌患者分为调强放疗组(调强组)和常规放疗组(常规组),每组18例。调强组计划靶体积(pGTVnx) 72.0 Gy,常规组放疗2.0Gy/次,5次/周,共70.0Gy。于放疗前、放疗结束时及放疗后3及6个月、1及2年进行腮腺动态显像检测,计算腮腺的放射性摄取指数(UI)及酸性刺激后的分泌指数(EI)。并利用剂量体积直方图对腮腺组织进行受量分析。结果调强组和常规组的患者在放疗结束时、2年后腮腺的UI分别是77.6％、96.2％和56.8％、7.0％,EI分别是64.1％、95.3%和19.4％、0。调强组和常规组患者的健侧和患侧腮腺受照射的平均剂量分别为20.0、31.0Gy和61.0、68.2Gy。结论调强放疗可以明显减少腮腺受照剂量,有效保护腮腺功能。     

性别和年龄因素对腮腺功能的影响

目的评价性别及年龄因素对腮腺功能的影响。方法对47例健康者(男11例,女36例,女性受试者分成4个年龄组)进行~(99)Tc~mO_4~-腮腺动态显像,1帧/min×50min。达到摄取高峰时让受试者口含 Vit C 200 mg(1ml)。将结果应用计算机感兴趣区(ROI)程序进行定量分析。计算腮腺摄取指数、酸刺激后分泌率、流率,对不同性别、不同年龄组间上述参数差异性进行比较,对女性组上述参数与年龄的相关性进行分析。结果①男女两组受试者间摄取指数、分泌率、流率差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。②女性各年龄组摄取指数、流率差异无显著性(P>0.05),但分泌率差异有显著性(左侧 F=3.774,P=0.020;右侧 F=3.603,P=0.024),采用最小显著性差异(LSD)法对各年龄组分泌率均值进行两两比较,结果发现第1～3组均高于第4组(P 均<0.05),而第1、2、3组间分泌率差异无显著性(P 均>0.05)。③摄取指数及流率与年龄无相关性(r 值分别为0.66、-0.175,P 值分别为0.588、0.147),分泌率与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.382,P=0.018)。结论不同性别受试者腮腺功能无差异,但随着年龄增长腮腺的储备功能下降。     

超声检测腮腺血流对评价鼻咽癌患者放疗后口干程度的应用价值

目的研究用超声检测腮腺血流对鼻咽癌患者放疗后口干程度的评价价值。方法选择45例鼻咽癌患者为研究对象,采用超声检测放疗前、放疗期间和放疗后的腮腺血管内径、血液流速情况,探讨超声监测结果与患者主观口干程度之间的关系。结果 45例鼻咽癌患者放疗过程中的口干等级平均值较放疗前明显增高(P0.05),腮腺小血管PSV、EDV平均值和血管内径出现缩小比例较放疗前明显升高(P0.05);放疗停止3个月患者上述指标的平均值较放疗中均明显下降(P0.05);放疗中和放疗后患者腮腺小血管PSV、EDV平均值和血管内径出现缩小与患者同期检测的口干程度具有显著正相关关系(P0.05)。结论腮腺血流超声检测可以无创检测腮腺血流动力学的变化,可用于评价鼻咽癌患者放疗中和放疗后的口干严重程度。     

改良半定量唾液腺动态显像分析腮腺功能方法初探

目的:建立改良99mTcO4-唾液腺动态显像方法和腮腺半定量功能指标.材料和方法:对30例正常人和44例干燥综合征患者分别进行30min99mTcO4-动态显像,于第15min时舌下含服维生素C(Vit.C)o.1g,利用计算机感兴趣区(ROI)技术和自编软件获得腮腺时间-放射性曲线和各功能参数,比较两组各功能指标.结果:74例受检者顺利完成检查.患者和正常对照组双侧腮腺第15min摄取指数、相对摄取指数及排泄分数差异明显(P<0.05).结论:改良99mTcO4-唾液腺动态显像省时,其功能指标可直观、客观反映腮腺功能,值得进一步推广.     

T2? mapping用于腮腺放射损伤早期评估

目的 利用T2?mapping监测腮腺放射损伤的动态变化.方法 纳入34例鼻咽癌患者,于放疗前(放疗前2周)、中(放疗开始后5周)、后(放疗结束后4周)进行双侧腮腺T1 WI、T2 WI及T2?mapping.记录各时间点腮腺MR参数、平均照射剂量及患者口干等级.另纳入9例健康志愿者,间隔4周进行2次腮腺T2?mapping扫描,以分析T2? 值的可重复性.结果 放疗前至放疗中、后,腮腺体积[萎缩率分别为(25.34±11.33)％和(25.74±9.93)％]及T2? 值显著缩小[变化率分别为(-5.63±8.86)％和(-4.81±10.67)％)(P均<0.01).放疗前至放疗后,腮腺标准化T1信号强度显著降低[变化率为(-7.43±10.61)％,P=0.007],且其变化率与平均照射剂量呈显著负相关(r=-0.646,P<0.001).放疗过程中,腮腺体积和T2? 值与患者口干等级具有相对应的变化趋势.腮腺MR参数具有极好的可重复性(组内相关系数为0.843～0.993).结论 常规MRI及T2?mapping能够无创地评估鼻咽癌患者腮腺放射损伤的动态变化.     

影响腮腺核素动态显像图像质量的因素初探

腮腺核素动态显像是一种简单、灵敏的评价腮腺功能的方法 ,虽然操作步骤较为简单 ,但是有很多因素可以影响图像质量。1　材料和方法1.1　临床资料　 1997 0 7～ 2 0 0 2 0 4本科行腮腺核素动态显像的5 95人次病例 ,其中男 376例 ,女 2 19例 ,年龄 18～ 6 9岁 ,中位年龄 5 0岁 ,病理结果均为鼻咽低分化磷癌。1.2　显像方法　显像前检查患者 ,确保其未服用任何能影响腮腺功能的药物。显像剂为99ｍＴｃ 高锝酸钠 ,由中国原子能科学研究院广州医用同位素服务中心提供 ,放化纯度 >90 % ,剂量为 370ＭＢｑ。显像仪器采用ＳＯＰＨＡＤＳＸＳＰＥＣ…     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后~(99m)Tc-MIBI SPECT显像的临床价值

目的:评价99mTc-MIBI SPECT显像对鼻咽癌患者放疗后局部残余或复发病灶的鉴别价值。方法:48例经病理证实的原发性鼻咽癌患者于放疗后3个月行99mTc-MIBI SPECT显像,与同期的CT结果对照,并分别计算鼻咽部与头皮的放射性计数比值作为99mTc-MIBI摄取指数(MUI)。以接受器工作特性曲线(ROC)分析确定MUI判别阈值。鼻咽内镜检查、病理活检及18个月的临床随访资料作为鼻咽癌病灶残余或鼻咽癌复发的依据。结果:以MUI≥1.33为阳性标准,99mTc-MIBI SPECT显像监测鼻咽癌病灶残余或复发的敏感度73.33%,特异度93.94%,诊断符合率87.50%。CT监测鼻咽癌病灶残余或复发的敏感度73.33%,特异度84.85%,诊断符合率81.25%。99mTc-MIBI SPECT显像与CT联合鉴别鼻咽癌病灶残余或复发的敏感度、特异度和诊断符合率分别为100%、96.55%和97.30%。结论:99mTc-MIBI SPECT显像对鼻咽癌患者放疗后局部残余或复发病灶的鉴别有一定价值;与CT联合可有效提高对放疗后鼻咽癌病灶残余或复发的早期诊断效能。     

99 Tcm-MIBI SPECT在原发性鼻咽癌诊断、放疗后残余或复发监测中的应用

目的：评价^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)SPECT显像对原发性鼻咽癌的诊断和鼻咽癌放疗后局部残余或复发的鉴别价值。方法：20例经病理检查证实的原发性鼻咽癌患者于治疗前、放疗后3和6个月分别行^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像，与同期CT和(或)MRI结果对照，分别计算肿瘤或正常鼻咽部与头皮的放射性计数比值，作为^99Tc^m-MIBI摄取指数(MUI)。以接受器工作特性(ROC)曲线确定MUI判别阈值。以鼻咽部内镜检查、病理活组织检查及18个月的临床随访资料作为鼻咽癌残余或复发的依据。结果以MUI≥2．15为阳性标准，^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT显像诊断原发性鼻咽癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确性均为95％。以MUI≥1．32为阳性标准，^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像监测鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度为3／4例，特异性93．8％，准确性90．0％。CT和(或)MRI监测鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度为3／4例，特异性81．3％，准确性80．0％。^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT显像与CT和(或)MRI联合鉴别鼻咽癌残余或复发的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为2／2例、92．9％和93．8％。结论:^99Tc^m-MIBI SPECT显像对确定鼻咽癌原发灶范围有一定价值；与CT和(或)MRI联合，可提高对放疗后鼻咽癌残余或复发的早期诊断效能。     

系统性红斑狼疮继发干燥综合征的唾液腺功能定量分析

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮继发干燥综合征(SLE-SSS)患者的99TcmO4-唾液腺动态显像特点.方法 对42例SLE-SSS患者与10名健康对照者行常规99TcmO4-唾液腺动态显像,获得并比较腮腺与颌下腺的时间-放射性曲线(TAC)及功能参数:15 min摄锝率(UR)与酸反应泌锝率(SR).结果 在SLE-SSS组,21.4%的腮腺与59.5%(11.9%为单侧)的颌下腺TAC明显异常.SLE-SSS组的UR与SR均值均低于对照组(P＜0.01),且左侧腮腺UR均值低于右侧(P＜0.01).SLE-SSS组腮腺的UR及SR分别与颌下腺的UR及SR呈明显正相关(P＜0.05),腮腺及右侧颌下腺的UR与SR无明显相关性(P＞0.05),左侧颌下腺的UR与SR呈明显正相关(P＜0.01和＜0.05).结论 SLE-SSS时腮腺与颌下腺的摄取及分泌功能受损程度呈正相关,且颌下腺受损程度重于腮腺;腺体自身摄取与分泌功能受损程度无必然关联,且双侧腺体的功能受损程度不对称.     

鼻咽癌束流调强放疗的腮腺保护剂量学研究

目的探讨不同鼻咽癌束流调强放疗计划对腮腺剂量分布的影响。方法在相同的剂量要求和限制下,比较鼻咽癌常规束流调强放射治疗计划与仅保护一侧腮腺时或腮腺扩大计划靶区（加2或3mm边缘）时的束流调强放射治疗计划。结果仅保护一侧腮腺的调强计划与常规计划比较,PTV70在靶区覆盖情况、均匀指数和适形指数方面均相似。PTV59.4的最小剂量大于常规计划（P〈0.01）,D95也得到提高（P〈0.01）。两个计划需保护的腮腺D50%VOL和Dmean相似。扩大腮腺计划靶区（加2或3mm边缘）的调强计划与常规计划比较：PTV70在靶区覆盖情况、均匀指数和适形指数方面均相似。然而从常规计划到腮腺加2mm边缘的调强计划再到加3mm边缘的调强计划,PTV59.4的Dmin和Dmean有下降的趋势,而脑干和脊髓的受量有增加的趋势。结论调强计划中腮腺保护困难时,可仅做保护一侧腮腺的束流调强放疗计划;估计腮腺可能产生明显的位置变化时,可考虑加大腮腺的计划靶区,以保证治疗过程腮腺始终能得到较好的保护。     

Evidence for early and persistent impairment of salivary gland excretion after irradiation of head and neck tumours

Salivary gland scintigraphy with technetium-99m pertechnetate was used to follow changes in the excretion and uptake function of the major salivary glands until 1 year after irradiation. Twenty-five patients who received radiotherapy for head and neck tumours were included in the study. Seventy-nine salivary glands (39 parotid and 40 submandibular) were evaluated in relation to the average received radiation dose. Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed before and 1, 6 and 12 months after radiotherapy. For each gland the excretion response to carbachol, evaluated by calculation of the salivary excretion fraction (SEF), the cumulative gland uptake (CGU) and the absolute excreted activity (AEA) at various intervals after radiotherapy were compared with the baseline values. The excretion response decreased in 20 of 25 patients at 1 month after radiotherapy. One month after radiotherapy both SEF and AEA decreased significantly in relation to the radiation dose. These decreases in excretion parameters persisted during the follow-up period. Parotid excretion was affected significantly more than submandibular excretion. CGU values did not change significantly until 6 months after radiotherapy, but at 12 months a significant decrease related to radiation dose was observed. Xerostomia was assessed during radiotherapy and on the days of the scintigraphic tests. The incidence of xerostomia did not correspond to the effects observed in the scintigraphy studies. It is concluded that radiotherapy induces early and persistent impairment of salivary gland excretion, related to the radiation dose. This impairment is stronger in parotid glands than in submandibular glands.     

Normal values of [99mTc]pertechnetate uptake and excretion fraction by major salivary glands

The assessment of the functional status of the salivary glands has been used in the scintigraphic evaluation of xerostomia. Several quantitative methods derived from standard dynamic scintigraphy have been suggested. However, the indices proposed are quite variable and unlikely to be useful in clinical practice.The objectives of this study were to obtain reference values of major salivary glands uptake and excretion fraction in healthy subjects and to obtain normal ratios of Tc-pertechnetate uptake by the major salivary glands in comparison to the thyroid gland uptake. The standardization of these values has the purpose of making this evaluation faster and more objective.Fifty volunteers without clinical evidence of xerostomia or thyroid disease underwent static salivary glands scintigraphy with Tc-pertechnetate. Static images were obtained at 20 minutes and then at 3 minutes after oral stimulation with lemon juice. Percent uptake, excretion fraction and salivary gland to thyroid ratio rates were calculated for the parotid and the submandibular glands.The mean of the uptake values at 20 minutes for the right and left parotid glands were respectively 0.31% and 0.26%, and for the submandibular glands 0.15%. The excretion fraction of the tracer after the lemon juice stimulation was 70% for the parotids glands, 50% for the right and 49% for the left submandibular glands. The mean+/-SD salivary gland to thyroid count ratio was 0.79+/-0.45 for the right parotid, 0.78+/-0.5 for the left parotid, 0.67+/-0.33 and 0.66+/-0.34 for the right and left submandibular glands, respectively.Salivary glands scintigraphy with uptake and excretion fraction calculation is an easy to perform, non-invasive and objective method to investigate salivary glands function. These findings help the nuclear physician to interpret salivary gland scintigraphy more objectively, even in patients with thyroid gland dysfunction in whom Tc-pertechnetate thyroid uptake may be abnormal.     

Rosai Dorfman disease of the parotid and submandibular glands: salivary gland scintigraphy and oral findings in two siblings

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is an unusual clinical entity characterized by benign pseudolymphomatous proliferation with significant histiocytic infiltration. In the present paper, extranodal RDD of the major salivary glands causing salivary hypofunction and the results of salivary gland scintigraphy and ultrasound are presented in two siblings. Case 1: a 10-year-old boy with bilateral painless masses around the parotid and submandibular glands was referred. Ultrasound examination showed bilateral, well-defined, hypoechoic solid mass lesions within both parotid glands with minimal normal parenchyma in the upper poles. Both submandibular glands were markedly hypoechoic and heterogeneous. Mass lesions within the parotid glands appeared as cold lesions with regular contours on scintigraphy. Dynamic images showed normal uptake and normal response to secretion in the upper poles of the parotid glands, corresponding with ultrasonographically normal parenchyma. Both submandibular glands showed markedly diminished uptake and secretion. Case 2: a 9-year-old boy presented with mass lesions around the submandibular glands. Ultrasound examination showed normal parotid glands and markedly hypoechoic and heterogeneous submandibular glands. Salivary gland scintigraphy showed normal uptake and secretion of parotid glands with markedly diminished uptake and secretion in both submandibular glands. There were severe carious lesions in both patients due to salivary hypofunction. Treatments of the two patients' teeth were performed. Major salivary gland involvement of RDD is important for dentists as it may cause xerostomia and can mimic dental abscess. Functional evaluation of salivary glands with scintigraphy, besides radiological and pathological techniques, will help to explain whether salivary glands are affected or not and improve the diagnostic effectiveness.     

Dosimetric study of optimal beam number and arrangement for treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiation therapy

The purpose of this dosimetric study was to evaluate the effect of beam number and arrangement on the dose distribution with intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Computed tomography data sets of seven patients who were treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre were used for the present dosimetric study. The dose planned was 70 Gy in 7 weeks for the gross nasopharyngeal and nodal disease and the biological equivalents of 60 Gy in 6 weeks for the high-risk and 50 Gy in 5 weeks for the low-risk nodal disease. A plan using seven fields was compared to that using nine fields in all patients. Plans were assessed on the dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and the degree of parotid sparing achieved by evaluating both dose-volume histograms (DVH) and axial slices. Seven fields (three anterior and four posterior) provide good PTV coverage and satisfactory parotid sparing in patients with localized nasopharyngeal lesions. Nine fields appear to be better for tumours with significant posterolateral parapharyngeal extension. Parotid sparing is consistently better with nine fields. Both DVH and axial slices need to be evaluated before accepting any plan.     

Diagnostic value of FDG PET and salivary gland scintigraphy for parotid tumors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of the combination of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and Tc-99m pertechnetate salivary gland scintigraphy in parotid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients with benign parotid gland tumors (n = 52), malignant parotid tumors (n = 12), and inflammation (n = 8) underwent both FDG PET and salivary gland scintigraphy within 1 week, and 66 of the patients also underwent gallium scintigraphy. All patients were negative on their first fine-needle aspiration (FNA). RESULTS: Malignant parotid tumors showed significantly higher FDG uptake (standard uptake values [SUVs]) than both benign tumors and inflammation, except in Warthin's tumor (5.82 +/- 3.95 vs. 2.07 +/- 1.33; P <0.01). Although the SUV values of Warthin's tumor and malignant parotid tumors overlapped somewhat, Warthin's tumor did demonstrate increased radiotracer uptake, and it was reliably distinguished from other parotid gland tumors by the use of salivary gland scintigraphy. Considering a SUV value >3 as being positive for malignancy and excluding Warthin's tumor on the basis of salivary gland scintigraphy, sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET were 75% and 80%, respectively. These results were superior to those of gallium scintigraphy (58% and 72%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although the diagnostic value of FDG PET in the differentiation of malignant from benign parotid gland tumors was limited because of the high FDG uptake in some benign tumors, and particularly pleomorphic adenomas, combining salivary gland scintigraphy with FDG PET may help to negate this drawback, and this combination may be a more promising approach for differentiation of various parotid gland tumors in patients compared with nondiagnostic needle aspiration.     

综合干预措施下评估首次131I清甲治疗对分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺的慢性损伤

目的研究探讨分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者在采取综合干预措施后首次131I清甲治疗对唾液腺功能的慢性损伤情况。方法选取2016年8月至2017年9月在攀枝花市中心医院核医学科首次行131I（4200.24±604.21）MBq清甲治疗的DTC患者52例,所有患者均在131I清甲治疗后立即采取综合干预措施（饮食护理、心理护理、物理护理、口腔卫生护理、健康宣教及药物治疗等）,并分别于131I清甲前和治疗后6个月行99TcmO₄-唾液腺动态显像,计算其摄取峰值和排泌分数,所得数据采用自身配对t检验分析,同时联合口干评分法评估唾液腺功能的损伤情况。结果（1）左侧腮腺摄取峰值在131I清甲前为45.157±19.421,治疗后6个月为52.600±21.716,差异有统计学意义（t=2.470,P=0.018）。（2）右侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的摄取峰值及双侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的排泌分数之间的差异均无统计学意义（t=0.784、0.524、0.514、0.362、0.731、0.596、0.507,均P>0.05）。（3）对52例患者行问卷调查和口干评分法分析,其中,50例（96.2%）患者无口干症状,仅有2例（3.8%）出现轻度口干症状。结论（1）首次131I清甲治疗可引起DTC患者唾液腺功能受损,损伤主要以单侧腮腺摄取功能为主,呈非对称性损伤。双侧颌下腺的摄取和排泌功能则未受到明显影响。（2）症状上,在综合干预保护措施下,绝大部分患者在接受首次131I清甲治疗后6个月无明显口干情况,生活质量无明显影响。